Michael Merzenich: Growing evidence of brain plasticity

151,754 views ใƒป 2009-04-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Eyal Peer
00:12
This machine, which we all have residing in our skulls,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
00:15
reminds me of an aphorism, of a
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ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืคืชื’ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ
00:18
comment of Woody Allen
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ืœื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ
00:20
to ask about what is the very best thing to have within your skull.
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ืฉืฉืืœ ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
00:22
And it's this machine.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
00:24
And it's constructed for change. It's all about change.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
00:27
It confers on us the ability to do things tomorrow that we can't do today,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:30
things today that we couldn't do yesterday.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืชืžื•ืœ.
00:32
And of course it's born stupid.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ืช ื˜ืคืฉื”.
00:34
The last time you were in the presence of a baby --
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื™ื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืง -
00:36
this happens to be my granddaughter, Mitra.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ืจื”.
00:39
Isn't she fabulous?
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ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:42
But nonetheless when she popped out
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”,
00:44
despite the fact that her brain had actually been progressing
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—
00:46
in its development for several months before
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
00:48
on the basis of her experiences in the womb --
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื,
00:50
nonetheless she had very limited abilities,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
00:52
as does every infant
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ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
00:54
at the time of normal, natural full-term birth.
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“.
00:57
If we were to assay her perceptual abilities, they would be crude.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื’ืกื•ืช.
01:01
There is no real indication that there is any real thinking going on.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
01:04
In fact there is little evidence that there is any
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•
01:07
cognitive ability in a very young infant.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื•.
01:10
Infants don't respond to much.
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:12
There is not really much of an indication in fact that there is a person on board.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:18
And they can only in a very primitive way, and in a very limited way
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:21
control their movements.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
01:22
It would be several months before this infant
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ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”
01:24
could do something as simple as reach out and grasp
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก
01:26
under voluntary control an object and retrieve it,
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ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื™, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
01:28
usually to the mouth.
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืืœ ื”ืคื”.
01:30
And it will be some months beforeward,
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ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
01:32
and we see a long steady progression
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช
01:35
of the evolution from the first wiggles,
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ืžื”ืชืคืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:37
to rolling over, and sitting up, and crawling,
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ืœื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื—ื™ืœื”,
01:39
standing, walking,
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ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
01:41
before we get to that magical point
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงืกื•ืžื”
01:43
in which we can motate in the world.
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ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:45
And yet, when we look forward in the brain
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:47
we see really remarkable advance.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
01:50
By this age the brain can actually store.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืื—ืกืŸ.
01:52
It has stored, recorded,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืกืŸ, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜,
01:54
can fastly retrieve
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ
01:56
the meanings of thousands,
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™,
01:58
tens of thousands of objects,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืคืฆื™ื,
02:00
actions, and their relationships in the world.
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:02
And those relationships can in fact be constructed in hundreds of thousands,
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช,
02:05
potentially millions of ways.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:07
By this age the brain controls very refined perceptual abilities.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
02:12
And it actually has a growing repertoire of cognitive skills.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:15
This brain is very much a thinking machine.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
02:18
And by this age there is absolutely no question
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง
02:21
that this brain, it has a person on board.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
02:25
And in fact at this age it is substantially controlling its own self-development.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:29
And by this age we see a remarkable evolution
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื”
02:31
in its capacity to control movement.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:34
Now movement has advanced to the point
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
02:36
where it can actually control movement simultaneously,
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ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:39
in a complex sequence, in complex ways
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ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
02:41
as would be required for example
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:43
for playing a complicated game,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
02:45
like soccer.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
02:47
Now this boy can bounce a soccer ball on his head.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
02:50
And where this boy comes from, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•, ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
02:52
about 40 percent of boys of his age have this ability.
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40% ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:56
You could go out into the community in Monterey,
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ืื ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™,
03:00
and you'd have difficulty finding a boy that has this ability.
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ืชืชืงืฉื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
03:03
And if you did he'd probably be from Sao Paulo.
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ื•ืื ืชืžืฆืื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•.
03:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:07
That's all another way of saying
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
03:09
that our individual skills and abilities
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:11
are very much shaped by our environments.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:13
That environment extends into our contemporary culture,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:16
the thing our brain is challenged with.
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ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
03:18
Because what we've done in our personal evolutions
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:20
is build up a large repertoire of specific skills and abilities
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
03:24
that are specific to our own individual histories.
