Michael Merzenich: Growing evidence of brain plasticity

151,754 views ใƒป 2009-04-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SG KIM ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seo Rim Kim
00:12
This machine, which we all have residing in our skulls,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š”
00:15
reminds me of an aphorism, of a
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์šฐ๋”” ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:18
comment of Woody Allen
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ํ•œ ์šฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
00:20
to ask about what is the very best thing to have within your skull.
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๋‹น์‹  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜.
00:22
And it's this machine.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And it's constructed for change. It's all about change.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
It confers on us the ability to do things tomorrow that we can't do today,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”,
00:30
things today that we couldn't do yesterday.
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด์ œ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
And of course it's born stupid.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
The last time you were in the presence of a baby --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ--
00:36
this happens to be my granddaughter, Mitra.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ ์†๋…€ ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ผ๊ตฐ์š”
00:39
Isn't she fabulous?
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์ •๋ง ์˜ˆ์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
00:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:42
But nonetheless when she popped out
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
00:44
despite the fact that her brain had actually been progressing
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
00:46
in its development for several months before
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์ž๊ถ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ
00:48
on the basis of her experiences in the womb --
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
00:50
nonetheless she had very limited abilities,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์•„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
as does every infant
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์•„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด
00:54
at the time of normal, natural full-term birth.
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์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋‹ค ์ฐฌ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
If we were to assay her perceptual abilities, they would be crude.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:01
There is no real indication that there is any real thinking going on.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง•์กฐ๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
In fact there is little evidence that there is any
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:07
cognitive ability in a very young infant.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ธ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Infants don't respond to much.
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์œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
01:12
There is not really much of an indication in fact that there is a person on board.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
01:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:18
And they can only in a very primitive way, and in a very limited way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์›์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:21
control their movements.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
It would be several months before this infant
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์ด ์œ ์•„์—๊ฒ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ค์•ผ
01:24
could do something as simple as reach out and grasp
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ํŒ”์„ ๋ป—์–ด์„œ
01:26
under voluntary control an object and retrieve it,
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์— ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์›€์ผœ์žก๊ณ  ๋Œ์–ด์˜ค๋Š”,
01:28
usually to the mouth.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ฃ .
01:30
And it will be some months beforeward,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
01:32
and we see a long steady progression
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
of the evolution from the first wiggles,
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชธ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:37
to rolling over, and sitting up, and crawling,
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๊ตฌ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•‰๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
01:39
standing, walking,
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์„œ๊ณ , ๊ฑท๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
before we get to that magical point
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:43
in which we can motate in the world.
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์ด ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ง€์ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:45
And yet, when we look forward in the brain
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์ด๋ฏธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:47
we see really remarkable advance.
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
By this age the brain can actually store.
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์ด ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
It has stored, recorded,
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์ด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:54
can fastly retrieve
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์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
the meanings of thousands,
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค,
01:58
tens of thousands of objects,
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค,
02:00
actions, and their relationships in the world.
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๋™์ž‘๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
And those relationships can in fact be constructed in hundreds of thousands,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜,
02:05
potentially millions of ways.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
By this age the brain controls very refined perceptual abilities.
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์ด ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ •์ œ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
And it actually has a growing repertoire of cognitive skills.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
This brain is very much a thinking machine.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
And by this age there is absolutely no question
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‚˜์ด์—๋Š”, ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
02:21
that this brain, it has a person on board.
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์ด ๋‡Œ ์†์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And in fact at this age it is substantially controlling its own self-development.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋‚˜์ด์—” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And by this age we see a remarkable evolution
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‚˜์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด
02:31
in its capacity to control movement.
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Now movement has advanced to the point
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„
02:36
where it can actually control movement simultaneously,
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
02:39
in a complex sequence, in complex ways
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์ง€์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
as would be required for example
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€
02:43
for playing a complicated game,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:45
like soccer.
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์ถ•๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Now this boy can bounce a soccer ball on his head.
