The new science of personalized vaccines | Ofer Levy

57,889 views ・ 2020-07-10

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
0
0
7000
λ²ˆμ—­: Jamie Shihwan Go κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
It is hard to overstate the beneficial effects of immunization.
1
12786
5524
λ°±μ‹ μ˜ 긍정적인 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” 아무리 강쑰해도 μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜μΉ˜ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
According to the US Centers for Disease Control,
2
18937
3219
λ―Έκ΅­ μ§ˆλ³‘ν†΅μ œμ˜ˆλ°©μ„Όν„°μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
00:22
US children born over the last 20 years --
3
22180
3516
μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„κ°„ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ λ―Έκ΅­ μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ
00:25
for those children, vaccines will prevent greater than 322 million illnesses,
4
25720
5516
백신은 3μ–΅ 2천 2백만 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜κ³ 
00:31
greater than 21 million hospitalizations
5
31260
2904
2천1백만 회 μ΄μƒμ˜ μž…μ›κ³Ό
00:34
and greater than 730,000 deaths,
6
34188
3651
73만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ μ‚¬λ§μžλ₯Ό μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜λ©°
00:37
with the societal cost savings of nearly 1.4 trillion dollars.
7
37863
4944
μ‚¬νšŒμ  λΉ„μš© μ ˆκ°μ€ 거의 1μ‘° 4μ²œμ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
Those are big numbers.
8
43362
1469
큰 μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄μ£ .
00:44
But let's zoom in and look at a particular example.
9
44855
2551
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 예λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Vaccines have nearly eliminated
10
47976
2159
백신은 ν—€λͺ¨ν•„λ£¨μŠ€ μΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μžλΌλŠ”
00:50
a bacterial infection called Haemophilus influenzae.
11
50159
3380
λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 감염을 μ’…μ‹μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
This bacterium used to infect young infants
12
53563
3263
이 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” μ˜μœ μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 감염해
00:56
causing bloodstream infections,
13
56850
1529
혈λ₯˜ 감염,
00:58
pneumonia, meningitis, death
14
58403
2952
폐렴, λ‡Œλ§‰μ—Ό, 사망,
01:01
or permanent disability.
15
61379
1600
λ˜λŠ” 영ꡬ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μΌμœΌμΌ°μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
As a young pediatrician, I saw a few cases.
16
63585
3111
μ Šμ€ μ†Œμ•„κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ μ €λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 사둀λ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
01:07
You folks probably have never heard of this disease,
17
67085
2960
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ 이 μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적이 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
because vaccines have been so effective.
18
70069
2643
백신이 맀우 νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:12
You could see in the graph on the right
19
72736
2070
였λ₯Έμͺ½ κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ—μ„œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
01:14
that since the introduction of vaccines,
20
74830
2167
백신이 λ„μž…λœ 이후
01:17
the incidence of Haemophilus bacterial infections
21
77021
2905
ν—€λͺ¨ν•„λ£¨μŠ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ κ°μ—Όμ˜ λ°œμƒλ₯ μ€
01:19
has plummeted like a rock, and it's nearly vanished.
22
79950
3436
λ°”μœ„κ°€ 떨어지듯 κΈ‰κ°ν–ˆκ³ , 거의 μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
So vaccines are generally a success story.
23
84180
2556
λ”°λΌμ„œ 백신은 λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ 성곡적인 κ±°μ£ .
01:26
But we also face challenges.
24
86760
1867
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚œμ œμ— μ§λ©΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
For one, for most vaccines, we need to give multiple doses
25
89069
4171
μ˜ˆλ‘œλŠ”, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ°±μ‹ μ˜ 경우 예방효과λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„ 
01:33
to achieve or maintain protection.
26
93264
2421
μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μ ‘μ’…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
The scientific community is working on developing single-shot vaccines.