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ืฉื”ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:26
And in fact they result in a wonderful
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื
03:28
differentiation in humankind,
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ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
03:31
in the way that, in fact, no two of us
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:33
are quite alike.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:35
Every one of us has a different set of acquired skills and abilities
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืจื›ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”
03:38
that all derive out of the plasticity,
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:40
the adaptability of this really remarkable adaptive machine.
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ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
03:45
In an adult brain of course we've built up
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ
03:48
a large repertoire of mastered skills and abilities
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
03:50
that we can perform more or less automatically from memory,
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:53
and that define us as acting, moving, thinking creatures.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:58
Now we study this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
04:00
as the nerdy, laboratory, university-based scientists that we are,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื ื•ื ื™-ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
04:03
by engaging the brains
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
04:05
of animals like rats, or monkeys,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืคื™ื,
04:08
or of this particularly curious creature --
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
04:11
one of the more bizarre forms of life on earth --
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ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื,
04:14
to engage them in learning new skills and abilities.
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:17
And we try to track the changes that occur
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื™ื
04:19
as the new skill or ability is acquired.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจื›ืฉ.
04:21
In fact we do this in individuals
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื
04:24
of any age, in these different species --
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ืžื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
04:26
that is to say from infancies,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
04:28
infancy up to adulthood and old age.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืงื ื”.
04:32
So we might engage a rat, for example,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:34
to acquire a new skill or ability
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:36
that might involve the rat using its paw
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ืฉืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื”
04:39
to master particular manual grasp behaviors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
04:41
just like we might examine a child
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช
04:44
and their ability to acquire the sub-skills,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:46
or the general overall skill of accomplishing something
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
04:48
like mastering the ability to read.
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ืงืจื™ืื”.
04:51
Or you might look in an older individual
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:53
who has mastered a complex set of abilities
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ืฉืœืžื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
04:55
that might relate to reading musical notation
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื
04:57
or performing the mechanical acts of performance
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ
05:00
that apply to musical performance.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช.
05:03
From these studies we defined two great epochs
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ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ืจื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
05:06
of the plastic history of the brain.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:09
The first great epoch is commonly called the "Critical Period."
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช."
05:12
And that is the period in which the brain is setting up
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ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
05:14
in its initial form its basic processing machinery.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
05:17
This is actually a period of dramatic change
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืžืชื™ื™ื
05:20
in which it doesn't take learning, per se, to drive
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข
05:23
the initial differentiation of the machinery of the brain.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:26
All it takes for example in the sound domain,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
05:29
is exposure to sound.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฆืœื™ืœ.
05:31
And the brain actually is at the mercy
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกื“ื™
05:33
of the sound environment in which it is reared.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ.
05:37
So for example I can rear an animal
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื”
05:39
in an environment in which there is meaningless dumb sound,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
05:43
a repertoire of sound that I make up,
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ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™.
05:46
that I make, just by exposure, artificially important
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ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
05:48
to the animal and its young brain.
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ืœื—ื™ื” ื•ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”.
05:51
And what I see is that the animal's brain sets up
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืืจื’ืŸ
05:53
its initial processing of that sound
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ืืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ
05:55
in a form that's idealized, within the limits of its processing achievements
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
05:59
to represent it in an organized and orderly way.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ.
06:03
The sound doesn't have to be valuable to the animal:
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
06:06
I could raise the animal in something that could be hypothetically valuable,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ืชื™,
06:09
like the sounds that simulate
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื
06:11
the sounds of a native language of a child.
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ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“.
06:14
And I see the brain actually develop a processor that is specialized --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืคืชื— ืžืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
06:17
specialized for that complex array, a repertoire of sounds.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
06:20
It actually exaggerates their separateness of representation,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’,
06:23
in multi-dimensional neuronal representational terms.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื.
06:27
Or I can expose the animal to a completely meaningless and destructive sound.
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืกื ื™.
06:32
I can raise an animal under conditions
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื
06:34
that would be equivalent to raising a baby
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
06:36
under a moderately loud ceiling fan,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืื•ืจืจ ืชืงืจื” ืจื•ืขืฉ ืœืžื“ื™,
06:38
in the presence of continuous noise.
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ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš.
06:40
And when I do that I actually specialize the brain
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช
06:43
to be a master processor for that meaningless sound.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
06:47
And I frustrate its ability
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•
06:49
to represent any meaningful sound as a consequence.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš.