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์ด ์†Œ๋…„์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ณต์„ ํŠ•๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
02:50
And where this boy comes from, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:52
about 40 percent of boys of his age have this ability.
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๋™์ผ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์˜ ์•ฝ 40ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
You could go out into the community in Monterey,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:00
and you'd have difficulty finding a boy that has this ability.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ๋…„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And if you did he'd probably be from Sao Paulo.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„, ์ƒ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
03:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:07
That's all another way of saying
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด
03:09
that our individual skills and abilities
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
03:11
are very much shaped by our environments.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐํ˜•๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
That environment extends into our contemporary culture,
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๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
the thing our brain is challenged with.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Because what we've done in our personal evolutions
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:20
is build up a large repertoire of specific skills and abilities
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:24
that are specific to our own individual histories.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ํ•œ์ •์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
And in fact they result in a wonderful
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด
03:28
differentiation in humankind,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
in the way that, in fact, no two of us
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„
03:33
are quite alike.
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์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Every one of us has a different set of acquired skills and abilities
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํš๋“๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:38
that all derive out of the plasticity,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
the adaptability of this really remarkable adaptive machine.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
In an adult brain of course we've built up
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:48
a large repertoire of mastered skills and abilities
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
that we can perform more or less automatically from memory,
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ธ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:53
and that define us as acting, moving, thinking creatures.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Now we study this,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
as the nerdy, laboratory, university-based scientists that we are,
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๋ฒ”์ƒ์ด์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ,
04:03
by engaging the brains
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ,
04:05
of animals like rats, or monkeys,
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์ฅ๋‚˜, ์›์ˆญ์ด,
04:08
or of this particularly curious creature --
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค,
04:11
one of the more bizarre forms of life on earth --
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์ง€์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:14
to engage them in learning new skills and abilities.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
And we try to track the changes that occur
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜น์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํš๋“ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:19
as the new skill or ability is acquired.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
In fact we do this in individuals
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
of any age, in these different species --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์—๊ฒŒ์„œ.
04:26
that is to say from infancies,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์œ ์•„๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
04:28
infancy up to adulthood and old age.
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์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
So we might engage a rat, for example,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ฐ€
04:34
to acquire a new skill or ability
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ๋•Œ,
04:36
that might involve the rat using its paw
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์•ž๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:39
to master particular manual grasp behaviors
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์›€์ผœ์žก๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
just like we might examine a child
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
04:44
and their ability to acquire the sub-skills,
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
or the general overall skill of accomplishing something
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ํ˜น์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
04:48
like mastering the ability to read.
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์ฝ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Or you might look in an older individual
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ
04:53
who has mastered a complex set of abilities
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๋” ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
that might relate to reading musical notation
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•…๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€
04:57
or performing the mechanical acts of performance
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์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ
05:00
that apply to musical performance.
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๋™์ž‘๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
From these studies we defined two great epochs
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
05:06
of the plastic history of the brain.
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์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
The first great epoch is commonly called the "Critical Period."
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ "๋ฏผ๊ฐ๊ธฐ (Critical Period)"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
And that is the period in which the brain is setting up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ,
05:14
in its initial form its basic processing machinery.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
This is actually a period of dramatic change
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
in which it doesn't take learning, per se, to drive
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ํ•™์Šต ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
05:23
the initial differentiation of the machinery of the brain.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
All it takes for example in the sound domain,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์Œํ–ฅ์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ,
05:29
is exposure to sound.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And the brain actually is at the mercy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†“์—ฌ์ง„
05:33
of the sound environment in which it is reared.
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์Œํ–ฅ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
So for example I can rear an animal
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์„
05:39
in an environment in which there is meaningless dumb sound,
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๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์–‘์œกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:43
a repertoire of sound that I make up,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:46
that I make, just by exposure, artificially important
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‡Œ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
05:48
to the animal and its young brain.
