Kary Mullis: Celebrating the scientific experiment

146,329 views ใƒป 2009-01-06

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
I'll just start talking about the 17th century.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
00:20
I hope nobody finds that offensive.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžื›ืš.
00:22
I -- you know, when I -- after I had invented PCR,
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ืื ื™ -- ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช PCR,
00:25
I kind of needed a change.
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ื ื–ืงืงืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
00:27
And I moved down to La Jolla and learned how to surf.
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœ ืœื”-ื”ื•ื™ื” ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื.
00:30
And I started living down there on the beach for a long time.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
00:33
And when surfers are out waiting
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื,
00:35
for waves,
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ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ื,
00:37
you probably wonder, if you've never been out there, what are they doing?
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื, ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
00:39
You know, sometimes there's a 10-, 15-minute break out there
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ 10-15 ื“ืงื•ืช
00:41
when you're waiting for a wave to come in.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื’ืœ.
00:43
They usually talk about the 17th century.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
00:46
You know, they get a real bad rap in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:49
People think they're sort of lowbrows.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.
00:53
One day, somebody suggested I read this book.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
00:55
It was called --
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ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” --
00:57
it was called "The Air Pump,"
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” "ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ",
00:59
or something like "The Leviathan and The Air Pump."
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• "ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ".
01:01
It was a real weird book about the 17th century.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
01:04
And I realized, the roots
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ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
01:06
of the way I sort of thought
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™
01:08
was just the only natural way to think about things.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:11
That -- you know, I was born thinking about things that way,
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ืฉ...ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:14
and I had always been like a little scientist guy.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
01:16
And when I went to find out something,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:18
I used scientific methods. I wasn't real surprised,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™,
01:20
you know, when they first told me how --
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืš --
01:22
how you were supposed to do science,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
01:24
because I'd already been doing it for fun and whatever.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
01:28
But it didn't -- it never occurred to me
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ืื‘ืœ -- ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™
01:31
that it had to be invented
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
01:33
and that it had been invented
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ื•ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื–ื”
01:35
only 350 years ago.
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 350 ืฉื ื”.
01:37
You know, it was --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” --
01:39
like it happened in England, and Germany, and Italy
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
01:42
sort of all at the same time.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:44
And the story of that,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
01:46
I thought, was really fascinating.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง.
01:48
So I'm going to talk a little bit about that,
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ืื– ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช,
01:50
and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:53
And it's, it's a kind of --
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ื•ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• --
01:55
You know, Charles I got beheaded
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื”-1 ื ื›ืจืช
01:59
somewhere early in the 17th century.
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ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
02:01
And the English set up Cromwell
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ื•ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ
02:03
and a whole bunch of Republicans or whatever,
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ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื”,
02:05
and not the kind of Republicans we had.
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื•.
02:08
They changed the government, and it didn't work.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
02:12
And
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ื•ืื–,
02:15
Charles II, the son,
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื”-2, ื”ื‘ืŸ,
02:19
was finally put back on the throne of England.
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ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
02:21
He was really nervous, because his dad had been,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื•,
02:24
you know, beheaded for being the King of England
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ืขืจืคื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
02:26
And he was nervous about the fact
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:29
that conversations that got going
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื•
02:31
in, like, bars and stuff
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืžืจื–ื— ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
02:33
would turn to --
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ --
02:35
this is kind of -- it's hard to believe,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• -- ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
02:37
but people in the 17th century in England
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17
02:39
were starting to talk about, you know,
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื—, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:41
philosophy and stuff in bars.
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืจื–ื—.
02:43
They didn't have TV screens,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช,
02:45
and they didn't have any football games to watch.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
02:47
And they would get really pissy,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื,
02:49
and all of a sudden people would spill out into the street and fight
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ื•ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืช
02:52
about issues like whether or not
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื•,
02:54
it was okay if Robert Boyle
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื• ืœื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœ
02:57
made a device called the vacuum pump.
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ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืื‘ืช ืจื™ืง.
02:59
Now, Boyle was a friend of Charles II.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื”-2,
03:02
He was a Christian guy during the weekends,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
03:05
but during the week he was a scientist.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ.
03:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:09
Which was -- back then it was
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
03:11
sort of, you know, well, you know --
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื --
03:14
if you made this thing -- he made this little device,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:16
like kind of like a bicycle pump
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš,
03:19
in reverse that could suck all the air out of --
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš --
03:22
you know what a bell jar is? One of these things,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช? ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
03:24
you pick it up, put it down, and it's got a seal,
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ืืชื” ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืื˜ื,
03:26
and you can see inside of it,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
03:28
so you can see what's going on inside this thing.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:30
But what he was trying to do was to pump all the air out of there,
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:33
and see what would happen inside there.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
03:35
I mean, the first -- I think one of the first experiments he did
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
03:39
was he put a bird in there.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:41
And people in the 17th century,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17,
03:44
they didn't really understand the same way we do
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
03:47
about you know, this stuff is
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื•,
03:49
a bunch of different kinds of molecules,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
03:52
and we breathe it in for a purpose and all that.
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ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
03:55
I mean, fish don't know much about water,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื,
03:57
and people didn't know much about air.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:00
But both started exploring it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:02
One thing, he put a bird in there, and he pumped all the air out,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉืื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:04
and the bird died. So he said, hmm...
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื”. ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื”ืžืžืž...
04:06
He said -- he called what he'd done as making --
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” --
04:09
they didn't call it a vacuum pump at the time.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” 'ืžืฉืื‘ืช ืจื™ืง'.
04:11
Now you call it a vacuum pump; he called it a vacuum.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช 'ืจื™ืง'.
04:14
Right? And immediately,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื‘ืš
04:17
he got into trouble with the local clergy
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ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
04:19
who said, you can't make a vacuum.
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ืฉืืžืจื”, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื™ืง.
04:22
Ah, uh --
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ืื” ื”ื --
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:27
Aristotle said that nature abhors one.
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชืขื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื.
04:29
I think it was a poor translation, probably,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข,
04:31
but people relied on authorities like that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ื›ืืœื”.
04:34
And you know, Boyle says, well, shit.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื™ืœ ืืžืจ, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ,
04:37
I make them all the time.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:39
I mean, whatever that is that kills the bird --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ --
04:42
and I'm calling it a vacuum.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• 'ืจื™ืง'.
04:44
And the religious people said that
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืช ืืžืจื•
04:47
if God wanted you to make --
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ืฉืื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื” --
04:50
I mean, God is everywhere,
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
04:52
that was one of their rules, is God is everywhere.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื”ื, ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:54
And a vacuum -- there's nothing in a vacuum,
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœื•ื,
04:56
so you've -- God couldn't be in there.
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ืื– ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
04:59
So therefore the church said that you can't make a vacuum, you know.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื™ืง.
05:02
And Boyle said, bullshit.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื™ืœ ืืžืจ, ื‘ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜.
05:04
I mean, you want to call it Godless,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” 'ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื',
05:06
you know, you call it Godless.
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ืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” 'ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื'.
05:08
But that's not my job. I'm not into that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื™. ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:10
I do that on the weekend. And like --
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ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื•ืคืฉื‘ื•ืข.
05:13
what I'm trying to do is figure out what happens
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
05:16
when you suck everything out of a compartment.
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื ืกื’ื•ืจ.
05:19
And he did all these cute little experiments.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:21
Like he did one with -- he had a little wheel,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื -- ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื’ืœื’ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ,
05:24
like a fan, that was
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ื›ืžื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ,
05:27
sort of loosely attached, so it could spin by itself.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื•ืคืคืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
05:30
He had another fan opposed to it
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืœื•,
05:32
that he had like a --
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• --
05:34
I mean, the way I would have done this would be, like, a rubber band,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื’ื•ืžื™ื”,
05:36
and, you know, around a tinker toy kind of fan.
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ื›ื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข.
05:38
I know exactly how he did it; I've seen the drawings.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช. ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื.
05:42
It's two fans, one which he could turn from outside
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
05:44
after he got the vacuum established,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืง,
05:46
and he discovered that if he pulled all the air out of it,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
05:49
the one fan would no longer turn the other one, right?
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ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
05:52
Something was missing, you know. I mean, these are --
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ. ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืืœืฅ
05:55
it's kind of weird to think that someone had to do an experiment to show that,
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ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช,
05:57
but that was what was going on at the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:02
And like, there was big arguments about it
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”
06:04
in the -- you know, the gin houses and in the coffee shops and stuff.
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืจื–ื— ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื•ื›ื•'.
06:08
And Charles
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ื•ืฆ'ืจืœืก,
06:10
started not liking that.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
06:12
Charles II was kind of saying, you know, you should keep that --
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื”-2 ืืžืจ,
06:15
let's make a place where you can do this stuff
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืจื’ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
06:18
where people don't get so -- you know,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื•, ื›ืื™ืœื•,
06:20
we don't want the -- we don't want to get the people mad at me again. And so --
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื’ื– ืขืœื™.
