Bridges should be beautiful | Ian Firth

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yanyan Hong

The world needs bridges.

世界需要橋樑。

Have you ever thought about what it would be like not to have any?

你可曾想過，沒有橋樑的 世界會是什麼樣子？

It's hard to imagine a civilization without bridges

很難想像沒有橋樑的文明，

because they're so essential

因為橋樑對於

for growth and development of human society,

人類社會的成長和發展相當重要，

but they're not just about a safe way across a river or an obstacle.

但它們的功能不只是讓人 安全越過河流或是障礙物。

They shout about connectivity --

它們高分貝吶喊著連結性、

community.

社區。

They reveal something about creativity,

它們能夠展示出創意、

our ingenuity --

我們的智巧，

they even hint at our identity.

它們甚至暗示了我們的身份。

And when bridges fail,

當橋樑損毀，

or are destroyed in conflict,

或是在衝突中被破壞，

communities struggle,

社區會陷入掙扎，

development stagnates, people suffer.

發展會停滯，人民會受苦。

Even today,

即使是現今，

there are over one billion people living in poor, rural communities

全世界仍然有 超過十億人居住在貧窮、

around the world

鄉村的社區中，

that do not have safe, year-round access

在那些地方，無法隨時安全地

to the things that you and I take for granted:

取得使用你我視為 理所當然的東西：

education, medical care, access to markets ...

教育、醫療照護、 到市場的通路……

which is why wonderful organizations like Bridges to Prosperity

這就是為什麼有些美好的組織， 如「通向繁榮之橋」，

build bridges in this kind of place -- this is in Rwanda.

會在這類地方建立橋樑—— 這是盧安達。

And they make such a difference,

橋樑帶來了好大的不同，

not only to those lives immediately around the bridge,

不只改變了住在 橋樑周圍的人的生活，

but the impact of these bridges is huge,

這些橋樑的影響很大，

and it spreads over the whole community,

且影響力散佈至整個社區，

far, far away.

影響範圍非常遠。

Of course bridges have been around for an awfully long time.

當然，非常久以前 就已經有橋樑出現了。

The oldest ones are stone because it's a very durable material.

最早的橋樑是石橋， 因為石頭是很耐用的材料。

I don't know about you --

我不知道你們怎麼想，

I love to look at the development of technology

但我很愛去看科技的發展，

to learn about what people did with the materials

去了解大家拿材料來做些什麼，

and tools available to them at the time.

以及當時他們能用的工具是什麼。

So the Pont Du Gard in the center is a wonderful example --

所以，中間的加爾橋 就是個很棒的例子，

Roman aqueduct in the South of France --

它是位在法國南部的羅馬高架渠，

fantastic piece of technology built using massive stones put together,

很棒的科技傑作， 用大量的石頭所組成，

dry -- there's no mortar in those joints.

而且是乾燥的， 在接合處沒有用黏合物，

They're just dry stone joints --

接合處就只是乾燥的石頭，

fantastic

簡直難以置信，

and almost as good as new today.

到現在還幾乎和新的一樣。

Or sometimes up in the mountains,

或是，有時在山中，

people would build these suspension bridges,

會有人搭建這類吊橋，

often across some dizzy canyon,

通常是用藤蔓製造，

using a vine.

橫越讓人頭暈的峽谷。

In this case, this is in Peru.

圖中的吊橋位在秘魯。

This is using grass which grows locally

將當地生長的一種草當材料，

and is woven into ropes to build these bridges.

編織成繩子來搭建這些吊橋。

And do you know they rebuild this every year?

你們知道嗎， 他們每年都要將它重建？

Because of course grass is not a durable material.

當然，因為草並不是很耐用的材料。

So this bridge is unchanged since Inca times.

所以，這座橋從印加時代 開始就沒有改變過。

And bridges can be symbols of their location.

橋樑也可能是其所在地的象徵。

Of course, Golden Gate and Sydney are well familiar.

當然，大家都很熟悉 金門大橋和雪梨港灣大橋。

In Mostar the bridge was synonymous with the name of the place,

在莫斯塔爾，這座橋的 名稱和那個地方同名，

and to such an extent that in the war in 1993

它們之間的關聯程度高到 在 1933 年的戰爭中

when the bridge was destroyed,

當這座橋被摧毀時，

the town all but lost its identity until the bridge was reconstructed.