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์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And what I see is that the animal's brain sets up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
05:53
its initial processing of that sound
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:55
in a form that's idealized, within the limits of its processing achievements
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๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ, ์ด์ƒํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ
05:59
to represent it in an organized and orderly way.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •๋ˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
The sound doesn't have to be valuable to the animal:
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์ง€์š”.
06:06
I could raise the animal in something that could be hypothetically valuable,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
like the sounds that simulate
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ
06:11
the sounds of a native language of a child.
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ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
06:14
And I see the brain actually develop a processor that is specialized --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
specialized for that complex array, a repertoire of sounds.
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๊ทธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ํŠนํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
It actually exaggerates their separateness of representation,
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„
06:23
in multi-dimensional neuronal representational terms.
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๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
Or I can expose the animal to a completely meaningless and destructive sound.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ €๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:32
I can raise an animal under conditions
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ,
06:34
that would be equivalent to raising a baby
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์–ด๋–ค ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ,
06:36
under a moderately loud ceiling fan,
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์ฆ‰, ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ฒœ์žฅ ์„ ํ’๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:38
in the presence of continuous noise.
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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์†Œ์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์š”.
06:40
And when I do that I actually specialize the brain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ทธ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ
06:43
to be a master processor for that meaningless sound.
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๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์†Œ์Œ์„ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํŠนํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
And I frustrate its ability
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
06:49
to represent any meaningful sound as a consequence.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Such things in the early history of babies
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์• ์—์„œ
06:54
occur in real babies.
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์‹ค์ œ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And they account for, for example
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
06:59
the beautiful evolution of a language-specific processor
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์–ธ์–ด-ํŠนํ™” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฐœ์ „์ด
07:02
in every normally developing baby.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
And so they also account for
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์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
07:07
development of defective processing
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด
07:09
in a substantial population of children
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„,
07:12
who are more limited, as a consequence,
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์—์„œ
07:14
in their language abilities at an older age.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Now in this early period of plasticity
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ
07:21
the brain actually changes outside of a learning context.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
I don't have to be paying attention to what I hear.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
The input doesn't really have to be meaningful.
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์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
I don't have to be in a behavioral context.
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ํ–‰๋™์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์ง€์š”.
07:33
This is required so the brain sets up it's processing
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์ด๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
so that it can act differentially,
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๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ,
07:38
so that it can act selectively,
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์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ,
07:40
so that the creature that wears it, that carries it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€
07:44
can begin to operate on it in a selective way.
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์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
In the next great epoch of life, which applies for most of life,
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์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
07:51
the brain is actually refining its machinery
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ ˆํผํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™๋ จํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
07:54
as it masters a wide repertoire of skills and abilities.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
And in this epoch,
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ,
07:58
which extends from late in the first year of life to death;
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์ƒ์•  ์ฒซ ํ•ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€์ธ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ,
08:02
it's actually doing this under behavioral control.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์  ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ จ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
And that's another way of saying
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด,
08:06
the brain has strategies that define
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ๋œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
08:09
the significance of the input to the brain.
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์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
And it's focusing on skill after skill,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ,
08:13
or ability after ability,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—
08:17
under specific attentional control.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
It's a function of whether a goal in a behavior is achieved
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์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€
08:22
or whether the individual is rewarded in the behavior.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
This is actually very powerful.
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
This lifelong capacity for plasticity, for brain change,
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์ธ์ƒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€, ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
08:32
is powerfully expressed.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
It is the basis of our real differentiation,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
one individual from another.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”.
08:38
You can look down in the brain of an animal
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ
08:40
that's engaged in a specific skill,
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ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:42
and you can witness or document this change on a variety of levels.
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
So here is a very simple experiment.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
It was actually conducted about five years ago
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•ฝ 5๋…„ ์ „์—
08:49
in collaboration with scientists from the University of Provence
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๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐฉ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
08:52
in Marseilles.
