The new science of personalized vaccines | Ofer Levy

58,482 views ใƒป 2020-07-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jamie Shihwan Go ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
It is hard to overstate the beneficial effects of immunization.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
According to the US Centers for Disease Control,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์ œ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
00:22
US children born over the last 20 years --
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
00:25
for those children, vaccines will prevent greater than 322 million illnesses,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ 3์–ต 2์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ 
00:31
greater than 21 million hospitalizations
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2์ฒœ1๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž…์›๊ณผ
00:34
and greater than 730,000 deaths,
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73๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:37
with the societal cost savings of nearly 1.4 trillion dollars.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1์กฐ 4์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Those are big numbers.
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ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
00:44
But let's zoom in and look at a particular example.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Vaccines have nearly eliminated
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ํ—ค๋ชจํ•„๋ฃจ์Šค ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ผ๋Š”
00:50
a bacterial infection called Haemophilus influenzae.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ข…์‹์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
This bacterium used to infect young infants
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์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์˜์œ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์—ผํ•ด
00:56
causing bloodstream infections,
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ,
00:58
pneumonia, meningitis, death
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ํ๋ ด, ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์—ผ, ์‚ฌ๋ง,
01:01
or permanent disability.
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๋˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
As a young pediatrician, I saw a few cases.
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์ Š์€ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
01:07
You folks probably have never heard of this disease,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
because vaccines have been so effective.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:12
You could see in the graph on the right
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
01:14
that since the introduction of vaccines,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ดํ›„
01:17
the incidence of Haemophilus bacterial infections
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ํ—ค๋ชจํ•„๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์€
01:19
has plummeted like a rock, and it's nearly vanished.
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๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋“ฏ ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
So vaccines are generally a success story.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:26
But we also face challenges.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚œ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
For one, for most vaccines, we need to give multiple doses
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์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
01:33
to achieve or maintain protection.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
The scientific community is working on developing single-shot vaccines.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” 1ํšŒ ์ ‘์ข… ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Imagine being able to get only one influenza shot your whole life
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ํ‰์ƒ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋…๊ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:44
and not having to get a seasonal flu vaccine.
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๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:48
Certain microbes are difficult to immunize against.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์ด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
A classic example is human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ์ฆ‰ HIV๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
The need is urgent, progress is being made;
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์ „๋„ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:59
we're not there yet.
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์•„์ง ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Another critical element in vaccine research right now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š”
02:05
is optimizing vaccines for the most vulnerable among us,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
the very young and the elderly.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
And this is an active area of research.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ 
02:13
Finally, one of the biggest challenges we unfortunately face right now
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‚œ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:18
are anti-vax attitudes.
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์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
In fact, it's alarming that over 100,000 infants and children in the United States
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ 10๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์•„์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด
02:27
have not received any vaccines,
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
02:29
and that number is growing.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
In fact, the World Health Organization, or WHO,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋Š”
02:34
has declared anti-vax attitudes
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ
02:37
as one of the 10 most important threats to human health
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„ 10๋Œ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์œ„ํ˜‘ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ผฝ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:41
in the world today.
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02:43
This graphic illustrates the spread of anti-vax sentiment
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ ๋‚ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ์ •์„œ์˜
02:47
in the state of California,
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ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
from the year 2000 to 2013,
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2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
02:52
by looking at the percentage of public kindergarten students
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š”
02:55
who claim the personal exemption against immunization.
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๊ณต๋ฆฝ ์œ ์น˜์›์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:00
Anti-vax sentiment is on the rise,
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:02
and it has very real consequences.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Many of you may be aware of the fact
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
03:07
that we're seeing infections that we thought we conquered long ago
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ์ข…์‹ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด
03:10
coming back.
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์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Measles outbreaks have been reported in multiple US states.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์—์„  ํ™์—ญ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:15
And many have forgotten,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
03:16
but measles is very infectious and dangerous.
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ํ™์—ญ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Just a few viral particles can infect an individual.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ž…์ž ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:24
And there have been even reports
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šด๋™ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ
03:26
at sporting events and at an Olympic stadium
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:29
where the virus, through the air, travels long distances
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๊ตฐ์ค‘ ์† ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
and infects a vulnerable person in the crowd.
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03:35
In fact, if I had a measles cough right now,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์นจ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:37
(Coughs)
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(๊ธฐ์นจ)
03:38
somebody in the back of this auditorium could get infected.
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์ด ๊ฐ•๋‹น ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And this has had very real-world consequences.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์ฃ .
03:47
Just a few months ago,
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „
03:48
an airline stewardess contracted measles on a flight,
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ํ•œ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ํ™์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:52
the virus entered her brain and caused encephalitis,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•ด ๋‡Œ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๊ณ 
03:55
and she died.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:56
So people are now dying due to this anti-vax sentiment.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ •์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
I do want to take a few minutes
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:02
to address those who don't believe in vaccines
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
04:05
and who resist vaccines.