27
96725
4325
κ³Όν•™κ³„λŠ” 1회 μ ‘μ’… λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
Imagine being able to get only one influenza shot your whole life
28
101074
3758
평생 단 ν•œλ²ˆμ˜ 독감 예방 μ£Όμ‚¬λ‘œ μ˜ˆλ°©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
01:44
and not having to get a seasonal flu vaccine.
29
104856
2801
κ³„μ ˆ λ³„λ‘œ 독감 백신을 λ§žμ„ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€κ³  말이죠.
01:48
Certain microbes are difficult to immunize against.
30
108197
3746
νŠΉμ • 미생물은 μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ΄ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
A classic example is human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
31
111967
4224
μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ˜ˆλ‘œλŠ” 인체 λ©΄μ—­ 결핍 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, 즉 HIVκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
The need is urgent, progress is being made;
32
116215
3157
백신이 μ‹œκΈ‰ν•˜κ³  진전도 이뀄지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:59
we're not there yet.
33
119396
1176
아직 성과물은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
Another critical element in vaccine research right now
34
121588
3481
ν˜„μž¬ λ°±μ‹  μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†ŒλŠ”
02:05
is optimizing vaccines for the most vulnerable among us,
35
125093
3421
κ°€μž₯ μ·¨μ•½ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 백신을 μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
the very young and the elderly.
36
128538
2095
어린이와 노인듀이 λŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
And this is an active area of research.
37
130657
2600
ν˜„μž¬ ν™œλ°œν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 뢄야이기도 ν•˜μ£ 
02:13
Finally, one of the biggest challenges we unfortunately face right now
38
133982
4222
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ‚œμ œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
02:18
are anti-vax attitudes.
39
138228
2127
접쒅을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” νƒœλ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
In fact, it's alarming that over 100,000 infants and children in the United States
40
140895
6119
λ†€λΌμš΄ 사싀은 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ§Œ 10만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ μœ μ•„μ™€ 어린이듀이
02:27
have not received any vaccines,
41
147038
1960
μ–΄λ–€ μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…λ„ 받지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
02:29
and that number is growing.
42
149022
1800
κ·Έ μˆ˜κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
In fact, the World Health Organization, or WHO,
43
151180
3365
사싀, 세계보건기ꡬ(WHO)λŠ”
02:34
has declared anti-vax attitudes
44
154569
2612
백신접쒅을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” νƒœλ„λ₯Ό
02:37
as one of the 10 most important threats to human health
45
157205
4198
μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  세계 10λŒ€ 건강 μœ„ν˜‘ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ κΌ½μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:41
in the world today.
46
161427
1595
02:43
This graphic illustrates the spread of anti-vax sentiment
47
163046
4364
이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ” μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ μ£Ό λ‚΄ μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’… κ±°λΆ€ μ •μ„œμ˜
02:47
in the state of California,
48
167434
1532
확산을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
from the year 2000 to 2013,
49
168990
3032
2000λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2013λ…„κΉŒμ§€
02:52
by looking at the percentage of public kindergarten students
50
172046
3555
μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ”
02:55
who claim the personal exemption against immunization.
51
175625
4315
곡립 μœ μΉ˜μ›μƒλ“€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 말이죠.
03:00
Anti-vax sentiment is on the rise,
52
180337
2508
λ°±μ‹  접쒅을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ„œκ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  있으며
03:02
and it has very real consequences.
53
182869
2388
μ΄λŠ” 맀우 ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
Many of you may be aware of the fact
54
185281
2074
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹œλ“―μ΄
03:07
that we're seeing infections that we thought we conquered long ago
55
187379
3182
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 였래 μ „ μ’…μ‹ν–ˆλ‹€ μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ 전염병듀이
03:10
coming back.
56
190585
1151
μž¬λ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
Measles outbreaks have been reported in multiple US states.
57
191760
3603
λ―Έκ΅­ μ—¬λŸ¬ 주에선 홍역 λ°œμƒμ΄ λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:15
And many have forgotten,
58
195387
1396
그리고 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ Έμ§€λ§Œ
03:16
but measles is very infectious and dangerous.
