Bridges should be beautiful | Ian Firth

104,078 views ใƒป 2018-07-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืชืžื ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
The world needs bridges.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื’ืฉืจื™ื.
00:17
Have you ever thought about what it would be like not to have any?
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ืื™ ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ?
00:21
It's hard to imagine a civilization without bridges
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื’ืฉืจื™ื
00:25
because they're so essential
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:26
for growth and development of human society,
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ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:29
but they're not just about a safe way across a river or an obstacle.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
00:35
They shout about connectivity --
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ --
00:39
community.
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ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
00:40
They reveal something about creativity,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
00:42
our ingenuity --
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
00:44
they even hint at our identity.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:49
And when bridges fail,
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ื•ื›ืฉื’ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื,
00:51
or are destroyed in conflict,
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ืื• ื ื”ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜,
00:53
communities struggle,
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
00:55
development stagnates, people suffer.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
00:59
Even today,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:01
there are over one billion people living in poor, rural communities
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช
01:05
around the world
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:06
that do not have safe, year-round access
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืช
01:08
to the things that you and I take for granted:
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•:
01:10
education, medical care, access to markets ...
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ...
01:14
which is why wonderful organizations like Bridges to Prosperity
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’"
01:18
build bridges in this kind of place -- this is in Rwanda.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื” -- ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”.
01:21
And they make such a difference,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
01:23
not only to those lives immediately around the bridge,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืฉืจ,
01:26
but the impact of these bridges is huge,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช,
01:28
and it spreads over the whole community,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืกืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
01:31
far, far away.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ื”ืจื—ืง.
01:34
Of course bridges have been around for an awfully long time.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ืฉืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื ื•ืจื.
01:37
The oldest ones are stone because it's a very durable material.
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ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
01:41
I don't know about you --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื›ื --
01:42
I love to look at the development of technology
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:44
to learn about what people did with the materials
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
01:47
and tools available to them at the time.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:50
So the Pont Du Gard in the center is a wonderful example --
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ื’ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื” ื’ืืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” --
01:53
Roman aqueduct in the South of France --
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ืืžืช ืžื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช --
01:55
fantastic piece of technology built using massive stones put together,
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ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืกืœืขื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
01:59
dry -- there's no mortar in those joints.
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ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื -- ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:01
They're just dry stone joints --
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื --
02:03
fantastic
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ื ืคืœื
02:04
and almost as good as new today.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:08
Or sometimes up in the mountains,
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ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื,
02:10
people would build these suspension bridges,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
02:12
often across some dizzy canyon,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจืจ,
02:14
using a vine.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ืคื ื™ื.
02:15
In this case, this is in Peru.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื•.
02:17
This is using grass which grows locally
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ืฉื ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืฉื
02:19
and is woven into ropes to build these bridges.
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ื•ื ืืจื’ ืœื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:22
And do you know they rebuild this every year?
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”?
02:26
Because of course grass is not a durable material.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืžื™ื“.
02:29
So this bridge is unchanged since Inca times.
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ืื– ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”.
02:34
And bridges can be symbols of their location.
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ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:38
Of course, Golden Gate and Sydney are well familiar.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ืฉืจ "ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜" ื•"ืกื™ื“ื ื™" ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:40
In Mostar the bridge was synonymous with the name of the place,
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืขื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ,
02:44
and to such an extent that in the war in 1993
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ 1993
02:47
when the bridge was destroyed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“,
02:49
the town all but lost its identity until the bridge was reconstructed.
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ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:54
And bridges are enormous features in our landscape --
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ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• --
02:57
not just enormous, sometimes there's small ones --
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื --
03:00
and they are really significant features,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื,
03:02
and I believe we have a duty to make our bridges beautiful.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืคื™ื.
03:08
Thankfully, many people do.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
03:09
Think of the stunning Millau Viaduct in the South of France.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืžื™ื• ื”ืžื”ืžื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช.
03:13
French engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Lord Foster
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื™ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจืœื•ื–'ื” ื•ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื•ืจื“ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ
03:17
collaborated together to produce something
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ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:19
which is a really spectacular synergy of architecture and engineering.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
03:22
Or Robert Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge in the mountains in Switzerland --
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ืื• ื’ืฉืจ ืกืืœื’ื™ื ืื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืื™ืœืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ --
03:27
absolutely sublime.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉื’ื‘.