這個鎮完全失去了它的身份， 直到橋被重建為止。

And bridges are enormous features in our landscape --

在我們的地景中， 橋樑是很巨大的特徵，

not just enormous, sometimes there's small ones --

不只巨大的橋，有時小的也是，

and they are really significant features,

都是很明顯的特徵。

and I believe we have a duty to make our bridges beautiful.

我相信我們有責任 要讓我們的橋樑很美觀。

謝天謝地，許多人的確做到了。

Thankfully, many people do.

Think of the stunning Millau Viaduct in the South of France.

想想在法國南部的米約高架橋。

French engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Lord Foster

法國工程師米歇爾維洛熱 與英國建築師福斯特男爵

collaborated together to produce something

聯手合作，

將建築與工程做了非常壯觀的結合。

which is a really spectacular synergy of architecture and engineering.

Or Robert Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge in the mountains in Switzerland --

或是羅勃馬亞爾在瑞士山區 建造的塞金納特伯橋，

absolutely sublime.

它非常宏偉莊嚴。

Or more recently,

或是在近期，

Laurent Ney's beautiful and rather delicate bridge

勞倫奈伊為英國的廷塔哲城堡建造了

for Tintagel Castle in the UK.

一座美麗精緻的橋樑。

These are spectacular and beautiful designs

這些都是壯觀又美麗的設計，

and we need to see more of this.

我們需要看到更多這樣的傑作。

Bridges can be considered in three convenient categories,

橋樑被簡單分成三類，

depending on the nature of the structural system

分類的依據，是它們用做當作

that they adopt as their principal support.

主要支撐的結構系統的特性。

So, bending, of course, is the way a beam will behave --

當然樑柱有可能是彎曲的。

so, beams and bending.

樑柱和彎曲。

Or compression is the principal way of operating for an arch.

還有壓縮法， 它是拱門的主要運作方式。

Or for the really long spans you need to go lightweight,

當礅距非常長時，需要輕量級的，

as we'll see in a minute,

我們等下就會看到，

and you'll use tension, cables --

你會用到張力、纜繩、

suspension bridges.

吊橋。

And the opportunity for variety is enormous.

多樣性的機會是很大的。

Engineers have a fantastic scope for innovation and ingenuity

工程師有很棒的空間 可以做創新和獨創，

and developing different forms around these types.

以這些類型為基礎， 發展出不同的形式。

But technological change happens relatively slowly in my world,

但在我的世界中， 科技的改變速度相對比較慢，

believe it or not,

信不信由你，

compared to the changes that happen in mobile phone technology

相對之下行動電話 科技的改變就快很多，

and computers and digital technologies and so on.

電腦和數位科技等等亦是如此。

In our world of construction,

在建造業的世界中，

the changes seem positively glacial.

改變似乎就像冰川形成一樣慢。

And the reason for this can be summarized in one word:

這背後的理由可以用一個詞總結：

risk.

風險。

Structural engineers like me manage risk.

像我這樣的結構工程師要管理風險。

We are responsible for structural safety.

我們要為結構的安全負責。

That's what we do.

那是我們的工作。

And when we design bridges like these,

當我們設計出像這樣的橋樑，

I have to balance the probability that loads will be excessive on one side

我得要去平衡各種可能性， 一端的負重可能會過重，

or the strength will be too low on the other side.

或是另一端的力量可能會不足。

Both of which, incidentally, are full of uncertainty usually,

順便一提，這兩種狀況 通常都充滿了不確定性，

and so it's a probabilistic problem,

所以這是一個機率的問題，

and we have to make sure

當然，我們得要

that there's an adequate margin for safety between the two, of course.

確保在兩者之間有適當的安全空間。

There's no such thing, I have to tell you,

我得告訴各位，沒有所謂的

as absolute safety.

絕對安全。

Contrary to popular belief,

和大家所相信的相反，

zero risk doesn't exist.

零風險是不存在的。

Engineers have to do their calculations and get their sums right

工程師得要做計算，把數字算對，

to make sure that those margins are there,

確保一定要有餘裕空間在，

and society expects them to do so,

社會也期望他們能做到，

which is why it's all the more alarming when things like this happen.

這就是為什麼當這種事發生時， 大家會特別緊張。

I'm not going to go into the reasons for these tragedies,

我不打算談這些悲劇發生的原因，

but they are part of the reason

但這些事情就是為什麼

why technological change happens quite slowly.

科技改變如此緩慢的部分原因。

Nobody wants this to happen.

