The new science of personalized vaccines | Ofer Levy

58,328 views ใƒป 2020-07-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ornit Hadar ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
It is hard to overstate the beneficial effects of immunization.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
00:18
According to the US Centers for Disease Control,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ (CDC),
00:22
US children born over the last 20 years --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:25
for those children, vaccines will prevent greater than 322 million illnesses,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืžื ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-322 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
00:31
greater than 21 million hospitalizations
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-21 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉืคื•ื–ื™ื
00:34
and greater than 730,000 deaths,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-730,000 ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช,
00:37
with the societal cost savings of nearly 1.4 trillion dollars.
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ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 1.4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
00:43
Those are big numbers.
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ืืœื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:44
But let's zoom in and look at a particular example.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
00:47
Vaccines have nearly eliminated
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ืžื•
00:50
a bacterial infection called Haemophilus influenzae.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืœื•ืก ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืื ื–ื”.
00:53
This bacterium used to infect young infants
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื’ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
00:56
causing bloodstream infections,
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ื’ืจื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื,
00:58
pneumonia, meningitis, death
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ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—, ืžื•ื•ืช
01:01
or permanent disability.
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ืื• ื ื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช.
01:03
As a young pediatrician, I saw a few cases.
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ื›ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
01:07
You folks probably have never heard of this disease,
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:10
because vaccines have been so effective.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
01:12
You could see in the graph on the right
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
01:14
that since the introduction of vaccines,
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ืฉืžืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
01:17
the incidence of Haemophilus bacterial infections
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื–ื”
01:19
has plummeted like a rock, and it's nearly vanished.
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ืฆืœืœื• ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืขืœืžื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:24
So vaccines are generally a success story.
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ืื– ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
01:26
But we also face challenges.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื.
01:29
For one, for most vaccines, we need to give multiple doses
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื›ืžื” ืžื ื•ืช
01:33
to achieve or maintain protection.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืื• ืœืฉืžืจ, ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:36
The scientific community is working on developing single-shot vaccines.
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
01:41
Imagine being able to get only one influenza shot your whole life
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
01:44
and not having to get a seasonal flu vaccine.
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ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:48
Certain microbes are difficult to immunize against.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื— ื ื’ื“ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:51
A classic example is human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ HIV.
01:56
The need is urgent, progress is being made;
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
01:59
we're not there yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื™ืขื“.
02:01
Another critical element in vaccine research right now
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
02:05
is optimizing vaccines for the most vulnerable among us,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•,
02:08
the very young and the elderly.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
02:10
And this is an active area of research.
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ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœ.
02:13
Finally, one of the biggest challenges we unfortunately face right now
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ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•,
02:18
are anti-vax attitudes.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
02:20
In fact, it's alarming that over 100,000 infants and children in the United States
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
02:27
have not received any vaccines,
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ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืฃ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:29
and that number is growing.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
02:31
In fact, the World Health Organization, or WHO,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ WHO
02:34
has declared anti-vax attitudes
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
02:37
as one of the 10 most important threats to human health
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืขืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:41
in the world today.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:43
This graphic illustrates the spread of anti-vax sentiment
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
02:47
in the state of California,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:48
from the year 2000 to 2013,
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ืžืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืขื“ 2013.
02:52
by looking at the percentage of public kindergarten students
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
02:55
who claim the personal exemption against immunization.
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ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
03:00
Anti-vax sentiment is on the rise,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื”,
03:02
and it has very real consequences.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:05
Many of you may be aware of the fact
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
03:07
that we're seeing infections that we thought we conquered long ago
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ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
03:10
coming back.
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ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
03:11
Measles outbreaks have been reported in multiple US states.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:15
And many have forgotten,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื•,
03:16
but measles is very infectious and dangerous.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืžืื“ ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
03:20
Just a few viral particles can infect an individual.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื—ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
03:24
And there have been even reports
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
03:26
at sporting events and at an Olympic stadium
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ื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™
03:29
where the virus, through the air, travels long distances
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:31
and infects a vulnerable person in the crowd.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
03:35
In fact, if I had a measles cough right now,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืืฉืชืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ื—ืฆื‘ืช
03:37
(Coughs)
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(ืžืฉืชืขืœ)
03:38
somebody in the back of this auditorium could get infected.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง.
03:43
And this has had very real-world consequences.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:47
Just a few months ago,
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
03:48
an airline stewardess contracted measles on a flight,
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ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืกื”,
03:52
the virus entered her brain and caused encephalitis,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ื•ื’ืจื ืœื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
03:55
and she died.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”.
03:56
So people are now dying due to this anti-vax sentiment.
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
04:01
I do want to take a few minutes
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช
04:02
to address those who don't believe in vaccines
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
04:05
and who resist vaccines.