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๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
It's a very simple experiment where a monkey has been trained
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€
08:56
in a task that involves it manipulating a tool
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๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
that's equivalent in its difficulty
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์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆซ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
09:02
to a child learning to manipulate or handle a spoon.
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๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
The monkey actually mastered the task
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 700ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:06
in about 700 practice tries.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So in the beginning the monkey could not perform this task at all.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
It had a success rate of about one in eight tries.
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์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ์•ฝ 8๋ถ„์˜ 1์ •๋„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Those tries were elaborate.
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์ด ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์—” ํฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Each attempt was substantially different from the other.
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
But the monkey gradually developed a strategy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And 700 or so tries later
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 700๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋„ ํ›„์—
09:25
the monkey is performing it flawlessly -- never fails.
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๊ทธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์™„์ „๋ฌด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€์š”.
09:28
He's successful in his retrieval of food with this tool every time.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์Œ์‹์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
At this point the task is being performed
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
09:33
in a beautifully stereotyped way:
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
very beautifully regulated and highly repeated, trial to trial.
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๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
We can look down in the brain of the monkey.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด,
09:41
And we see that it's distorted.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
We can track these changes, and have tracked these changes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
in many such behaviors across time.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
And here we see the distortion
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ์†์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ง€๋„์—์„œ
09:50
reflected in the map of the skin surfaces of the hand of the monkey.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
Now this is a map, down in the surface of the brain,
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š”, ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:56
in which, in a very elaborate experiment we've reconstructed the responses,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋งˆ๋‹ค
09:59
location by location,
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๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ,
10:01
in a highly detailed response mapping of the responses of its neurons.
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๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
We see here a reconstruction of how
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์†์ด ๋‡Œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
10:07
the hand is represented in the brain.
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ํ‘œ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
We've actually distorted the map by the exercise.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
And that is indicated in the pink. We have a couple fingertip surfaces that are larger.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋“ค์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
These are the surfaces the monkey is using to manipulate the tool.
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์ด ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
If we look at the selectivity of responses
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์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—
10:22
in the cortex of the monkey,
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
10:24
we see that the monkey has actually changed the filter characteristics
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œ์ผฐ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
which represents input from the skin
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์ด ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋์˜
10:29
of the fingertips that are engaged.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
In other words there is still a single, simple representation of the fingertips
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์ด
10:34
in this most organized of cortical areas
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋œ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ
10:36
of the surface of the skin of the body.
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
Monkey has like you have.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
And yet now it's represented in substantially finer grain.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์   ํ›จ์”ฌ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
The monkey is getting more detailed information from these surfaces.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋”์šฑ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
And that is an unknown -- unsuspected, maybe, by you --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜, ์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•œ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„,
10:50
part of acquiring the skill or ability.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํš๋“์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Now actually we've looked in several different cortical areas
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์—
10:56
in the monkey learning this task.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And each one of them changes in ways that are specific
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๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜น์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
11:00
to the skill or ability.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
So for example we can look to the cortical area
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์›์ˆญ์ด (ํŒ”์˜) ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”
11:05
that represents input that's controlling the posture of the monkey.
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์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
We look in cortical areas that control specific movements,
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค๊ณผ
11:10
and the sequences of movements
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๋™์ž‘๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”
11:12
that are required in the behavior, and so forth.
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ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
They are all remodeled. They all become specialized for the task at hand.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์žฌํ˜•์„ฑ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
There are 15 or 20 cortical areas that are changed specifically
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š”
11:21
when you learn a simple skill like this.
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15์—์„œ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
And that represents in your brain, really massive change.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
It represents the change in a reliable way
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
11:31
of the responses of tens of millions,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค,
11:33
possibly hundreds of millions of neurons in your brain.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค๋กœ ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
It represents changes
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์–ต๊ฐœ์˜,
11:38
of hundreds of millions, possibly billions
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜
11:40
of synaptic connections in your brain.
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์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
This is constructed by physical change.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
And the level of construction that occurs is massive.