59
196807
3381
홍역은 맀우 전염성이 κ°•ν•˜κ³  μœ„ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Just a few viral particles can infect an individual.
60
200498
3801
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μž…μž λͺ‡ 개 만으둜 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚¬ 수 있죠.
03:24
And there have been even reports
61
204743
2072
그리고 심지어 μš΄λ™ 경기와 μ˜¬λ¦Όν”½ κ²½κΈ°μž₯μ—μ„œ
03:26
at sporting events and at an Olympic stadium
62
206839
2420
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ 곡기λ₯Ό 톡해 λ¨Ό 거리λ₯Ό μ΄λ™ν•˜λ©°
03:29
where the virus, through the air, travels long distances
63
209283
2690
ꡰ쀑 속 μ§ˆλ³‘ 취약계측을 κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” 보고도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
and infects a vulnerable person in the crowd.
64
211997
2983
03:35
In fact, if I had a measles cough right now,
65
215288
2111
사싀 μ§€κΈˆ μ œκ°€ 홍역에 κ±Έλ Έκ³  기침을 ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:37
(Coughs)
66
217423
1157
(κΈ°μΉ¨)
03:38
somebody in the back of this auditorium could get infected.
67
218604
4143
이 κ°•λ‹Ή λ’€μͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 감염될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
And this has had very real-world consequences.
68
223903
3365
그리고 이것은 맀우 ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ™”μ£ .
03:47
Just a few months ago,
69
227292
1190
뢈과 λͺ‡ 달 μ „
03:48
an airline stewardess contracted measles on a flight,
70
228506
3663
ν•œ μŠΉλ¬΄μ›μ΄ λΉ„ν–‰ 쀑 홍역에 κ±Έλ ΈλŠ”λ°
03:52
the virus entered her brain and caused encephalitis,
71
232193
3071
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ λ‡Œμ— μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•΄ λ‡Œμ—Όμ„ 일으켰고
03:55
and she died.
72
235288
1285
κ²°κ΅­ κ·ΈλŠ” μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
03:56
So people are now dying due to this anti-vax sentiment.
73
236597
3548
κ²°κ΅­ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’… λ°˜λŒ€ μ •μ„œ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ£½μ–΄κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
I do want to take a few minutes
74
241168
1806
μ €λŠ” 백신을 믿지 μ•Šκ³ 
04:02
to address those who don't believe in vaccines
75
242998
2445
κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
04:05
and who resist vaccines.
76
245467
1919
μž μ‹œ κ²½κ³ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
As a pediatrician who receives my yearly flu vaccination,
77
248315
4905
μ „ 맀년 독감 μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ λ°›λŠ” μ†Œμ•„κ³Ό μ „λ¬Έμ˜λ‘œμ„œ
04:13
as a parent of three children
78
253244
2053
μ €μ˜ μ„Έ μžλ…€ λͺ¨λ‘
04:15
who have been vaccinated according to the recommended schedule,
79
255321
4291
ꢌμž₯ 일정에 따라 μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ λ°›κ²Œν•˜λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ‘œμ„œ,
04:19
and as a pediatric infectious disease consultant
80
259636
2777
그리고 μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ λ°›μ•˜λ”λΌλ©΄ 막을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜
04:22
who has taken care of young children with meningitis
81
262437
2842
μˆ˜λ§‰μ—Όμ— κ±Έλ¦° 아이듀을 돌본
04:25
that would have been preventable had their parents accepted immunization,
82
265303
3853
μ†Œμ•„ 감염병 μ»¨μ„€ν„΄νŠΈλ‘œμ„œ
04:29
this is a personal matter to me.
83
269180
1921
이건 제게 개인적인 λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Let's take a look at who is going to pay the price
84
271496
2793
이제, 우리 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…λŸ‰μ„ 쀄이면
04:34
if we start dialing back the amount of vaccination in our society.
85
274313
4023
λˆ„κ°€ λŒ€κ°€λ₯Ό 치λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ ν•œλ²ˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
This graph depicts, on the Y axis,
86
278686
2407
이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ Y좕은
04:41
the number of individuals dying of infection in the world.