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ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
04:08
As a pediatrician who receives my yearly flu vaccination,
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ื›ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช,
04:13
as a parent of three children
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ื›ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
04:15
who have been vaccinated according to the recommended schedule,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:19
and as a pediatric infectious disease consultant
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ื•ื›ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
04:22
who has taken care of young children with meningitis
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ืฉืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื—
04:25
that would have been preventable had their parents accepted immunization,
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืžื ืข ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื,
04:29
this is a personal matter to me.
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ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
04:31
Let's take a look at who is going to pay the price
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
04:34
if we start dialing back the amount of vaccination in our society.
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ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:38
This graph depicts, on the Y axis,
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ื‘ืฆื™ืจ Y ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ
04:41
the number of individuals dying of infection in the world.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:44
And on the X axis,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืจ X
04:46
the age of the individuals who are dying.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
04:48
And as you can see, it's very much a U-shaped distribution,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ U
04:52
and it's particularly stark in the very young ages.
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
04:55
So vaccines shield the very young from infection.
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ืื– ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
05:00
And if we want to talk, my friends, about what vaccines cause,
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ื•ืื ืืชื, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
05:03
because there's a lot of speculation,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช,
05:05
unfounded speculation on the internet, of what vaccines cause,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
05:09
vaccines cause adults, OK?
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
05:12
That's what they cause.
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ืœื–ื” ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
05:13
And the other thing that they cause is for elderly individuals to live longer.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:18
Because they are shielded against influenza
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคืขืช,
05:21
and other killers of the elderly.
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ื•ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
05:24
Now, let's talk a little bit
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช
05:25
about how we can improve vaccines even further.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:28
We can create vaccines that can immunize the most vulnerable among us
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•,
05:32
and perhaps even vaccines that protect with single shots.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:36
Let me go over a little bit of the immunology.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
05:38
In the top panel, what you see is a simple vaccine.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
05:42
All vaccines contain something called an antigen.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ.
05:45
The antigen is like a piece of a germ, of a microbe,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘,
05:48
that your body remembers, right?
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:50
It forms antibodies and those antibodies can protect you.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื.
05:53
So those kind of vaccines can induce an immune response,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
05:57
but as you see here,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”,
05:58
that immune response tends to go up and back down,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš,
06:01
and you need to get another dose and another dose
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ื•ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช
06:04
to maintain protection.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”.
06:06
What can we do?
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
06:07
We and other scientists around the world
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
06:10
are finding molecules that can boost a vaccine response.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
06:13
Those are called adjuvants,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื (ืžืžืจืฆื™ื),
06:15
from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid.
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ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ืจ" -- ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
06:18
Adjuvants are molecules we might add to a vaccine
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ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
06:21
to get a stronger response.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:23
And in the presence of the adjuvant, depicted here in red,
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ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืคื”,
06:26
you have a much more profound activation of the white blood cells
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
06:29
of your immune system,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
06:31
and generate a much more profound immune response,
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ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:33
with much higher antibody levels, more rapidly,
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ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:36
and that lasts a long time for durable immunity.
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ืฉืชื™ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:40
Interestingly, these adjuvants have different effects
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
06:43
depending on the age or other demographic factors of the individual.
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ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:47
Which brings me to the notion of precision vaccines.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
06:51
This is the idea that we will take precision medicine --
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืงื— ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช --
06:55
you know what precision medicine is, right,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:57
that's the idea that populations may vary
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:59
in their response to a particular medicine --
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ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” --
07:02
and apply that to vaccines.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
07:04
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:05
And here in Boston Children's Hospital
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ืคื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
07:08
at the Precision Vaccines Program I direct,
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ื”,
07:10
we have five approaches, stepwise approaches we take,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
07:14
to build precision vaccines
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ืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
07:15
that are tailored to vulnerable populations.
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ืฉืชืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช.
07:18
Number one,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
07:19
we need to understand what the attitude of a given population is
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ืขื“
07:22
towards a vaccine.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
07:24
You could build the most sophisticated vaccine in the world,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:26
but if nobody wants to take it, you're going nowhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
07:29
Number two,
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ืฉื ื™ืช,
07:30
we have to think of the route of immunization.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
07:33
Most vaccines are intramuscular, or IM,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืš-ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืื• IM.
07:36
but there are others, intranasal, oral and others.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืกื ืคื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
07:40
Then, as I just described to you, vaccines have components.
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™, ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื --
07:43
All vaccines have an antigen,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ,
07:45
that's the part of the microbe that your body remembers,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
07:48
that you might make antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against.
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ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืชืื™ืช.
07:52
And we might add an adjuvant, as we talked about,
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•,
07:54
to boost an immune response.