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์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
Think about the changes that occur in the brain of a child
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:51
through the course of acquiring their movement behavior abilities in general.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ,
11:55
Or acquiring their native language abilities.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ.
11:57
The changes are massive.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
What it's all about is the selective representations
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‡Œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
12:03
of things that are important to the brain.
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์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Because in most of the life of the brain
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ
12:08
this is under control of behavioral context.
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(์„ ํƒ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์€) ํ–‰๋™์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
It's what you pay attention to.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
12:12
It's what's rewarding to you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
12:14
It's what the brain regards, itself,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‡Œ ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์ด
12:16
as positive and important to you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
It's all about cortical processing
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์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์™€
12:20
and forebrain specialization.
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์ „๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠนํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
And that underlies your specialization.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŠนํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
That is why you, in your many skills and abilities,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜,
12:26
are a unique specialist:
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์œ ์ผ๋ฌด์ดํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
a specialist that's vastly different
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์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
12:30
in your physical brain in detail
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100๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ๋Š”
12:32
than the brain of an individual 100 years ago;
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
enormously different in the details
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1000๋…„ ์ „์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์  ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š”
12:38
from the brain of the average individual 1,000 years ago.
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์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
Now, one of the characteristics of this change process
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:46
is that information is always related
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์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:49
to other inputs or information that is occurring
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์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ,
12:51
in immediate time, in context.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
And that's because the brain is constructing representations of things
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์ด๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค
12:57
that are correlated in little moments of time
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”
13:00
and that relate to one another in little moments of successive time.
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
The brain is recording all information
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ 
13:05
and driving all change
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ
13:07
in temporal context.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Now overwhelmingly the most powerful context
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋‡Œ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
13:11
that's occurred in your brain is you.
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์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์€, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Billions of events have occurred in your history
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์• ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด
13:18
that are related in time to yourself
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
as the receiver,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋กœ์„œ,
13:22
or yourself as the actor, yourself as the thinker,
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ํ˜น์€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ž๋‚˜,
13:24
yourself as the mover.
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์ฃผ๋™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
Billions of times little pieces of sensation have come in
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด
13:30
from the surface of your body
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ค๊ณ ,
13:32
that are always associated with you as the receiver,
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์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋ฉฐ,
13:35
and that result in
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
13:37
the embodiment of you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒดํ™”๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
You are constructed, your self is constructed
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์€
13:43
from these billions of events.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
It's constructed. It's created in your brain.
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๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์— ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
And it's created in the brain via physical change.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
This is a marvelously constructed thing
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:54
that results in individual form
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:57
because each one of us has vastly different histories,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
and vastly different experiences,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์€
14:01
that drive in to us this marvelous differentiation of self,
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์ž์•„์˜, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด
14:05
of personhood.
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๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Now we've used this research
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
14:09
to try to understand not just how a normal person develops,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:12
and elaborates their skills and abilities,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์ •๊ตํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
14:14
but also try to understand
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๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:16
the origins of impairment,
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์žฅ์• ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ
14:19
and the origins of differences or variations
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด, ํ˜น์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š”
14:22
that might limit the capacities of a child, or an adult.
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์ฐจ์ด ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์›์ธ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
I'm going to talk about using these strategies
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:28
to actually design brain plasticity-based
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‡Œ-๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ-๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
14:30
approach to drive corrections in the machinery of a child
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์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
that increases the competence of the child
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์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜
14:38
as a language receiver and user
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์•„์ด์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
14:40
and, thereafter, as a reader.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
And I'm going to talk about experiments that involve
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ
14:44
actually using this brain science,
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์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
first of all to understand how it contributes to the loss of function as we age.
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์šฐ์„  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์†์‹ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
14:49
And then, by using it in a targeted approach
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ํŠน์ •ํ™”๋œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
14:54
we're going to try to differentiate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„์— ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žฌํ™œํ•˜๋Š”
14:56
the machinery to recover function in old age.