87
281117
3444
μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 수λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
And on the X axis,
88
284585
1494
그리고 X좕은
04:46
the age of the individuals who are dying.
89
286103
2514
κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ‚˜μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
And as you can see, it's very much a U-shaped distribution,
90
288641
3420
λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό Uμžν˜• λΆ„ν¬λ‘œ
04:52
and it's particularly stark in the very young ages.
91
292085
3206
특히 μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ¦°λ‚˜μ΄μ— κ·Ήλͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
So vaccines shield the very young from infection.
92
295855
4046
λ”°λΌμ„œ 백신은 μ˜μ•„λ“€μ„ κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
And if we want to talk, my friends, about what vaccines cause,
93
300528
3063
그리고 백신이 무엇을 μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹ΆμœΌμ‹œλ‹€λ©΄
05:03
because there's a lot of speculation,
94
303615
1770
μΈν„°λ„·μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μΆ”μΈ‘λ“€,
05:05
unfounded speculation on the internet, of what vaccines cause,
95
305409
3605
백신이 무엇을 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ·Όκ±° μ—†λŠ” 좔츑이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
05:09
vaccines cause adults, OK?
96
309038
3555
백신은 성인을 μœ λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ•„μ‹œκ² λ‚˜μš”?
05:12
That's what they cause.
97
312617
1166
그게 λ°”λ‘œ 백신이 μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
And the other thing that they cause is for elderly individuals to live longer.
98
313807
4906
그리고 백신은 λ…ΈμΈλ“€μ˜ 수λͺ…을 μ—°μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
Because they are shielded against influenza
99
318737
2400
백신은 독감과 같은
05:21
and other killers of the elderly.
100
321161
2200
λ…ΈμΈμ—κ²Œ 치λͺ…적인 감염듀을 μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
Now, let's talk a little bit
101
324340
1389
이제, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
05:25
about how we can improve vaccines even further.
102
325753
2451
백신을 더 κ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰금 더 이야기해 보죠.
05:28
We can create vaccines that can immunize the most vulnerable among us
103
328228
4428
저흰 μ§ˆλ³‘ μ·¨μ•½κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ λ©΄μ—­λ ₯을 λ†’μ΄λŠ” 백신을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 있으며
05:32
and perhaps even vaccines that protect with single shots.
104
332680
3365
μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 단 ν•œ 방의 주사면 λ˜λŠ” λ°±μ‹ κΉŒμ§€ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
Let me go over a little bit of the immunology.
105
336363
2516
면역학에 λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰금 μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
In the top panel, what you see is a simple vaccine.
106
338903
3412
맨 μœ„ μͺ½μ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λ°±μ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
All vaccines contain something called an antigen.
107
342339
2898
λͺ¨λ“  백신은 ν•­μ›μ΄λž€ 것을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
The antigen is like a piece of a germ, of a microbe,
108
345261
3238
ν•­μ›μ΄λž€ 우리 λͺΈμ΄ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ”
05:48
that your body remembers, right?
109
348523
1889
μ„Έκ· , 즉 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ ν•œ 쑰각이죠.
05:50
It forms antibodies and those antibodies can protect you.
110
350436
3452
항원은 항체λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ ν•­μ²΄λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
So those kind of vaccines can induce an immune response,
111
353912
3395
이런 λ₯˜μ˜ 백신은 λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:57
but as you see here,
112
357331
1333
μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
05:58
that immune response tends to go up and back down,
113
358688
2920
λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ€ μƒμŠΉν•˜κ³  ν•˜κ°•ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
06:01
and you need to get another dose and another dose
114
361632
2707
예방효과λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
06:04
to maintain protection.
115
364363
1809
μΆ”κ°€ 볡용이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
What can we do?
116
366196
1150
μ €ν¬λŠ” 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:07
We and other scientists around the world
117
367836
2175
저희와 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
06:10
are finding molecules that can boost a vaccine response.