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์ž ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
As a pediatrician who receives my yearly flu vaccination,
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์ „ ๋งค๋…„ ๋…๊ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋กœ์„œ
04:13
as a parent of three children
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์ €์˜ ์„ธ ์ž๋…€ ๋ชจ๋‘
04:15
who have been vaccinated according to the recommended schedule,
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๊ถŒ์žฅ ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ์„œ,
04:19
and as a pediatric infectious disease consultant
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
04:22
who has taken care of young children with meningitis
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์ˆ˜๋ง‰์—ผ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณธ
04:25
that would have been preventable had their parents accepted immunization,
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์†Œ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋กœ์„œ
04:29
this is a personal matter to me.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
Let's take a look at who is going to pay the price
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์ด์ œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด
04:34
if we start dialing back the amount of vaccination in our society.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
This graph depicts, on the Y axis,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ Y์ถ•์€
04:41
the number of individuals dying of infection in the world.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
And on the X axis,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  X์ถ•์€
04:46
the age of the individuals who are dying.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
And as you can see, it's very much a U-shaped distribution,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ U์žํ˜• ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ
04:52
and it's particularly stark in the very young ages.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
So vaccines shield the very young from infection.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์˜์•„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
And if we want to talk, my friends, about what vaccines cause,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:03
because there's a lot of speculation,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ถ”์ธก๋“ค,
05:05
unfounded speculation on the internet, of what vaccines cause,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
05:09
vaccines cause adults, OK?
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ๋‚˜์š”?
05:12
That's what they cause.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And the other thing that they cause is for elderly individuals to live longer.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Because they are shielded against influenza
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋…๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
05:21
and other killers of the elderly.
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๋…ธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Now, let's talk a little bit
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์ด์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:25
about how we can improve vaccines even further.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋” ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:28
We can create vaccines that can immunize the most vulnerable among us
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์ €ํฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:32
and perhaps even vaccines that protect with single shots.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Let me go over a little bit of the immunology.
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๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
In the top panel, what you see is a simple vaccine.
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๋งจ ์œ„ ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
All vaccines contain something called an antigen.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์›์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
The antigen is like a piece of a germ, of a microbe,
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ํ•ญ์›์ด๋ž€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š”
05:48
that your body remembers, right?
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์„ธ๊ท , ์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด์ฃ .
05:50
It forms antibodies and those antibodies can protect you.
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ํ•ญ์›์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
So those kind of vaccines can induce an immune response,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:57
but as you see here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
05:58
that immune response tends to go up and back down,
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๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:01
and you need to get another dose and another dose
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
06:04
to maintain protection.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
What can we do?
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:07
We and other scientists around the world
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์ €ํฌ์™€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
06:10
are finding molecules that can boost a vaccine response.
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Those are called adjuvants,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
06:15
from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid.
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๋•๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Adjuvants are molecules we might add to a vaccine
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๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:21
to get a stronger response.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And in the presence of the adjuvant, depicted here in red,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ด ๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
06:26
you have a much more profound activation of the white blood cells
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๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
06:29
of your immune system,
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ํœ ์”ฌ ๋” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
06:31
and generate a much more profound immune response,
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๋” ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
with much higher antibody levels, more rapidly,
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ํ•ญ์ฒด์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ํœ ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’๊ณ , ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
06:36
and that lasts a long time for durable immunity.
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์ฃ .
06:40
Interestingly, these adjuvants have different effects
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๋“ค์€
06:43
depending on the age or other demographic factors of the individual.
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์—ฐ๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Which brings me to the notion of precision vaccines.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
This is the idea that we will take precision medicine --
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์ •๋ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ฃ .
06:55
you know what precision medicine is, right,
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์ •๋ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:57
that's the idea that populations may vary
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์ด๊ฑด ํŠน์ • ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด
06:59
in their response to a particular medicine --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:02
and apply that to vaccines.
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๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:05
And here in Boston Children's Hospital
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์ด๊ณณ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์•„๋™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ
07:08
at the Precision Vaccines Program I direct,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„ 
07:10
we have five approaches, stepwise approaches we take,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋งž๋Š”
07:14
to build precision vaccines
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์ •๋ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:15
that are tailored to vulnerable populations.
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5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Number one,
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์ฒซ์งธ,
07:19
we need to understand what the attitude of a given population is
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์ €ํฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
towards a vaccine.
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07:24
You could build the most sophisticated vaccine in the world,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด๋„
07:26
but if nobody wants to take it, you're going nowhere.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
07:29
Number two,
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๋‘˜์งธ,
07:30
we have to think of the route of immunization.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Most vaccines are intramuscular, or IM,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๊ทผ์œก ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ, ์ฆ‰ IM ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
07:36
but there are others, intranasal, oral and others.
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๋น„๊ฐ• ๋‚ด, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
Then, as I just described to you, vaccines have components.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
All vaccines have an antigen,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์—” ํ•ญ์›์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
that's the part of the microbe that your body remembers,
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:48
that you might make antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:52
And we might add an adjuvant, as we talked about,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ž์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ด‰์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:54
to boost an immune response.