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๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
So the first example I'm going to talk about
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋Š”
15:03
relates to children with learning impairments.
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ํ•™์Šต์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
We now have a large body of literature
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๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์—์„œ,
15:07
that demonstrates that the fundamental
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์–ธ์–ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ 
15:09
problem that occurs in the majority of children
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์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋  ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜
15:11
that have early language impairments,
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
15:13
and that are going to struggle to learn to read,
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ๊ฐ€
15:15
is that their language processor
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
15:17
is created in a defective form.
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ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์ด ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
And the reason that it rises in a defective form
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
15:22
is because early in the baby's brain's life
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—
15:26
the machine process is noisy.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์žก์Œ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ (noisy) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
It's that simple.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
It's a signal-to-noise problem. Okay?
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์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ ์žก์Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:32
And there are a lot of things that contribute to that.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
There are numerous inherited faults
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด
15:36
that could make the machine process noisier.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์น˜์— ์žก์Œ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
Now I might say the noise problem could also occur
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๋˜ ์žก์Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:42
on the basis of information provided
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์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„
15:45
in the world from the ears.
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์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ท€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
If any -- those of you who are older in the audience know
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ํ˜น์‹œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์ด ๋“œ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
15:51
that when I was a child we understood that a child born with a cleft palate
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด(์—ญ์ฃผ: cleft plate: ์–ธ์ฒญ์ด (Chelioschisis)์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ธฐํ˜•)์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„
15:55
was born with what we called mental retardation.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ ์ •์‹ ์ง€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
We knew that they were going to be slow cognitively;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
we knew they were going to struggle to learn to develop normal language abilities;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
and we knew that they were going to struggle to learn to read.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
Most of them would be intellectual and academic failures.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
That's disappeared. That no longer applies.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ง€์š”. ์ด์   ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
That inherited weakness, that inherited condition
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๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด, ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์  ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€
16:18
has evaporated.
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
16:20
We don't hear about that anymore. Where did it go?
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์ด์   ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:23
Well, it was understood by a Dutch surgeon,
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด,
16:25
about 35 years ago,
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์•ฝ 35๋…„ ์ „,
16:27
that if you simply fix the problem early enough,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
16:30
when the brain is still in this initial plastic period
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ณ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:32
so it can set up this machinery adequately,
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:35
in this initial set up time in the critical period,
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์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
16:37
none of that happens.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
What are you doing by operating on the cleft palate to correct it?
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๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
16:42
You're basically opening up
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ด์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ
16:44
the tubes that drain fluid from the middle ears,
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์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋˜ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ
16:46
which have had them reliably full.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
Every sound the child hears uncorrected is muffled.
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๊ต์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ญ‰๊ฐœ์ง€๊ณ 
16:51
It's degraded.
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๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
The child's native language is such a case is not English.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:56
It's not Japanese.
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์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:58
It's muffled English. It's degraded Japanese.
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๋ญ‰๊ฐœ์ง„ ์˜์–ด๊ณ  ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
It's crap.
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
And the brain specializes for it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
It creates a representation of language crap.
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
17:08
And then the child is stuck with it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
Now the crap doesn't just happen in the ear.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ท€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:13
It can also happen in the brain.
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
The brain itself can be noisy. It's commonly noisy.
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๋‡Œ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ์†Œ์Œ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
There are many inherited faults that can make it noisier.
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๋” ์†Œ์Œ์„ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
And the native language for a child with such a brain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š”
17:25
is degraded.
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๋ง๊ฐ€์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
It's not English. It's noisy English.
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์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์Œ์„ž์ธ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
And that results in defective representations of sounds of words --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ ,
17:34
not normal -- a different strategy,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
17:37
by a machine that has different time constants and different space constants.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
And you can look in the brain of such a child and record those time constants.
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:43
They are about an order of magnitude longer,
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์•ฝ 1 ์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
about 11 times longer in duration on average,
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ํ‰๊ท  ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์•„์ด๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด
17:49
than in a normal child.