06:23
because when they started talking about religion
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช
06:26
and science and stuff like that,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
06:28
that's when it had sort of gotten his father in trouble.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืš,
06:31
And so,
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06:32
Charles said, I'm going to put up the money
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
06:34
give you guys a building,
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืžื‘ื ื”,
06:36
come here and you can meet in the building,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:38
but just don't talk about religion in there.
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ืจืง ืืœ ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืช.
06:40
And that was fine with Boyle.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื•ื™ืœ.
06:42
He said, OK, we're going to start having these meetings.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืข --
06:45
And anybody who wants to do science is --
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06:47
this is about the time that Isaac Newton was starting to whip out
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื– ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ
06:49
a lot of really interesting things.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:51
And there was all kind of people that would come to the Royal Society,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœ"ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช",
06:54
they called it. You had to be dressed up pretty well.
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ื›ื›ื” ืงืจืื• ืœืžืงื•ื. ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื™ืคื”.
06:57
It wasn't like a TED conference.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื•ืขื™ื“ืช TED.
06:59
That was the only criteria, was that you be --
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš --
07:01
you looked like a gentleman, and they'd let anybody could come.
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ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’'ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ, ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ืจืฉื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก.
07:04
You didn't have to be a member then.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ.
07:06
And so, they would come in and you would do --
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
07:08
Anybody that was going to show an experiment,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
07:11
which was kind of a new word at the time,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™,
07:13
demonstrate some principle,
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ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
07:15
they had to do it on stage, where everybody could see it.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:18
So they were --
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• --
07:20
the really important part of this was,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”,
07:22
you were not supposed to talk
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ
07:24
about final causes, for instance.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.
07:27
And God was out of the picture.
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ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
07:29
The actual nature of reality was not at issue.
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ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
07:33
You're not supposed to talk about the absolute nature of anything.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:36
You were not supposed to talk about anything
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
07:38
that you couldn't demonstrate.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
07:40
So if somebody could see it, you could say, here's how the machine works,
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ืื– ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื•ืžืจ: ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
07:43
here's what we do, and then here's what happens.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
07:47
And seeing what happens, it was OK
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ื•ืื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ
07:49
to generalize,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช,
07:51
and say, I'm sure that this will happen anytime
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
07:54
we make one of these things.
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:56
And so you can start making up some rules.
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ื•ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื— ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ื.
07:58
You say, anytime you have a vacuum state,
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(ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื), ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืง,
08:01
you will discover that one wheel will not turn another one,
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ืืชื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ืœื’ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ,
08:04
if the only connection between them
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ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
08:06
is whatever was there before the vacuum. That kind of thing.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื™ืง. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:09
Candles can't burn in a vacuum,
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ื ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืง,
08:11
therefore, probably sparklers wouldn't either.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื.
08:14
It's not clear; actually sparklers will,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ; ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืง,
08:16
but they didn't know that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื–ืืช;
08:18
They didn't have sparklers. But, they --
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื --
08:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:25
-- you can make up rules, but they have to relate
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-- ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
08:28
only to the things that you've been able to demonstrate.
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ืจืง ืœืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
08:30
And most the demonstrations had to do with visuals.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื”-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
08:33
Like if you do an experiment on stage,
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
08:35
and nobody can see it, they can just hear it, they would probably think you were freaky.
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ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
08:38
I mean, reality is what you can see.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช.
08:41
That wasn't an explicit rule in the meeting,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื,
08:45
but I'm sure that was part of it, you know. If people hear voices,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
08:47
and they can't see and associate it with somebody,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
08:50
that person's probably not there.
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ืื– ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
08:52
But the general idea that you could only --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื
08:56
you could only really talk about things in that place
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื,
08:58
that had some kind of experimental basis.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™.
09:01
It didn't matter what Thomas Hobbes,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก,
09:03
who was a local philosopher,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
09:05
said about it, you know,
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ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:07
because you weren't going to be talking final causes.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.
09:09
What's happening here,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
09:11
in the middle of the 17th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-17,
09:13
was that what became my field --
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ืข,
09:15
science, experimental science --
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ --
09:17
was pulling itself away,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืฉื,
09:19
and it was in a physical way, because we're going to do it in this room over here,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
09:22
but it was also what -- it was an amazing thing that happened.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื -- ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:24
Science had been all interlocked
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืœื‘
09:26
with theology, and philosophy,
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ืขื ื”ื“ืช, ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
09:28
and -- and -- and mathematics,
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ื•-, ื•-, ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
09:31
which is really not science.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ืข.