118
370035
3301
λ°±μ‹  λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
Those are called adjuvants,
119
373360
1936
그런 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 보쑰제라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”데
06:15
from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid.
120
375320
2892
λ•λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ„ 가진 λΌν‹΄μ–΄μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
Adjuvants are molecules we might add to a vaccine
121
378236
3087
λ³΄μ‘°μ œλŠ” 더 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
06:21
to get a stronger response.
122
381347
1698
백신에 μΆ”κ°€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
And in the presence of the adjuvant, depicted here in red,
123
383069
3295
그리고 μ—¬κΈ° 뢉은 μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ 이 λ³΄μ‘°μ œκ°€ 있으면
06:26
you have a much more profound activation of the white blood cells
124
386388
3356
λ©΄μ—­μ²΄κ³„μ˜ λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€
06:29
of your immune system,
125
389768
1269
νœ μ”¬ 더 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜κ³ 
06:31
and generate a much more profound immune response,
126
391061
2889
더 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
with much higher antibody levels, more rapidly,
127
393974
2761
ν•­μ²΄μˆ˜μΉ˜λŠ” νœ μ”¬ 더 λ†’κ³ , 더 λΉ λ₯΄λ©°
06:36
and that lasts a long time for durable immunity.
128
396759
3016
더 였래 μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” 면역체계λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ£ .
06:40
Interestingly, these adjuvants have different effects
129
400093
3468
ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³΄μ‘°μ œλ“€μ€
06:43
depending on the age or other demographic factors of the individual.
130
403585
3627
μ—°λ Ήμ΄λ‚˜ 인ꡬ톡계학적 μš”μΈμ— 따라 λ‹€λ₯Έ 효과λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
Which brings me to the notion of precision vaccines.
131
407665
3196
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 사싀은 주제λ₯Ό μ •λ°€ λ°±μ‹ μ˜ κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
This is the idea that we will take precision medicine --
132
411211
3976
μ •λ°€ μ˜ν•™μ„ 백신에 μ ‘λͺ©ν•˜λŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄μ£ .
06:55
you know what precision medicine is, right,
133
415211
2016
μ •λ°€ μ˜ν•™μ΄ 무엇인지 λ‹€λ“€ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
06:57
that's the idea that populations may vary
134
417251
2524
이건 νŠΉμ • μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄
06:59
in their response to a particular medicine --
135
419799
2445
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— 따라
07:02
and apply that to vaccines.
136
422268
2102
λ‹€λ₯Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
Right?
137
424784
1150
κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
07:05
And here in Boston Children's Hospital
138
425958
2184
이곳 λ³΄μŠ€ν„΄ μ•„λ™λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ
07:08
at the Precision Vaccines Program I direct,
139
428166
2609
μ œκ°€ μ§€λ„ν•˜λŠ” μ •λ°€ λ°±μ‹  ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ—μ„ 
07:10
we have five approaches, stepwise approaches we take,
140
430799
3262
μ§ˆλ³‘ 취약계측에 λ§žλŠ”
07:14
to build precision vaccines
141
434085
1509
μ •λ°€ 백신을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
07:15
that are tailored to vulnerable populations.
142
435618
2848
5가지 순차적 접근방식을 μ·¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
Number one,
143
438490
1237
첫째,
07:19
we need to understand what the attitude of a given population is
144
439751
3128
저희 μ˜λ£Œμ§„λ“€μ€ 백신에 λŒ€ν•œ νŠΉμ • μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ νƒœλ„λ₯Ό 이해해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
towards a vaccine.
145
442903
1160
07:24
You could build the most sophisticated vaccine in the world,
146
444087
2823
λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ •κ΅ν•œ 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•΄λ„
07:26
but if nobody wants to take it, you're going nowhere.
147
446934
2520
아무도 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄ 아무 μ†Œμš©μ΄ μ—†μ£ .
07:29
Number two,
148
449759
1151
λ‘˜μ§Έ,
07:30
we have to think of the route of immunization.