06:52
Such things in the early history of babies
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื
06:54
occur in real babies.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
06:56
And they account for, for example
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:59
the beautiful evolution of a language-specific processor
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉืคื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
07:02
in every normally developing baby.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
07:05
And so they also account for
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื
07:07
development of defective processing
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื“
07:09
in a substantial population of children
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
07:12
who are more limited, as a consequence,
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ืฉื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื”
07:14
in their language abilities at an older age.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:18
Now in this early period of plasticity
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
07:21
the brain actually changes outside of a learning context.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”.
07:24
I don't have to be paying attention to what I hear.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข.
07:27
The input doesn't really have to be meaningful.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
07:30
I don't have to be in a behavioral context.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
07:33
This is required so the brain sets up it's processing
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ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“
07:36
so that it can act differentially,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™,
07:38
so that it can act selectively,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
07:40
so that the creature that wears it, that carries it,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื”, ืฉืกื•ื—ื‘ ืื•ืชื”,
07:44
can begin to operate on it in a selective way.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
07:47
In the next great epoch of life, which applies for most of life,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื”, ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:51
the brain is actually refining its machinery
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืœื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
07:54
as it masters a wide repertoire of skills and abilities.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:56
And in this epoch,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
07:58
which extends from late in the first year of life to death;
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ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
08:02
it's actually doing this under behavioral control.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช.
08:04
And that's another way of saying
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ื•ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื•ืžืจ
08:06
the brain has strategies that define
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ืฉืœืžื•ื— ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
08:09
the significance of the input to the brain.
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ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ืœืžื•ื—.
08:11
And it's focusing on skill after skill,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
08:13
or ability after ability,
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ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:17
under specific attentional control.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืงืฉื‘.
08:19
It's a function of whether a goal in a behavior is achieved
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืขื“
08:22
or whether the individual is rewarded in the behavior.
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ืื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
08:27
This is actually very powerful.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
08:30
This lifelong capacity for plasticity, for brain change,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
08:32
is powerfully expressed.
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ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
08:34
It is the basis of our real differentiation,
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
08:36
one individual from another.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
08:38
You can look down in the brain of an animal
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”
08:40
that's engaged in a specific skill,
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ืฉืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
08:42
and you can witness or document this change on a variety of levels.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:45
So here is a very simple experiment.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:47
It was actually conducted about five years ago
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืจืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื
08:49
in collaboration with scientists from the University of Provence
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก
08:52
in Marseilles.
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ื‘ืžืจืกื™ื™.
08:54
It's a very simple experiment where a monkey has been trained
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื• ืงื•ืฃ ืœื•ืžื“
08:56
in a task that involves it manipulating a tool
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ืžื˜ืœื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื–ื–ืช ื›ืœื™,
09:00
that's equivalent in its difficulty
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”
09:02
to a child learning to manipulate or handle a spoon.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื›ืฃ.
09:04
The monkey actually mastered the task
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ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
09:06
in about 700 practice tries.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื› 700 ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:09
So in the beginning the monkey could not perform this task at all.
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ืื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:12
It had a success rate of about one in eight tries.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:15
Those tries were elaborate.
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ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
09:17
Each attempt was substantially different from the other.
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ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•.
09:20
But the monkey gradually developed a strategy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืžืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.
09:23
And 700 or so tries later
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื› 700 ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช
09:25
the monkey is performing it flawlessly -- never fails.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืœืœื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:28
He's successful in his retrieval of food with this tool every time.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
09:31
At this point the task is being performed
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช
09:33
in a beautifully stereotyped way:
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
09:36
very beautifully regulated and highly repeated, trial to trial.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
09:39
We can look down in the brain of the monkey.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ.
09:41
And we see that it's distorted.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
09:43
We can track these changes, and have tracked these changes
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ื•ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:45
in many such behaviors across time.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
09:47
And here we see the distortion
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
09:50
reflected in the map of the skin surfaces of the hand of the monkey.
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ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ.
09:53
Now this is a map, down in the surface of the brain,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”
09:56
in which, in a very elaborate experiment we've reconstructed the responses,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:59
location by location,
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ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืช,
10:01
in a highly detailed response mapping of the responses of its neurons.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช.
10:05
We see here a reconstruction of how
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš
10:07
the hand is represented in the brain.