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์•ฝ 11๋ฐฐ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
Space constants are about three times greater.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 3๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
Such a child will have memory and cognitive deficits
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์˜์—ญ(์—ญ: ์ฒญ๊ฐ์–ธ์–ด)์—์„œ
17:56
in this domain.
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๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
Of course they will. Because as a receiver of language,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋กœ์„œ
18:01
they are receiving it and representing it,
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(์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ) ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
18:03
and in information it's representing crap.
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์ •๋ณด๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
And they are going to have poor reading skills.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธํกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
Because reading is dependent upon the translation of word sounds
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
18:12
into this orthographic or visual
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์ฒ ์ž์ , ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
18:15
representational form.
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์˜์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
If you don't have a brain representation of word sounds
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‡Œ์— ๋‹จ์–ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:19
that translation makes no sense.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
And you are going to have corresponding abnormal neurology.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
Then these children increasingly
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ
18:27
in evaluation after evaluation,
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ,
18:29
in their operations in language, and their operations in reading --
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
18:31
we document that abnormal neurology.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
The point is is that you can train the brain out of this.
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์š”์ ์€ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:38
A way to think about this is you can actually re-refine
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
18:40
the processing capacity of the machinery
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๊ธฐ์ œ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
18:42
by changing it.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:44
Changing it in detail. It takes about 30 hours on the average.
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์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  30์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
And we've accomplished that in about 430,000 kids today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 43๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
18:51
Actually, probably about 15,000 children are being trained as we speak.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋งˆ ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ5์ฒœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:56
And actually when you look at the impacts, the impacts are substantial.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
So here we're looking at the normal distribution.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
19:01
What we're most interested in is these kids on the left side of the distribution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:03
This is from about 3,000 children.
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์ „์ฒด๋Š” ์•ฝ 3์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:05
You can see that most of the children on the left side of the distribution
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๋ถ„ํฌ ์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
19:08
are moving into the middle or the right.
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์ค‘์•™ ํ˜น์€ ์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
This is in a broad assessment of their language abilities.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
This is like an IQ test for language.
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์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:15
The impact in the distribution, if you trained every child
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์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜
19:18
in the United States, would be to shift the whole distribution to the right
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€
19:21
and narrow the distribution.
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์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
This is a substantially large impact.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
Think of a classroom of children in the language arts.
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์–ดํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋•Œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
19:28
Think of the children on the slow side of the class.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋”๋”˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
19:31
We have the potential to move most of those children
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
19:33
to the middle or to the right side.
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์ค‘์•™์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:35
In addition to accurate language training
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ง๋ถ™์ด์ž๋ฉด,
19:37
it also fixes memory and cognition
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€,
19:39
speech fluency and speech production.
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๋ฐœํ™”์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•จ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
And an important language dependent skill is enabled by this training --
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
that is to say reading.
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
19:46
And to a large extent it fixes the brain.
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๋˜ ๋„“์€ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
You can look down in the brain of a child
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
19:51
in a variety of tasks that scientists have at Stanford,
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ, MIT, UCSF, UCLA ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜
19:54
and MIT, and UCSF, and UCLA, and a number of other institutions.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
20:00
And children operating in various language behaviors,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
20:03
or in various reading behaviors,
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
20:05
you see for the most extent,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ
20:07
for most children, their neuronal responses,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ,
20:09
complexly abnormal before you start,
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
20:11
are normalized by the training.
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ •์ƒํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:14
Now you can also take the same approach
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„
20:16
to address problems in aging.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:19
Where again the machinery is deteriorating now
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์ด์  , ๊ธฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ
20:21
from competent machinery, it's going south.
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์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:25
Noise is increasing in the brain.
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์ด ๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
And learning modulation and control is deteriorating.