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
07:55
But guess what?
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ืื‘ืœ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
07:57
There are many different antigens to choose from
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
07:59
and many different adjuvants.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:00
How are we going to make that decision?
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜?
08:02
And the menu of these keeps growing.
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
08:04
So on our team,
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:06
we've developed ways to test vaccines outside the body --
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ืคื™ืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ --
08:09
in Latin, that's "in vitro" --
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ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "in vitro" --
08:11
in a tissue culture dish.
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ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช.
08:12
So we use tissue engineering with blood cells
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขื ืชืื™ ื“ื
08:16
to immunize outside the body
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ
08:18
and study the effect of the vaccine
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
08:20
against, for example, infants or elderly individuals or others.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:25
And if you think about it, this is critical,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
08:27
because if you look at all the infections we want to build vaccines against,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ืกืŸ,
08:31
like Zika virus and Ebola virus and HIV and others,
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื•- HIV ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:35
all the candidate antigens,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื,
08:37
all the candidate adjuvants,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื’'ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื,
08:39
all the different populations,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
08:41
it's going to be impossible to do large, phase III clinical trials
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ III
08:44
for every combination.
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
08:46
This is where we think being able to test vaccines outside the body
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ
08:50
can make a big difference to accelerate vaccine development.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืืฆืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
08:54
And finally, this whole effort is to drive an immune response
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช
08:57
that will protect against that particular pathogen,
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ืฉืชื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
09:00
getting antibodies and other cells to defend the body.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
09:05
We are also using additional innovative approaches
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
09:07
to bring the most cutting-edge science to vaccine development.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
09:11
We're taking a deeper dive as to how current vaccines protect.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื.
09:15
We've formed an international consortium
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
09:17
to study how hepatitis B vaccine protects newborns
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืก B ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื
09:21
from hepatitis B infection.
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ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืก B.
09:23
And to do this,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช,
09:24
we've developed a technique called small sample, big data.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืื˜ื”.
09:28
We can get a tiny little drop of baby blood before immunization,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
09:32
and take a tiny little drop after immunization,
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
09:35
and we can measure the inventory of all the cells,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ืชืื™ื,
09:38
and all the genes and all the molecules in that drop of blood,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื–ื•,
09:41
and we can compare after the vaccine
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
09:43
to before the vaccine in that same baby
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง
09:46
and understand in a deep way
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง
09:48
exactly how that successful vaccine protects.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ,
09:51
And those lessons we can use to build the next vaccines in the future.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื.
09:56
So this diagram is really illustrating a tiny drop of blood
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ืื– ื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื”
09:59
yielding huge amounts of information,
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ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
10:02
tens of thousands of analytes,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
10:04
and that hairball is meant to depict the gene pathways that are turned on
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื
10:08
and the molecular pathways that are turned on.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื.
10:11
So much more to come on that, and very exciting science.
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ืื– ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžืจืชืง ื”ื–ื”.
10:14
So we are partnering with scientists around the world
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:17
to bring all these new technologies to invigorate vaccine development
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
10:21
in a Precision Vaccines network.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื.
10:23
We are going to advance personalized vaccines
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช
10:26
for vulnerable populations around the world.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:29
Our team includes scientists, technical experts and physicians.
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
10:33
And we're developing vaccines against infectious diseases
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
10:36
like pertussis, which is whooping cough.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืœืช,
10:39
We have a whooping cough vaccine,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืขืœืช,
10:41
but it requires multiple doses,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื•ืช,
10:43
and the immunity keeps dropping.
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ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
10:44
We want to develop a single-shot pertussis vaccine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœืช ื‘ืžื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
10:47
We're working on a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ืกื™ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
10:50
the number one cause of infant hospitalization in the United States.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืื™ืฉืคื•ื– ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
10:54
A better vaccine against influenza,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช,
10:56
and, of course, HIV.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ื“ HIV.
10:59
We're also looking at vaccines against cancer, allergy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื’ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช,
11:03
and, interestingly, opioid overdose.
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
11:07
So, this is my final message to you.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืกื™ื•ื:
11:11
Vaccines protect you and your loved ones
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื›ื
11:14
and the people around you.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
11:15
Not only do they protect you against infection,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื,
11:17
they prevent you from spreading it to others.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื›ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
11:20
Get immunized.
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ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ.
11:21
Scientific progress is fragile and can be lost.
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ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื”.
11:25
We must foster accurate and respectful public dialogue.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืฉื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“.
11:29
And finally, we're on the verge of great things,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:31
a new era of vaccination.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
11:33
We've just scratched the surface of what can be accomplished.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
11:36
Please advocate for this research.
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ืื ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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