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ื”ื™ื“ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
10:09
We've actually distorted the map by the exercise.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ.
10:12
And that is indicated in the pink. We have a couple fingertip surfaces that are larger.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:16
These are the surfaces the monkey is using to manipulate the tool.
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ืืœื” ืื•ืชื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™.
10:20
If we look at the selectivity of responses
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
10:22
in the cortex of the monkey,
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ,
10:24
we see that the monkey has actually changed the filter characteristics
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืกื ื ื™ื
10:27
which represents input from the skin
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื•ืจ,
10:29
of the fingertips that are engaged.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
10:31
In other words there is still a single, simple representation of the fingertips
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
10:34
in this most organized of cortical areas
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
10:36
of the surface of the skin of the body.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
10:38
Monkey has like you have.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื ื•.
10:41
And yet now it's represented in substantially finer grain.
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ืื•ืœื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:44
The monkey is getting more detailed information from these surfaces.
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ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:47
And that is an unknown -- unsuspected, maybe, by you --
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข
10:50
part of acquiring the skill or ability.
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ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
10:53
Now actually we've looked in several different cortical areas
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
10:56
in the monkey learning this task.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
10:58
And each one of them changes in ways that are specific
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช
11:00
to the skill or ability.
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ืœืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช.
11:02
So for example we can look to the cortical area
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ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
11:05
that represents input that's controlling the posture of the monkey.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ.
11:08
We look in cortical areas that control specific movements,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
11:10
and the sequences of movements
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช
11:12
that are required in the behavior, and so forth.
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
11:14
They are all remodeled. They all become specialized for the task at hand.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
11:18
There are 15 or 20 cortical areas that are changed specifically
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15-20 ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
11:21
when you learn a simple skill like this.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
11:24
And that represents in your brain, really massive change.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
11:28
It represents the change in a reliable way
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื—ืœ
11:31
of the responses of tens of millions,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™,
11:33
possibly hundreds of millions of neurons in your brain.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš.
11:36
It represents changes
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
11:38
of hundreds of millions, possibly billions
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ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื
11:40
of synaptic connections in your brain.
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ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
11:42
This is constructed by physical change.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
11:45
And the level of construction that occurs is massive.
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ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
11:48
Think about the changes that occur in the brain of a child
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“
11:51
through the course of acquiring their movement behavior abilities in general.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:55
Or acquiring their native language abilities.
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ืื• ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ืื.
11:57
The changes are massive.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
12:01
What it's all about is the selective representations
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
12:03
of things that are important to the brain.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืœืžื•ื—.
12:05
Because in most of the life of the brain
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื”ืžื•ื—
12:08
this is under control of behavioral context.
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ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
12:10
It's what you pay attention to.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
12:12
It's what's rewarding to you.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ืืชื›ื.
12:14
It's what the brain regards, itself,
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘,
12:16
as positive and important to you.
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ื•ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
12:18
It's all about cortical processing
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
12:20
and forebrain specialization.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™.
12:22
And that underlies your specialization.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
12:24
That is why you, in your many skills and abilities,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
12:26
are a unique specialist:
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ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
12:28
a specialist that's vastly different
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ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™
12:30
in your physical brain in detail
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื
12:32
than the brain of an individual 100 years ago;
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”.
12:35
enormously different in the details
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื
12:38
from the brain of the average individual 1,000 years ago.
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ 1000 ืฉื ื”.
12:42
Now, one of the characteristics of this change process
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
12:46
is that information is always related
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžื™ื“ืข ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ
12:49
to other inputs or information that is occurring
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ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื›ื ืก ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
12:51
in immediate time, in context.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
12:54
And that's because the brain is constructing representations of things
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
12:57
that are correlated in little moments of time
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
13:00
and that relate to one another in little moments of successive time.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื.
13:03
The brain is recording all information
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
13:05
and driving all change
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
13:07
in temporal context.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™.
13:09
Now overwhelmingly the most powerful context
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:11
that's occurred in your brain is you.
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืืชื ืขืฆืžื›ื.
13:14
Billions of events have occurred in your history
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
13:18
that are related in time to yourself
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
13:20
as the receiver,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜,
13:22
or yourself as the actor, yourself as the thinker,
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ืื• ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ื›ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
13:24
yourself as the mover.