沒有人希望這種事發生。

Clients don't want this to happen on their projects, obviously.

很顯然，客戶不會希望 他們的專案發生這種事。

And yet of course they want innovation.

但，當然，他們會想要有創新。

Innovation is vital.

創新是很重要的。

As an engineer, it's part of my DNA.

身為工程師， 創新是我 DNA 的一部分。

It's in my blood.

創新在我的血液當中。

I couldn't be a very good engineer if I wasn't wanting to innovate,

如果我不想要創新， 我就不可能成為非常好的工程師，

but we have to do so from a position of knowledge and strength

但我們若要創新， 得要先有知識、力量，

and understanding.

以及了解。

It's no good taking a leap in the dark,

在黑暗中冒險一躍並不是好事，

and civilization has learned from mistakes since the beginning of time --

從古早以來， 文明就一直從錯誤中學習，

no one more so than engineers.

工程師更是如此。

Some of you may have seen this film before --

有些人可能看過這段影片，

this is the very famous Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse

這是非常著名的 塔科馬海峽吊橋倒塌，

in Tacoma, Washington state,

它位在華盛頓州的塔科馬，

1940.

1940 年。

The bridge became known as "Galloping Gertie"

這座橋被暱稱為「舞動的歌蒂」，

because she -- she?

因為她——她？

Is a bridge female? I don't know.

橋是女性的嗎？我不知道。

She was wobbling like this for quite a long time,

有很長一段時間 她都一直這樣子擺動，

and notice this twisting motion.

注意看扭動。

The bridge was far too flexible.

這座橋太有彈性了。

It was designed by a chap called Leon Moisseiff,

它的設計師叫做里昂莫西夫，

no stranger to suspension bridge design,

他對吊橋的設計不陌生，

but in this case he pushed the limits just that little bit too far

但在這個案例中， 他把極限推過頭了一些，

and paid the price.

付出了代價。

Thankfully, nobody was killed.

謝天謝地，沒有人死亡。

But this bridge collapse stopped suspension bridge development

但這座橋的倒塌， 讓吊橋的發展停滯下來，

dead in its tracks.

突然停止。

For 10 years nobody thought about doing another suspension bridge.

十年來，沒有人想要 再建另一座吊橋。

There were none.

完全沒有。

And when they did emerge in the 1950s,

到五十年代，吊橋又出現時，

they were an understandable overreaction,

可以想見會有過度的反應，

this sort of oversafe response to what had happened.

結果就產生這種過度安全的反應。

But when it did occur in the mid-60s,

但到了六十年代中期的時候，

there was indeed a step change --

的確有了進一步的改變，

an innovation, a technological step change.

一項創新，一項科技的改變。

This is the Severn Bridge in the UK.

這是英國的塞文河橋。

Notice the aerodynamically streamlined cross section

注意到切面上有來自 空氣動力學的流線型，

in the center there.

在中間這裡。

It's also a box which makes it very torsionally stiff --

它也像是個盒子， 能承受很大的扭力。

that twisting motion which we saw at Tacoma would not happen here.

我們在塔科馬看到的扭動， 在這裡就不會發生。

And it's also really lightweight,

它也是非常輕量級的，

and as we'll see in a moment,

我們馬上就會看到，

lightweight is really important for long spans,

對於礅距長的橋樑， 輕量是非常重要的，

and everybody seems to want us to build longer spans.

且大家似乎都希望我們 建造礅距更長的橋樑。

The longest at the moment is in Japan.

目前礅距最長的橋樑在日本，

It's just under 2,000 meters -- one span.

礅距將近兩千公尺遠。 （註：橋墩跨距1991公尺）

Just under two kilometers.

明石海峽大橋。

The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge.

We're currently working on one in Turkey which is a bit longer,

目前我們正在土耳其 建造一座更長一點的橋，

and we've designed the Messina Bridge in Italy,

我們也設計了義大利的 墨西拿海峽大橋，

which is just waiting to get started with construction one day,

正在等待開始動工的日子，

who knows when.

天知道是何時。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I'm going to come back to Messina in a moment.

我等下再回來談墨西拿海峽大橋。

But the other kind of long-span bridge which uses that tension principle

另一種使用張力原則的長礅距橋樑

is the cable-stayed bridge,

是斜張橋，

and we see a lot of these.

這種橋很常見。

In fact, in China they're building a whole load of these right now.