09:34
But experimental science had been tied up with all those things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:37
And the mathematics part
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:40
and the experimental science part
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™
09:42
was pulling away from philosophy.
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ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
09:44
And -- things --
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื --
09:46
we never looked back.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
09:48
It's been so cool since then.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžืื–.
09:51
I mean, it just -- it just -- untangled a thing that was really impeding
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืจ ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ืคืจื™ืขื”
09:56
technology from being developed.
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
09:58
And, I mean, everybody in this room --
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื --
10:00
now, this is 350 short years ago.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 350 ืฉื ื”.
10:02
Remember, that's a short time.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“.
10:04
It was 300,000, probably, years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ 300,000 ืฉื ื”
10:07
that most of us, the ancestors of most of us in this room
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืช-ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”,
10:10
came up out of Africa and turned to the left.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื”.
10:13
You know, the ones that turned to the right, there are some of those
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ืืœื” ืฉืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื
10:15
in the Japanese translation.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™.
10:17
But that happened very -- a long time ago
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ
10:20
compared to
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
10:22
350 short years ago.
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ืœ-350 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:24
But in that 350 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ 350 ืฉื ื™ื,
10:26
the place has just undergone a lot of changes.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
10:29
In fact, everybody in this room probably,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื,
10:31
especially if you picked up your bag --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื‘ืืชื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื --
10:34
some of you, I know, didn't pick up your bags --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืžื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื”ื --
10:36
but if you picked up your bag, everybody in this room
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื•
10:38
has got in their pocket, or back in their room,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื›ื™ืก, ืื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื•,
10:40
something
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ืžืฉื”ื•,
10:42
that 350 years ago,
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ 350 ืฉื ื”
10:44
kings would have gone to war to have.
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ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื•.
10:47
I mean, if you can think how important --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
10:49
If you have a GPS system and there are no satellites,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื’'ื™-ืคื™-ืืก ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
10:51
it's not going to be much use. But, like --
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ืื‘ืœ --
10:53
but, you know, if somebody had a GPS system
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ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’'ื™-ืคื™-ืืก
10:55
in the 17th century
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17
10:58
some king would have gotten together an army
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ืžืœืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื
11:00
and gone to get it, you know. If that person --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื•, ืื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื --
11:02
Audience: For the teddy bear? The teddy bear?
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ืงื”ืœ: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™? ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™?
11:04
Kary Mullis: They might have done it for the teddy bear, yeah.
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ืงืืจื™ ืžื•ืœื™ืก: ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™, ื›ืŸ.
11:07
But -- all of us own stuff.
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ืื‘ืœ -- ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:09
I mean, individuals own things
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:11
that kings would have definitely gone to war to get.
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ืฉืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื.
11:13
And this is just 350 years.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘-350 ืฉื ื”.
11:15
Not a whole lot of people doing this stuff.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:17
You know, the important people --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื --
11:19
you can almost read about their lives,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
11:21
about all the really important people that made advances, you know.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:24
And, I mean --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ --
11:26
this kind of stuff, you know, all this stuff
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:29
came from that separation
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ื‘ืื• ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืจื“ื”
11:31
of this little sort of thing that we do --
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” (ื ื™ืกื•ื™) ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื --
11:34
now I, when I was a boy
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ืื ื™, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“,
11:36
was born sort of with this idea
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
11:38
that if you want to know something --
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ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• --
11:40
you know, maybe it's because my old man was gone a lot,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
11:42
and my mother didn't really know much science,
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ื•ืืžื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื™ื,
11:44
but I thought if you want to know something about stuff,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•,
11:47
you do it -- you make an experiment, you know.
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ืื– ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” -- ืืชื” ืขื•ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
11:49
You get -- you get, like --
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ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื’ --
11:51
I just had a natural feeling for science
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ื
11:54
and setting up experiments. I thought that was the way everybody had always thought.
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
11:56
I thought that anybody with any brains will do it that way.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
11:59
It isn't true. I mean, there's a lot of people --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื --
12:02
You know, I was one of those scientists that was --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• --
12:05
got into trouble the other night at dinner
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ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”
12:07
because of the post-modernism thing.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
12:09
And I didn't mean, you know -- where is that lady?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ - ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื?
12:11
Audience: Here.
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ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืืŸ.
12:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:13
KM: I mean, I didn't really think of that as an argument
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ืง.ืž.: ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
ืืœื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืกืก.
12:16
so much as just a lively discussion.