149
450934
2280
μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ˜ 경둜λ₯Ό 생각해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
Most vaccines are intramuscular, or IM,
150
453238
3111
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 백신은 근윑 λ‚΄ 주사, 즉 IM μ£Όμ‚¬μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:36
but there are others, intranasal, oral and others.
151
456373
3110
λΉ„κ°• λ‚΄, 경ꡬ 및 기타 경둜둜 μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ” 백신듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
Then, as I just described to you, vaccines have components.
152
460142
3221
그리고 방금 말씀 λ“œλ Έλ“―μ΄ λ°±μ‹ μ—λŠ” ꡬ성 성뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
All vaccines have an antigen,
153
463387
1912
λͺ¨λ“  λ°±μ‹ μ—” 항원이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
that's the part of the microbe that your body remembers,
154
465323
2754
ν•­μ²΄λ‚˜ 세포성 면역을 ν˜•μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
07:48
that you might make antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against.
155
468101
3889
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺΈμ΄ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” 미생물 말이죠.
07:52
And we might add an adjuvant, as we talked about,
156
472014
2286
그리고 μ•žμ„œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘ 촉진을 μœ„ν•œ
07:54
to boost an immune response.
157
474324
1594
보쑰제λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
But guess what?
158
475942
1158
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
07:57
There are many different antigens to choose from
159
477124
2301
저희에겐 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 선택가λŠ₯ν•œ 항원과
07:59
and many different adjuvants.
160
479449
1390
λ³΄μ‘°μ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
How are we going to make that decision?
161
480863
1865
μ–΄λ–€ κ±Έ 선택해야 ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:02
And the menu of these keeps growing.
162
482752
2079
그리고 이런 μ„ νƒμ§€λŠ” 계속 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
So on our team,
163
484855
1151
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희 νŒ€μ€
08:06
we've developed ways to test vaccines outside the body --
164
486030
3484
쑰직 λ°°μ–‘ μ ‘μ‹œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ
체외 λ°±μ‹  ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ 방법을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
in Latin, that's "in vitro" --
165
489538
1642
λΌν‹΄μ–΄λ‘œλŠ” "인 λΉ„νŠΈλ‘œ" 라고 ν•˜μ£ .
08:11
in a tissue culture dish.
166
491204
1619
08:12
So we use tissue engineering with blood cells
167
492847
3278
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저흰 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„Έν¬λ₯Ό 가진 쑰직곡학을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
08:16
to immunize outside the body
168
496149
2103
μ²΄μ™Έμ—μ„œ λ©΄μ—­λ ₯을 κΈ°λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•œ λ’€
08:18
and study the effect of the vaccine
169
498276
2056
μœ μ•„μ™€ 노인 λ“±μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ—κ²Œ λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”
08:20
against, for example, infants or elderly individuals or others.
170
500356
4340
λ°±μ‹ μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ£ .
08:25
And if you think about it, this is critical,
171
505347
2217
생각해보면, 이것은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
because if you look at all the infections we want to build vaccines against,
172
507588
3597
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 저희가 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”
08:31
like Zika virus and Ebola virus and HIV and others,
173
511209
3961
지카 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, 에볼라 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, HIV λ“±μ˜ 감염증을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
08:35
all the candidate antigens,
174
515194
1794
λͺ¨λ“  후보 항원
08:37
all the candidate adjuvants,
175
517012
2103
λͺ¨λ“  후보 보쑰제
08:39
all the different populations,
176
519139
1976
λͺ¨λ“  λ‹€λ₯Έ 인ꡬ λ“±,
08:41
it's going to be impossible to do large, phase III clinical trials
177
521139
3740
λͺ¨λ“  μ‘°ν•©μ˜ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 3상 μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
08:44
for every combination.
178
524903
1563
λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
This is where we think being able to test vaccines outside the body
179
526490
4222
고둜 저흰 μ²΄μ™Έμ—μ„œ 백신을 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점이
08:50
can make a big difference to accelerate vaccine development.