03:29
Or more recently,
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ืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
03:31
Laurent Ney's beautiful and rather delicate bridge
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ืืš ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื ื˜ ื ื™
03:34
for Tintagel Castle in the UK.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื’'ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:37
These are spectacular and beautiful designs
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ืืœื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื
03:39
and we need to see more of this.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
03:43
Bridges can be considered in three convenient categories,
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ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
03:48
depending on the nature of the structural system
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช
03:51
that they adopt as their principal support.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:54
So, bending, of course, is the way a beam will behave --
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื” --
03:57
so, beams and bending.
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ืื–, ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ.
03:59
Or compression is the principal way of operating for an arch.
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ืื• ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืงืฉืช.
04:04
Or for the really long spans you need to go lightweight,
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ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:07
as we'll see in a minute,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื”,
04:08
and you'll use tension, cables --
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ื•ืืชื ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืชื—, ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื --
04:11
suspension bridges.
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ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
04:12
And the opportunity for variety is enormous.
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ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
04:16
Engineers have a fantastic scope for innovation and ingenuity
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ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
04:19
and developing different forms around these types.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื•.
04:25
But technological change happens relatively slowly in my world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™,
04:29
believe it or not,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
04:30
compared to the changes that happen in mobile phone technology
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
04:35
and computers and digital technologies and so on.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
04:37
In our world of construction,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:39
the changes seem positively glacial.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘.
04:44
And the reason for this can be summarized in one word:
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช:
04:48
risk.
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:50
Structural engineers like me manage risk.
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:52
We are responsible for structural safety.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™.
04:54
That's what we do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:55
And when we design bridges like these,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
04:57
I have to balance the probability that loads will be excessive on one side
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“
05:02
or the strength will be too low on the other side.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:05
Both of which, incidentally, are full of uncertainty usually,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
05:09
and so it's a probabilistic problem,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
05:11
and we have to make sure
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
05:12
that there's an adequate margin for safety between the two, of course.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:16
There's no such thing, I have to tell you,
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื,
05:18
as absolute safety.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
05:19
Contrary to popular belief,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช,
05:21
zero risk doesn't exist.
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืืคืก ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:25
Engineers have to do their calculations and get their sums right
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:28
to make sure that those margins are there,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืฉื,
05:30
and society expects them to do so,
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆืคื” ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš,
05:32
which is why it's all the more alarming when things like this happen.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ื.
05:39
I'm not going to go into the reasons for these tragedies,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•,
05:42
but they are part of the reason
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
05:45
why technological change happens quite slowly.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืœืื˜.
05:47
Nobody wants this to happen.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
05:50
Clients don't want this to happen on their projects, obviously.
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ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:54
And yet of course they want innovation.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
05:56
Innovation is vital.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:58
As an engineer, it's part of my DNA.
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ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื™.
06:01
It's in my blood.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื™.
06:02
I couldn't be a very good engineer if I wasn't wanting to innovate,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
06:06
but we have to do so from a position of knowledge and strength
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง
06:09
and understanding.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”.
06:12
It's no good taking a leap in the dark,
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ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืืคื™ืœื”,
06:13
and civilization has learned from mistakes since the beginning of time --
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืžื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ --
06:17
no one more so than engineers.
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
06:22
Some of you may have seen this film before --
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ --
06:24
this is the very famous Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
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ื–ื• ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืžื™ืฆืจ ื˜ืงื•ืžื”
06:26
in Tacoma, Washington state,
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ื‘ื˜ืงื•ืžื”, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:30
1940.
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ื‘1940.
06:32
The bridge became known as "Galloping Gertie"
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื ื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื›"ื’ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื”ืจ"
06:34
because she -- she?
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื -- ื”ื™ื?
06:35
Is a bridge female? I don't know.
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ื”ืื ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉื”? ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
06:37
She was wobbling like this for quite a long time,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
06:40
and notice this twisting motion.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื•.
06:43
The bridge was far too flexible.
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
06:45
It was designed by a chap called Leon Moisseiff,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื™ืกืฃ,
06:47
no stranger to suspension bridge design,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™,
06:49
but in this case he pushed the limits just that little bit too far
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง
06:52
and paid the price.
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
06:54
Thankfully, nobody was killed.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ื”ืจื’.
06:56
But this bridge collapse stopped suspension bridge development
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืขืฆืจื” ืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื™
07:00
dead in its tracks.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•.
07:02
For 10 years nobody thought about doing another suspension bridge.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ.
07:06
There were none.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœืœ.