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ืื• ื›ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
13:27
Billions of times little pieces of sensation have come in
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกื•
13:30
from the surface of your body
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื›ื
13:32
that are always associated with you as the receiver,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜,
13:35
and that result in
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
13:37
the embodiment of you.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
13:40
You are constructed, your self is constructed
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ืืชื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื”
13:43
from these billions of events.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
13:45
It's constructed. It's created in your brain.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
13:48
And it's created in the brain via physical change.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
13:51
This is a marvelously constructed thing
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
13:54
that results in individual form
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ืื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™
13:57
because each one of us has vastly different histories,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
13:59
and vastly different experiences,
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
14:01
that drive in to us this marvelous differentiation of self,
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ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
14:05
of personhood.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
14:07
Now we've used this research
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:09
to try to understand not just how a normal person develops,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ืžืชืคืชื— ืื“ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
14:12
and elaborates their skills and abilities,
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ื•ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•,
14:14
but also try to understand
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:16
the origins of impairment,
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”,
14:19
and the origins of differences or variations
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
14:22
that might limit the capacities of a child, or an adult.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
14:25
I'm going to talk about using these strategies
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
14:28
to actually design brain plasticity-based
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
14:30
approach to drive corrections in the machinery of a child
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ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“,
14:35
that increases the competence of the child
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“
14:38
as a language receiver and user
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ื›ืงื•ืœื˜ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”,
14:40
and, thereafter, as a reader.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืงื•ืจื.
14:42
And I'm going to talk about experiments that involve
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
14:44
actually using this brain science,
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืœื”.
14:46
first of all to understand how it contributes to the loss of function as we age.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ.
14:49
And then, by using it in a targeted approach
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ืื—"ื› ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช
14:54
we're going to try to differentiate
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ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื
14:56
the machinery to recover function in old age.
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื ื”.
15:01
So the first example I'm going to talk about
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ืื– ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™
15:03
relates to children with learning impairments.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
15:05
We now have a large body of literature
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ืคื”
15:07
that demonstrates that the fundamental
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ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
15:09
problem that occurs in the majority of children
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
15:11
that have early language impairments,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
15:13
and that are going to struggle to learn to read,
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ืืœื” ืฉื™ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”,
15:15
is that their language processor
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื
15:17
is created in a defective form.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื’ื•ื.
15:19
And the reason that it rises in a defective form
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื’ื•ื
15:22
is because early in the baby's brain's life
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
15:26
the machine process is noisy.
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืขืฉืช.
15:28
It's that simple.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
15:30
It's a signal-to-noise problem. Okay?
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
15:32
And there are a lot of things that contribute to that.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš.
15:34
There are numerous inherited faults
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื”
15:36
that could make the machine process noisier.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขืฉืช.
15:39
Now I might say the noise problem could also occur
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
15:42
on the basis of information provided
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ
15:45
in the world from the ears.
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ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
15:48
If any -- those of you who are older in the audience know
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื
15:51
that when I was a child we understood that a child born with a cleft palate
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•, ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืฉืคื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”
15:55
was born with what we called mental retardation.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืคื’ืจ.
15:58
We knew that they were going to be slow cognitively;
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
16:02
we knew they were going to struggle to learn to develop normal language abilities;
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื— ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
16:05
and we knew that they were going to struggle to learn to read.
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ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื.
16:09
Most of them would be intellectual and academic failures.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืืงื“ืžื™ืช.
16:13
That's disappeared. That no longer applies.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืœื. ื–ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:16
That inherited weakness, that inherited condition
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ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
16:18
has evaporated.
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ื ืขืœื.
16:20
We don't hear about that anymore. Where did it go?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื?
16:23
Well, it was understood by a Dutch surgeon,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื ืชื— ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
16:25
about 35 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 35 ืฉื ื”,
16:27
that if you simply fix the problem early enough,
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ืฉืื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
16:30
when the brain is still in this initial plastic period
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
16:32
so it can set up this machinery adequately,
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
16:35
in this initial set up time in the critical period,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื–ื”,
16:37
none of that happens.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ืงืจื” ื›ืœื•ื.
16:39
What are you doing by operating on the cleft palate to correct it?
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ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉืคื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”?
16:42
You're basically opening up
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื
16:44
the tubes that drain fluid from the middle ears,
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ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”,
16:46
which have had them reliably full.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื.
16:49
Every sound the child hears uncorrected is muffled.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื›ืœ ืขืžื•ื.