事實上，在中國， 現在就建造了一大堆這種橋。

The longest of these is the Russky Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia --

當中最長的是俄羅斯島大橋， 位在俄羅斯的海參崴，

just over 1,100 meters.

長度超過一千一百公尺。 （註：主跨礅距 1,104 公尺）

But let me take you back to this question about long-span and lightweight.

但我們先回到關於 長礅距和輕量的問題。

This is using Messina Bridge as an example.

用墨西拿海峽大橋來當例子。

The pie chart in the center represents the capacity of the main cables --

中間這張圓餅圖代表 主要纜繩的承載量，

that's what holds the bridge up --

要靠它（主纜）拉起橋樑，

the capacity of the main cables.

主要纜繩的承載量。

And notice that 78 percent of that capacity

注意到，承載量有 78%

is used up just holding the bridge up.

被用來支撐這座橋樑。

There's only 22 percent of its capacity --

只剩下 22% 的承載量，

that's less than a quarter --

還不到四分之一，

available for the payload,

可以用來承載「載量」， 也就是橋樑要支撐的東西：

the stuff that the bridge is there to support:

the railway, the road and so on.

鐵軌、道路等等。

And in fact,

事實上，

over 50 percent of that payload --

超過 50% 的載量，

of that dead load --

淨負荷，

is the cable on its own.

其實是纜繩本身。

Just the cable without any bridge deck.

單單纜繩，不含橋面。

If we could make that cable lighter,

如果我們能減輕讓纜繩的重量，

we could span longer.

我們就能讓礅距更長。

Right now if we use the high-strength steel wire available to us,

現在，如果用我們 能找到的高強度鋼纜繩，

we can span, practically speaking, around about five or six kilometers

實際上來說， 我們可以做到五或六公里的礅距，

if we really push it.

如果真要拼到極限的話。

But if we could use carbon fiber in those cables,

但如果我們能在纜繩中使用碳纖維，

we could go more than 10 kilometers.

就能做到超過十公里。

That's pretty spectacular.

那是非常驚人的。

But of course superspans is not necessarily the way to go everywhere.

但當然，不是每個地方 都想要超長礅距。

They're very expensive

這種材質很貴，

and they've got all sorts of other challenges associated with them,

還有很多其他與它相關的 各種挑戰要處理，

我們傾向採用多礅距

and we tend to build multispan

when we're crossing a wide estuary or a sea crossing.

來跨越很寬的河口或是海洋。

But of course if that sea crossing were somewhere like Gibraltar,

但當然，如果跨海處 是在像直布羅陀這種地方，

or in this case, the Red Sea,

或者，在這個例子是紅海，

we would indeed be building multiple superlong spans

我們就確實需要多個超長礅距，

and that would be something spectacular, wouldn't it?

那會非常壯觀，對吧？

I don't think I'm going to see that one finished in my lifetime,

我想我在有生之年應該 看不到這樣的橋樑完工，

but it will certainly be worth waiting for for some of you guys.

但對於在座的一些人來說， 這肯定是值得等待的。

Well, I want to tell you about something which I think is really exciting.

我想要告訴你們一件 我覺得非常讓人興奮的事。

This is a multispan suspension bridge across very deep water in Norway,

這是一座多礅距的吊橋， 橫越挪威一片很深的水域，

and we're working on this at the moment.

我們目前正在建造它。

The deep water means that foundations are prohibitively expensive.

深水的意思就是， 地基會非常非常昂貴。

So this bridge floats.

所以，這座橋可以浮起。

This is a floating, multispan suspension bridge.

這是一座漂浮式的多礅距吊橋。

We've had floating bridges before, but nothing like this.

以前也有過浮橋， 但跟這種還差得遠。

It stands on floating pontoons

它站立在浮筒上，

which are tethered to the seabed and held down --

浮筒被拴在海床上，維持在水底下，

so, pulled down against those buoyancy forces,

它們被向下拉，需要對抗浮力，

and in order to make it stable,

為了要讓它們穩定，

the tops of the towers have to be tied together,

那些高塔的頂端必須要被綁在一起，

otherwise the whole thing would just wobble around

要不然整座橋會晃來晃去，

and nobody will want to go on that.

沒有人會想要踏上去。

But I'm really excited about this

但我感到非常興奮，

because if you think about the places around the world

因為，想想看世界各地

where the water is so deep

水深的地方，

that nobody has given a second thought to the possibility of a bridge

沒有人會去想搭建 一座橋樑的可能性，

or any kind of crossing,

或以任何方式跨越， 現在卻因它而有可能成真了。

this now opens up that possibility.