07:07
And when they did emerge in the 1950s,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50,
07:09
they were an understandable overreaction,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืืš ืžื•ื‘ื ืช,
07:11
this sort of oversafe response to what had happened.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
07:15
But when it did occur in the mid-60s,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60,
07:19
there was indeed a step change --
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ --
07:20
an innovation, a technological step change.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:23
This is the Severn Bridge in the UK.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืฉืจ ืกื‘ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
07:26
Notice the aerodynamically streamlined cross section
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื—ืชืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ ื•ืงื• ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™
07:29
in the center there.
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ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
07:30
It's also a box which makes it very torsionally stiff --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช--
07:33
that twisting motion which we saw at Tacoma would not happen here.
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ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืงื•ืžื” ืœื ืชืงืจื” ืคื”.
07:37
And it's also really lightweight,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœื•,
07:39
and as we'll see in a moment,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข,
07:40
lightweight is really important for long spans,
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ืžืฉืงืœ ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
07:43
and everybody seems to want us to build longer spans.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:47
The longest at the moment is in Japan.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
07:48
It's just under 2,000 meters -- one span.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ2,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื -- ืžืคืชื— ืื—ื“.
07:52
Just under two kilometers.
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ืงืฆืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
07:54
The Akashi Kaikyล Bridge.
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ื’ืฉืจ ืืงืฉื™-ืงื™ื™ืงื™ื•.
07:55
We're currently working on one in Turkey which is a bit longer,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš,
07:58
and we've designed the Messina Bridge in Italy,
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืืช ื’ืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
08:00
which is just waiting to get started with construction one day,
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ืฉืจืง ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
08:03
who knows when.
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™.
08:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
I'm going to come back to Messina in a moment.
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ืื ื™ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืกื™ื ื”.
08:08
But the other kind of long-span bridge which uses that tension principle
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืคืชื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื—
08:13
is the cable-stayed bridge,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื,
08:15
and we see a lot of these.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื•.
08:16
In fact, in China they're building a whole load of these right now.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:20
The longest of these is the Russky Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia --
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉืจ ืจื•ืกืงื™ ื‘ื•ืœืื“ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืง, ืจื•ืกื™ื” --
08:24
just over 1,100 meters.
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ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ 1,100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
08:26
But let me take you back to this question about long-span and lightweight.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืžืคืชื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ืงืœ.
08:29
This is using Messina Bridge as an example.
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ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
08:31
The pie chart in the center represents the capacity of the main cables --
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ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื --
08:36
that's what holds the bridge up --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ --
08:38
the capacity of the main cables.
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื.
08:40
And notice that 78 percent of that capacity
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ื™ 78 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•
08:43
is used up just holding the bridge up.
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ืžื ื•ืฆืœืช ืจืง ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
08:47
There's only 22 percent of its capacity --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง 22 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” --
08:49
that's less than a quarter --
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ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ืข --
08:51
available for the payload,
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ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืขืŸ,
08:52
the stuff that the bridge is there to support:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื:
08:54
the railway, the road and so on.
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ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
08:58
And in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
08:59
over 50 percent of that payload --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื–ื” --
09:02
of that dead load --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืช ื”ื–ื” --
09:03
is the cable on its own.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
09:04
Just the cable without any bridge deck.
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ืจืง ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
09:07
If we could make that cable lighter,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:09
we could span longer.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืจืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš.
09:11
Right now if we use the high-strength steel wire available to us,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ ืคืœื“ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื•,
09:14
we can span, practically speaking, around about five or six kilometers
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืจืข, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ืื• 6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
09:18
if we really push it.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ืœื—ืฅ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:20
But if we could use carbon fiber in those cables,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื•,
09:23
we could go more than 10 kilometers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
09:26
That's pretty spectacular.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:30
But of course superspans is not necessarily the way to go everywhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:34
They're very expensive
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจื™ื
09:36
and they've got all sorts of other challenges associated with them,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื,
09:39
and we tend to build multispan
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:40
when we're crossing a wide estuary or a sea crossing.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืคืš ื ื”ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื.
09:44
But of course if that sea crossing were somewhere like Gibraltar,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ื‘ืœืืจื˜ืจ,
09:47
or in this case, the Red Sea,
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื,
09:50
we would indeed be building multiple superlong spans
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
09:54
and that would be something spectacular, wouldn't it?
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืœื?
09:57
I don't think I'm going to see that one finished in my lifetime,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™,
10:00
but it will certainly be worth waiting for for some of you guys.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื.
10:04
Well, I want to tell you about something which I think is really exciting.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
10:08
This is a multispan suspension bridge across very deep water in Norway,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืขื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”,
10:12
and we're working on this at the moment.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืจื’ืข.