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๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
But guess what?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
07:57
There are many different antigens to choose from
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ญ์›๊ณผ
07:59
and many different adjuvants.
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๋ณด์กฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
How are we going to make that decision?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑธ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:02
And the menu of these keeps growing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
So on our team,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์€
08:06
we've developed ways to test vaccines outside the body --
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์กฐ์ง ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ
์ฒด์™ธ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
in Latin, that's "in vitro" --
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๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๋กœ๋Š” "์ธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:11
in a tissue culture dish.
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08:12
So we use tissue engineering with blood cells
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
08:16
to immunize outside the body
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์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋’ค
08:18
and study the effect of the vaccine
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์œ ์•„์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”
08:20
against, for example, infants or elderly individuals or others.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
08:25
And if you think about it, this is critical,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
because if you look at all the infections we want to build vaccines against,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”
08:31
like Zika virus and Ebola virus and HIV and others,
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์ง€์นด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ์—๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, HIV ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
08:35
all the candidate antigens,
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ›„๋ณด ํ•ญ์›
08:37
all the candidate adjuvants,
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ›„๋ณด ๋ณด์กฐ์ œ
08:39
all the different populations,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ,
08:41
it's going to be impossible to do large, phase III clinical trials
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๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ 3์ƒ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:44
for every combination.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
This is where we think being able to test vaccines outside the body
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๊ณ ๋กœ ์ €ํฐ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด
08:50
can make a big difference to accelerate vaccine development.
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
And finally, this whole effort is to drive an immune response
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:57
that will protect against that particular pathogen,
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๋ชธ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด
09:00
getting antibodies and other cells to defend the body.
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ํ•ญ์ฒด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
We are also using additional innovative approaches
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์ €ํฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
09:07
to bring the most cutting-edge science to vaccine development.
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์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
We're taking a deeper dive as to how current vaccines protect.
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€
๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
We've formed an international consortium
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์ €ํฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ
09:17
to study how hepatitis B vaccine protects newborns
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Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋ฅผ Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
09:21
from hepatitis B infection.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And to do this,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:24
we've developed a technique called small sample, big data.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ, ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
We can get a tiny little drop of baby blood before immunization,
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ์ „ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ 
09:32
and take a tiny little drop after immunization,
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์ ‘์ข… ํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
and we can measure the inventory of all the cells,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ๊ทธ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž,
09:38
and all the genes and all the molecules in that drop of blood,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ชฉ๋กํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์ฃ .
09:41
and we can compare after the vaccine
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๊ทธ ํ›„, ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜
09:43
to before the vaccine in that same baby
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข… ์ „ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
09:46
and understand in a deep way
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€
09:48
exactly how that successful vaccine protects.
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๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And those lessons we can use to build the next vaccines in the future.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
So this diagram is really illustrating a tiny drop of blood
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ๋Š” ํ”ผ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:59
yielding huge amounts of information,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด์™€
10:02
tens of thousands of analytes,
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ„์„๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
and that hairball is meant to depict the gene pathways that are turned on
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ญ‰์น˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€
10:08
and the molecular pathways that are turned on.
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๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
So much more to come on that, and very exciting science.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์ถœ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€์ฃ .
10:14
So we are partnering with scientists around the world
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด
10:17
to bring all these new technologies to invigorate vaccine development
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์ •๋ฐ€๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
in a Precision Vaccines network.
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10:23
We are going to advance personalized vaccines
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์ €ํฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
10:26
for vulnerable populations around the world.
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๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Our team includes scientists, technical experts and physicians.
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์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
And we're developing vaccines against infectious diseases
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฐ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
like pertussis, which is whooping cough.
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๋ฐฑ์ผํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:39
We have a whooping cough vaccine,
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์ผํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:41
but it requires multiple doses,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:43
and the immunity keeps dropping.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜์ฃ .
10:44
We want to develop a single-shot pertussis vaccine.
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์ €ํฐ 1ํšŒ ์ ‘์ข… ๋ฐฑ์ผํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
We're working on a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus,
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์ €ํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜์œ ์•„ ์ž…์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์›์ธ์ธ
10:50
the number one cause of infant hospitalization in the United States.
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ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์œตํ•ฉ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
A better vaccine against influenza,
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์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
and, of course, HIV.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  HIV๋„ ํฌํ•จ์ด์ฃ .
10:59
We're also looking at vaccines against cancer, allergy
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์ €ํฐ ์•”๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:03
and, interestingly, opioid overdose.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ณต์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด์ฃ .
11:07
So, this is my final message to you.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
Vaccines protect you and your loved ones
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
11:14
and the people around you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
Not only do they protect you against infection,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:17
they prevent you from spreading it to others.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ํผํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Get immunized.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:21
Scientific progress is fragile and can be lost.
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๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ๊นจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์†์‹ค๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
We must foster accurate and respectful public dialogue.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋‹ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
And finally, we're on the verge of great things,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š”
11:31
a new era of vaccination.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
We've just scratched the surface of what can be accomplished.
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์ €ํฐ ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์ฒซ ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Please advocate for this research.
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์›ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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