180
530736
3451
λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ„ 가속화 μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
And finally, this whole effort is to drive an immune response
181
534497
2897
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, 이 λͺ¨λ“  λ…Έλ ₯은 νŠΉμ • λ³‘μ›κ· μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
08:57
that will protect against that particular pathogen,
182
537418
3253
λͺΈμ„ λ°©μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•΄
09:00
getting antibodies and other cells to defend the body.
183
540695
3880
항체와 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬κΉŒμ§€ λͺΈμ„ λ°©μ–΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
We are also using additional innovative approaches
184
545273
2627
저흰 μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 접근방식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
09:07
to bring the most cutting-edge science to vaccine development.
185
547924
3405
μ΅œμ²¨λ‹¨ 과학을 λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ— νˆ¬μž…ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
We're taking a deeper dive as to how current vaccines protect.
186
551353
4097
λ˜ν•œ ν˜„μž¬ 백신이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 예방효과λ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€
더 깊이 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
We've formed an international consortium
187
555474
2349
저흰 ꡭ제 ν˜‘λ ₯단을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬
09:17
to study how hepatitis B vaccine protects newborns
188
557847
3739
Bν˜• κ°„μ—Ό 백신이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 신생아λ₯Ό Bν˜• κ°„μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ”μ§€
09:21
from hepatitis B infection.
189
561610
1890
μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
And to do this,
190
563524
1151
이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
09:24
we've developed a technique called small sample, big data.
191
564699
3404
μ €ν¬λŠ” μž‘μ€ ν‘œλ³Έ, 큰 λ°μ΄ν„°λΌλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
We can get a tiny little drop of baby blood before immunization,
192
568127
4064
μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’… μ „ μ•„κΈ°μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ•„μ£Ό 쑰금 μ±„μ·¨ν•˜κ³ 
09:32
and take a tiny little drop after immunization,
193
572215
3098
μ ‘μ’… ν›„ λ‹€μ‹œ μ†ŒλŸ‰μ˜ μ±„ν˜ˆμ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
and we can measure the inventory of all the cells,
194
575337
2888
그리곀 κ·Έ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  세포와 λͺ¨λ“  μœ μ „μž,
09:38
and all the genes and all the molecules in that drop of blood,
195
578249
3366
λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•΄ λͺ©λ‘ν‘œλ₯Ό μž‘μ„±ν•˜μ£ .
09:41
and we can compare after the vaccine
196
581639
2222
κ·Έ ν›„, 같은 μ•„κΈ°μ˜
09:43
to before the vaccine in that same baby
197
583885
2478
예방 μ ‘μ’… μ „ν›„λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄
09:46
and understand in a deep way
198
586387
1865
κ·Έ 백신이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 예방효과λ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€
09:48
exactly how that successful vaccine protects.
199
588276
3079
깊이 이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
And those lessons we can use to build the next vaccines in the future.
200
591745
4792
그리고 후에 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ„ λ•λŠ” κ΅ν›ˆμ΄ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
So this diagram is really illustrating a tiny drop of blood
201
596561
3405
이 λ„ν‘œλŠ” ν”Ό ν•œ 방울이 가진
09:59
yielding huge amounts of information,
202
599990
2317
μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 정보와
10:02
tens of thousands of analytes,
203
602331
1849
수만 κ°€μ§€μ˜ 피뢄석물을 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
and that hairball is meant to depict the gene pathways that are turned on
204
604204
4504
그리고 μ € 검은 λ­‰μΉ˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ” κ²½λ‘œμ™€
10:08
and the molecular pathways that are turned on.
205
608732
2380
λΆ„μžκ°€ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ” 경둜λ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
So much more to come on that, and very exciting science.
206
611136
3159
더 λ§Žμ€ 것이 λ„μΆœ 될 수 μžˆκΈ°μ— 맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμ§€μ£ .