10:15
The deep water means that foundations are prohibitively expensive.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•.
10:19
So this bridge floats.
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ืื– ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืฃ.
10:23
This is a floating, multispan suspension bridge.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืฆืฃ.
10:25
We've had floating bridges before, but nothing like this.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
10:29
It stands on floating pontoons
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆืคื•ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฆืคื™ื
10:30
which are tethered to the seabed and held down --
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ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื --
10:33
so, pulled down against those buoyancy forces,
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ืื–, ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื” ื”ืœืœื•,
10:36
and in order to make it stable,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘,
10:37
the tops of the towers have to be tied together,
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ื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
10:40
otherwise the whole thing would just wobble around
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ืื—ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืชื ื“ื ื“
10:43
and nobody will want to go on that.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
10:44
But I'm really excited about this
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื–ื”
10:46
because if you think about the places around the world
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ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
10:49
where the water is so deep
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
10:50
that nobody has given a second thought to the possibility of a bridge
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืจ
10:53
or any kind of crossing,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื”,
10:55
this now opens up that possibility.
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ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
10:58
So this one's being done by the Norwegian Roads Administration,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™,
11:02
but I'm really excited to know
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช
11:04
where else will this technology enable development --
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ืื™ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช --
11:06
that growing together,
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
11:08
that building of community.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:13
Now, what about concrete?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ?
11:16
Concrete gets a pretty bad name sometimes,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ืžืžืฉ ืจืข,
11:20
but in the hands of people like Rudy Ricciotti here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืืŸ,
11:23
look what you can do with it.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”.
11:26
This is what we call ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื.
11:29
It's a bit of a mouthful.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
11:31
Us engineers love those kinds of words.
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:35
But what you do with this --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื–ื” --
11:37
this is really superstrong, and it's really durable,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืžื™ื“,
11:39
and you can get this fantastic sculptural quality.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืกืœืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:43
Who said concrete bridges are dull?
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ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื?
11:47
We could talk about all sorts of other new technologies and things
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:50
which are going on,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื,
ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื•,
11:52
robots and 3-D printing and AI and all of that,
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11:54
but I want to take you back to something which I alluded to earlier on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชื™ ืืœื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
11:59
Our bridges need to be functional, yes.
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ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืŸ.
12:01
They need to be safe -- absolutely.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื -- ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
12:03
They need to be serviceable and durable.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
12:05
But I passionately believe they need to be elegant;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื;
12:08
they need to be beautiful.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื.
12:12
Our bridges are designed for a long time.
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ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš.
12:15
We tend to design for 100 years plus.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž100 ืฉื ื™ื.
12:17
They're going to be there for an awfully long time.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:20
Nobody is going to remember the cost.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
12:22
Nobody will remember whether it overran a few months.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื”ื ืœืงื— ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
12:26
But if it's ugly or just dull,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืื• ืžืฉืขืžื,
12:29
it will always be ugly or dull.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืื• ืžืฉืขืžื.
12:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:34
Bridges --
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ื’ืฉืจื™ื --
12:36
beauty enriches life.
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:38
Doesn't it?
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ืœื?
12:40
It enhances our well-being.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:42
Ugliness and mediocrity does exactly the opposite.
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ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
12:45
And if we go on building mediocre, ugly environments --
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ื•ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช --
12:49
and I believe we're becoming numb to that stuff --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” --
12:53
if we go on doing that,
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ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
12:55
it's something like a large-scale vandalism,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
12:58
which is completely unacceptable.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
13:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:06
This is a bridge in Lyon in France,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฆืจืคืช,
13:08
which was procured through a design competition.
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ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
13:11
And I think we need to start talking to those people who procure our bridges
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืœื• ืฉืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:15
and our structures,
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:16
because it's the procurement which is often the key.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื—.
13:19
Design competitions is one way to get good design,
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ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘,
13:21
but it's not the only one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
13:23
There's an awful lot of procurement going on
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
13:25
that is absolutely prejudiced against good design.
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ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:29
So yes, technology happens a bit slowly sometimes in my world.
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื™.
13:34
But I'm really excited about what we can do with it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”.
13:38
Whether it's saving lives in rural Africa
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช
13:40
or stretching the boundaries of long-span technology
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ืื• ืžืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
13:42
or just crossing the road next-door,
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื“,
13:47
I hope we continue to build elegant and beautiful stuff
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื
13:50
that save lives and build communities.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
13:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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