16:51
It's degraded.
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ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
16:53
The child's native language is such a case is not English.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
16:56
It's not Japanese.
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ืื• ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
16:58
It's muffled English. It's degraded Japanese.
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
17:01
It's crap.
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ื–ื” ื–ื‘ืœ.
17:03
And the brain specializes for it.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ืš.
17:05
It creates a representation of language crap.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื–ื‘ืœ.
17:08
And then the child is stuck with it.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชืงื•ืข ืื™ืชื”.
17:10
Now the crap doesn't just happen in the ear.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
17:13
It can also happen in the brain.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
17:15
The brain itself can be noisy. It's commonly noisy.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขืฉ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
17:19
There are many inherited faults that can make it noisier.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขืฉ.
17:22
And the native language for a child with such a brain
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ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืขื ืžื•ื— ื›ื–ื”
17:25
is degraded.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
17:26
It's not English. It's noisy English.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื–ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืจื•ืขืฉืช.
17:30
And that results in defective representations of sounds of words --
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื,
17:34
not normal -- a different strategy,
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
17:37
by a machine that has different time constants and different space constants.
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:40
And you can look in the brain of such a child and record those time constants.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
17:43
They are about an order of magnitude longer,
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ื•ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“,
17:46
about 11 times longer in duration on average,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 11 ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
17:49
than in a normal child.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
17:51
Space constants are about three times greater.
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ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
17:54
Such a child will have memory and cognitive deficits
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ื™ืœื“ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื”
17:56
in this domain.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
17:58
Of course they will. Because as a receiver of language,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”,
18:01
they are receiving it and representing it,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื”.
18:03
and in information it's representing crap.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื‘ืœ.
18:07
And they are going to have poor reading skills.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
18:09
Because reading is dependent upon the translation of word sounds
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ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื
18:12
into this orthographic or visual
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™
18:15
representational form.
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ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืื• ืื•ืจืชื•ื’ืจืคื™.
18:17
If you don't have a brain representation of word sounds
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื,
18:19
that translation makes no sense.
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ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
18:22
And you are going to have corresponding abnormal neurology.
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ื•ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชื•ืืžืช.
18:25
Then these children increasingly
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™,
18:27
in evaluation after evaluation,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
18:29
in their operations in language, and their operations in reading --
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ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื
18:31
we document that abnormal neurology.
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ืžืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
18:36
The point is is that you can train the brain out of this.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื–ื”.
18:38
A way to think about this is you can actually re-refine
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื“ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
18:40
the processing capacity of the machinery
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ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
18:42
by changing it.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
18:44
Changing it in detail. It takes about 30 hours on the average.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜. ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— 30 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
18:47
And we've accomplished that in about 430,000 kids today.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘-430,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
18:51
Actually, probably about 15,000 children are being trained as we speak.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 15,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉ.
18:56
And actually when you look at the impacts, the impacts are substantial.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช.
18:59
So here we're looking at the normal distribution.
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
19:01
What we're most interested in is these kids on the left side of the distribution.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช.
19:03
This is from about 3,000 children.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 3,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
19:05
You can see that most of the children on the left side of the distribution
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช
19:08
are moving into the middle or the right.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืฆืข ืื• ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
19:10
This is in a broad assessment of their language abilities.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
19:13
This is like an IQ test for language.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ื™.ืงื™ื• ืœืฉืคื”.
19:15
The impact in the distribution, if you trained every child
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช, ืื ืชืืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“
19:18
in the United States, would be to shift the whole distribution to the right
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ
19:21
and narrow the distribution.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:23
This is a substantially large impact.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
19:25
Think of a classroom of children in the language arts.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก.
19:28
Think of the children on the slow side of the class.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื”.
19:31
We have the potential to move most of those children
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื
19:33
to the middle or to the right side.
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ืœืืžืฆืข, ืื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™.
19:35
In addition to accurate language training
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”
19:37
it also fixes memory and cognition
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื”,
19:39
speech fluency and speech production.
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ืฉื˜ืฃ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
19:42
And an important language dependent skill is enabled by this training --
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” -
19:45
that is to say reading.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืจื•ื.
19:46
And to a large extent it fixes the brain.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื–ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
19:48
You can look down in the brain of a child
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“
19:51
in a variety of tasks that scientists have at Stanford,
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“,
19:54
and MIT, and UCSF, and UCLA, and a number of other institutions.