So this one's being done by the Norwegian Roads Administration,

這座橋是由挪威公路管理局建造，

but I'm really excited to know

但我真的感到很興奮，想知道

where else will this technology enable development --

這項科技能為哪些其他地方帶來發展

that growing together,

一起成長，

that building of community.

建立社區。

Now, what about concrete?

那麼，混凝土呢？

Concrete gets a pretty bad name sometimes,

有時，混凝土的名聲不太好，

but in the hands of people like Rudy Ricciotti here,

但在像魯迪瑞奇奧堤 這種人的手中，像這個例子，

look what you can do with it.

看看能夠做出什麼來。

This is what we call ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete.

這就是我們所稱的 超高效能纖維增強混凝土。

It's a bit of a mouthful.

有點冗長難念。

Us engineers love those kinds of words.

我們工程師就是愛這種詞。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But what you do with this --

但把它拿來使用，

this is really superstrong, and it's really durable,

它真的超級堅固且耐久，

and you can get this fantastic sculptural quality.

還能達到這種絕佳的雕刻品質。

Who said concrete bridges are dull?

誰說混凝土橋樑很無趣？

We could talk about all sorts of other new technologies and things

我們可以談其他 現在正在發展的各種技術，

which are going on,

機器人、3D 列印、 人工智慧等等。

robots and 3-D printing and AI and all of that,

但我想要帶各位回到 我先前略微提到的一點。

but I want to take you back to something which I alluded to earlier on.

Our bridges need to be functional, yes.

橋樑必須要有功能，沒錯。

They need to be safe -- absolutely.

橋樑必須要安全，絕對要。

They need to be serviceable and durable.

橋樑必須要可用且耐用。

But I passionately believe they need to be elegant;

但我熱忱地相信， 橋樑也必須要優雅；

they need to be beautiful.

橋樑必須要美觀。

Our bridges are designed for a long time.

我們設計的橋樑是要用很長的時間。

We tend to design for 100 years plus.

目標通常是一百年以上。

They're going to be there for an awfully long time.

橋樑會在那裡好長一段時間。

Nobody is going to remember the cost.

沒有人會記得成本是多少。

Nobody will remember whether it overran a few months.

沒有人會記得它是否 延遲了幾個月。

But if it's ugly or just dull,

但如果它很醜或是很無趣，

it will always be ugly or dull.

它永遠都會很醜或很無趣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Bridges --

橋樑——

beauty enriches life.

美能讓生命更豐富。

Doesn't it?

不是嗎？

It enhances our well-being.

它讓我們更幸福。

Ugliness and mediocrity does exactly the opposite.

醜陋和平庸則有完全相反的效用。

And if we go on building mediocre, ugly environments --

如果我們要建立 平庸、醜陋的環境，

and I believe we're becoming numb to that stuff --

而且我相信，我們 對這些東西變得麻木了。

if we go on doing that,

若我們要那麼做，

it's something like a large-scale vandalism,

那就像是大規模的破壞行為，

which is completely unacceptable.

那是完全不可接受的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

This is a bridge in Lyon in France,

這是在法國里昂的一座橋，

which was procured through a design competition.

是透過一次設計比賽來採購的。

And I think we need to start talking to those people who procure our bridges

我認為我們得要開始 和橋樑及建築物的

and our structures,

採購人員談談，

because it's the procurement which is often the key.

因為採購通常是關鍵。

Design competitions is one way to get good design,

設計比賽是得到好設計的一種方法，

but it's not the only one.

但不是唯一的方法。

There's an awful lot of procurement going on

有很多在進行中的採購

that is absolutely prejudiced against good design.

對於好的設計完全有偏見。

So yes, technology happens a bit slowly sometimes in my world.

所以，是的，在我的世界裡， 科技發展是慢了點。

But I'm really excited about what we can do with it.

但我很興奮想看看 我們能用科技做什麼。

Whether it's saving lives in rural Africa

不論是拯救非洲的生命，

or stretching the boundaries of long-span technology

或是拓展長礅距科技的界線，

or just crossing the road next-door,

或只是跨越旁邊的道路，

I hope we continue to build elegant and beautiful stuff

我希望我們持續 建造優雅美麗的東西，

that save lives and build communities.

來拯救生命和建立社區。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）