10:14
So we are partnering with scientists around the world
207
614660
3040
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저흰 μ „ 세계 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•΄
10:17
to bring all these new technologies to invigorate vaccine development
208
617724
4118
μ •λ°€λ°±μ‹  λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ„μž…ν•΄ λ°±μ‹  κ°œλ°œμ„ ν™œμ„±ν™” ν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
in a Precision Vaccines network.
209
621866
2055
10:23
We are going to advance personalized vaccines
210
623945
2496
저흰 μ „ 세계 취약계측을 μœ„ν•œ
10:26
for vulnerable populations around the world.
211
626465
2552
λ§žμΆ€ν˜• 백신을 λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚¬ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
Our team includes scientists, technical experts and physicians.
212
629041
4882
저희 νŒ€μ€ κ³Όν•™μž, 기술 전문가와 μ˜λ£Œμ§„μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
And we're developing vaccines against infectious diseases
213
633947
2802
그리고 저흰 전염병에 λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
like pertussis, which is whooping cough.
214
636773
2404
백일해와 같은 전염병 말이죠.
10:39
We have a whooping cough vaccine,
215
639201
1907
μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ 백일해 백신이 μžˆκΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
10:41
but it requires multiple doses,
216
641132
1930
μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 νˆ¬μ•½ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
10:43
and the immunity keeps dropping.
217
643086
1531
예방λ ₯도 계속 ν•˜λ½ν•˜μ£ .
10:44
We want to develop a single-shot pertussis vaccine.
218
644641
2746
저흰 1회 μ ‘μ’… 백일해 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
We're working on a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus,
219
647411
2904
저흰 미ꡭ의 μ˜μœ μ•„ μž…μ›μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 원인인
10:50
the number one cause of infant hospitalization in the United States.
220
650339
3667
ν˜Έν‘κΈ°μ„Έν¬μœ΅ν•©λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ 백신도 연ꡬ μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
A better vaccine against influenza,
221
654030
2680
μΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μžμ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 더 λ‚˜μ€ 백신도 연ꡬ μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
and, of course, HIV.
222
656734
2295
λ¬Όλ‘  HIV도 포함이죠.
10:59
We're also looking at vaccines against cancer, allergy
223
659450
3921
저흰 μ•”κ³Ό μ•Œλ ˆλ₯΄κΈ° 그리고
11:03
and, interestingly, opioid overdose.
224
663395
3158
ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„ 마취제 κ³Όλ‹€λ³΅μš©μ˜ 백신도 연ꡬ 쀑이죠.
11:07
So, this is my final message to you.
225
667815
2794
이것이 μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ κ±΄λ‚΄λŠ” λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ©”μ„Έμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
Vaccines protect you and your loved ones
226
671379
2897
백신은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€
11:14
and the people around you.
227
674300
1412
그리고 μ£Όλ³€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
Not only do they protect you against infection,
228
675736
2206
백신은 κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:17
they prevent you from spreading it to others.
229
677966
2429
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 병을 νΌνŠΈλ¦¬λŠ” 것도 μ˜ˆλ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
Get immunized.
230
680419
1396
μ˜ˆλ°©μ ‘μ’…μ„ λ°›μœΌμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
11:21
Scientific progress is fragile and can be lost.
231
681839
3444
과학적 μ§„λ³΄λŠ” 깨지기 쉽고 손싀될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
We must foster accurate and respectful public dialogue.
232
685307
3782
우린 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ³  κ²½μ²­ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έλ‹΅νšŒλ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
And finally, we're on the verge of great things,
233
689427
2261
그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, 우린 λ°±μ‹  μ ‘μ’…μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλŒ€λΌλŠ”
11:31
a new era of vaccination.
234
691712
2129
μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것을 μ•žλ‘κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
We've just scratched the surface of what can be accomplished.
235
693865
2960
저흰 이제 막 첫 κ±ΈμŒμ„ λ‚΄λ”›μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
Please advocate for this research.
236
696849
1985
저희 연ꡬλ₯Ό 응원해 μ£Όμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
11:38
Thank you.
237
698858
1181
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
(Applause)
238
700063
2888
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7