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"ืืž.ืื™ื™.ื˜ื™", "ื™ื•.ืกื™.ืืก.ืืฃ", "ื™ื•.ืกื™.ืืœ.ืื™ื™" ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
20:00
And children operating in various language behaviors,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื”,
20:03
or in various reading behaviors,
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ืื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”,
20:05
you see for the most extent,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
20:07
for most children, their neuronal responses,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
20:09
complexly abnormal before you start,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
20:11
are normalized by the training.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ.
20:14
Now you can also take the same approach
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื”
20:16
to address problems in aging.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงื ื”.
20:19
Where again the machinery is deteriorating now
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ื‘ื–ื™ืงื ื” ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
20:21
from competent machinery, it's going south.
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ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.
20:25
Noise is increasing in the brain.
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ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ
20:27
And learning modulation and control is deteriorating.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช.
20:30
And you can actually look down on the brain of such an individual
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื”
20:32
and witness a change in the time constants and space constants
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘
20:35
with which, for example, the brain is representing language again.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”.
20:38
Just as the brain came out of chaos at the beginning,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
20:41
it's going back into chaos in the end.
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ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืก ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
20:44
This results in declines in memory
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
20:46
in cognition, and in postural ability and agility.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช.
20:50
It turns out you can train the brain of such an individual --
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืŸ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื”,
20:52
this is a small population of such individuals --
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ื–ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
20:55
train equally intensively for about 30 hours.
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ืฉืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืฉืขื•ืช.
20:57
These are 80- to 90-year-olds.
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ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 80-90.
21:00
And what you see are substantial improvements of their immediate memory,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
21:03
of their ability to remember things after a delay,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกืงื”,
21:05
of their ability to control their attention,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืฉื‘,
21:07
their language abilities and visual-spatial abilities.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
21:09
The overall neuropsychological index
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ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™
21:11
of these trained individuals in this population
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
21:14
is about two standard deviations.
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ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืŸ.
21:16
That means that if you sit at the left side of the distribution,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืืชื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช,
21:18
and I'm looking at your neuropyschological abilities,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
21:21
the average person has moved to the middle
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžืฆืข
21:23
or the right side of the distribution.
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ืื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช.
21:25
It means that most people who are at risk for senility,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื ื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
21:27
more or less immediately,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
21:29
are now in a protected position.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช.
21:32
My issues are to try to get to rescuing
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ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ
21:35
older citizens more completely and in larger numbers,
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:38
because I think this can be done in this arena on a vast scale --
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘.
21:41
and the same for kids.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
21:43
My main interest is how to elaborate this science to address other maladies.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
21:46
I'm specifically interested in things like autism,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื,
21:48
and cerebral palsy, these great childhood catastrophes.
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ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ื™, ื”ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช.
21:51
And in older age conditions like Parkinsonism,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
21:54
and in other acquired impairments like schizophrenia.
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ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืจื›ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.
21:59
Your issues as it relates to this science,
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ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
22:02
is how to maintain your own high-functioning learning machine.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœืš ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
22:05
And of course, a well-ordered life
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื
22:08
in which learning is a continuous part of it, is key.
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ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื”ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืคืชื—.
22:10
But also in your future is brain aerobics.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
22:13
Get ready for it. It's going to be a part of every life
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื–ื”. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
22:15
not too far in the future,
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ืœื ื™ืจื—ืง ื”ื™ื•ื.
22:17
just like physical exercise
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช
22:19
is a part of every well organized life in the contemporary period.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
22:23
The other way that we will ultimately come to consider this
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
22:27
literature and the science that is important to you
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš
22:30
is in a consideration of how to nurture yourself.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชืฉืงืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื.
22:32
Now that you know, now that science is telling us
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
22:35
that you are in charge,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
22:37
that it's under your control,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
22:39
that your happiness, your well-being,
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ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
22:41
your abilities, your capacities,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
22:43
are capable of continuous modification,
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ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ,
22:46
continuous improvement,
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ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
22:48
and you're the responsible agent and party.
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ื•ืืชื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš.
22:51
Of course a lot of people will ignore this advice.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช.
22:53
It will be a long time before they really understand it.
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
22:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
22:56
Now that's another issue and not my fault.
522
1376160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™.
22:58
Okay. Thank you.
523
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2000
ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
23:00
(Applause)
524
1380160
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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