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ํ•™์Šต ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
And you can actually look down on the brain of such an individual
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
20:32
and witness a change in the time constants and space constants
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
20:35
with which, for example, the brain is representing language again.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:38
Just as the brain came out of chaos at the beginning,
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
20:41
it's going back into chaos in the end.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:44
This results in declines in memory
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต, ์ธ์ง€, ์ž์„ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ,
20:46
in cognition, and in postural ability and agility.
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๋ช…๋ฏผํ•จ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:50
It turns out you can train the brain of such an individual --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:52
this is a small population of such individuals --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
train equally intensively for about 30 hours.
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์•ฝ 30์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:57
These are 80- to 90-year-olds.
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๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 80์—์„œ 90์‚ด ์ •๋„ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:00
And what you see are substantial improvements of their immediate memory,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ๊ธฐ์–ต,
21:03
of their ability to remember things after a delay,
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์ง€์—ฐ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
21:05
of their ability to control their attention,
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
21:07
their language abilities and visual-spatial abilities.
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์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
The overall neuropsychological index
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์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜
21:11
of these trained individuals in this population
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์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ง€์ˆ˜(์—ญ:์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰)๋Š”
21:14
is about two standard deviations.
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์•ฝ 2 ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:16
That means that if you sit at the left side of the distribution,
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์ด๋Š” ๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
21:18
and I'm looking at your neuropyschological abilities,
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(์—ญ:ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ›„์—) ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
21:21
the average person has moved to the middle
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์ด๋‚˜,
21:23
or the right side of the distribution.
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์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:25
It means that most people who are at risk for senility,
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์ด๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์žˆ์–ด ๋…ธ๋ง์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
21:27
more or less immediately,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
21:29
are now in a protected position.
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์ด์   ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:32
My issues are to try to get to rescuing
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์ €์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
21:35
older citizens more completely and in larger numbers,
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๋” ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
because I think this can be done in this arena on a vast scale --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐ์ถ•์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:41
and the same for kids.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:43
My main interest is how to elaborate this science to address other maladies.
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์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ •๊ตํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘ํ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:46
I'm specifically interested in things like autism,
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์ €๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์žํ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜, ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ๊ฐ™์€
21:48
and cerebral palsy, these great childhood catastrophes.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์•„๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฌ์•™์— ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:51
And in older age conditions like Parkinsonism,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๋‚˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜,
21:54
and in other acquired impairments like schizophrenia.
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์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด๋ณ‘๊ฐ™์€ ํš๋“๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:59
Your issues as it relates to this science,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€, ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ,
22:02
is how to maintain your own high-functioning learning machine.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:05
And of course, a well-ordered life
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ง๋œ ์ƒํ™œ์ด,
22:08
in which learning is a continuous part of it, is key.
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ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ง€์†์ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:10
But also in your future is brain aerobics.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:13
Get ready for it. It's going to be a part of every life
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์ค€๋น„ํ•ด ๋‘์„ธ์š”. ๋จธ์ง€ ์•‰์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
22:15
not too far in the future,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:17
just like physical exercise
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์‹ ์ฒด์  ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
22:19
is a part of every well organized life in the contemporary period.
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(๋‡Œ ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น…)์€ ํ˜„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ˆ๋œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:23
The other way that we will ultimately come to consider this
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์„
22:27
literature and the science that is important to you
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
22:30
is in a consideration of how to nurture yourself.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์„ ์–‘์œกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:32
Now that you know, now that science is telling us
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
22:35
that you are in charge,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
22:37
that it's under your control,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
22:39
that your happiness, your well-being,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต, ์•ˆ๋…•,
22:41
your abilities, your capacities,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด
22:43
are capable of continuous modification,
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
22:46
continuous improvement,
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
22:48
and you're the responsible agent and party.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ด์ž ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„.
22:51
Of course a lot of people will ignore this advice.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
22:53
It will be a long time before they really understand it.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
22:56
Now that's another issue and not my fault.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๊ณ  ์ œ ์ž˜๋ชป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
22:58
Okay. Thank you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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