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12:18
I didn't take it personally, but --
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ืœื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื‘ืœ --
12:21
I just -- I had -- I naively had thought,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช,
12:24
until this surfing experience started me into the 17th century,
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืื” ื”-17,
12:27
I'd thought that's just the way people thought,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:29
and everybody did, and they recognized reality
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
12:32
by what they could see or touch or feel or hear.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœื’ืขืช, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
12:35
At any rate, when I was a boy,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ --
12:40
I, like, for instance, I had this --
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ืื ื™ -- ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ --
12:42
I got this little book from Fort Sill, Oklahoma --
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ืœ, ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” --
12:44
This is about the time that George Dyson's dad
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ
12:46
was starting to blow nuclear --
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ --
12:48
thinking about blowing up nuclear rockets and stuff.
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
12:51
I was thinking about making my own little rockets.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™.
12:54
And I knew that frogs -- little frogs --
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื, ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช --
12:57
had aspirations of space travel,
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ืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื—ืœืœ,
12:59
just like people. And I --
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ --
13:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:04
I was looking for a --
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ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ --
13:06
a propulsion system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืขื”
13:08
that would like, make a rocket, like,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš
13:10
maybe about four feet high go up a couple of miles.
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ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืง"ืž.
13:12
And, I mean, that was my sort of goal.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
13:15
I wanted it to go out of sight and then I wanted this little parachute
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฆื ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
13:18
to come back with the frog in it.
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ื™ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
13:21
And -- I -- I --
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ื•ืื ื™ --
13:23
I got this book from Fort Sill, Oklahoma,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ืœ, ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื”,
13:25
where there's a missile base.
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ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
13:27
They send it out for amateur rocketeers,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื,
13:30
and
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ื•--
13:32
it said in there
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื
13:34
do not ever heat a mixture of potassium perchlorate and sugar.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืคืจื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ.
13:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:40
You know,
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ื ื•,
13:42
that's what you call a lead.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืจืžื–.
13:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:46
You sort of -- now you say, well, let's see if I can
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ืืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ, ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
13:48
get hold of some potassium chlorate and sugar, perchlorate and sugar,
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ืงืฆืช ืžืœื— ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืคืจืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืžืœื— ืคืจื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ,
13:51
and heat it; it would be interesting to see what it is they don't want me to do,
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ื•ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื–ื”. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืขืฉื”,
13:54
and what it is going to -- and how is it going to work.
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” -- ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:56
And we didn't have --
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• --
13:58
like, my mother
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ืืžื ืฉืœื™
14:00
presided over the back yard
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ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช
14:03
from an upstairs window,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช,
14:05
where she would be ironing or something like that.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื’ื”ืฅ ืฉื, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
14:07
And she was usually just sort of keeping an eye on,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืงื—ื” ืขื™ืŸ,
14:09
and if there was any puffs of smoke out there,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื ื ื™ ืขืฉืŸ,
14:11
she'd lean out and admonish us all
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืขืจืช ื‘ื ื•,
14:13
not to blow our eyes out. That was her --
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ืฉืœื ื ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
14:18
You know, that was kind of the worst thing that could happen to us.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื ื•.
14:20
That's why I thought, as long as I don't blow my eyes out...
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื ื ื™
14:22
I may not care about the fact
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ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™
14:25
that it's prohibited from heating this solution.
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:27
I'm going to do it carefully, but I'll do it.
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ืื ื™ ืื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
14:29
It's like anything else that's prohibited:
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจ:
14:31
you do it behind the garage.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื”.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:35
So, I went to the drug store
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืจืงื—ืช
14:37
and I tried to buy some potassium perchlorate
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืœื— ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืคืจื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ื™
14:40
and it wasn't unreasonable then for a kid
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“
14:42
to walk into a drug store and buy chemicals.
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ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืžืจืงื—ืช ื•ื™ืงื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
14:45
Nowadays, it's no ma'am,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”.
14:47
check your shoes. And like --
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ื‘ื ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื• --
14:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:51
But then it wasn't -- they didn't have any, but the guy had --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื– -- ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” --
14:53
I said, what kind of salts of potassium do you have? You know.
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ืฉืืœืชื™, ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื?
14:56
And he had potassium nitrate.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื—ื ืงืช ื”ืืฉืœื’ืŸ.
14:58
And I said, that might do the same thing, whatever it is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
15:01
I'm sure it's got to do with rockets or it wouldn't be in that manual.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš.
15:04
And so I -- I did some experiments.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
15:06
You know, I started off with little tiny amounts
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
15:08
of potassium nitrate and sugar,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืช ื”ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ,
15:10
which was readily available,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
15:12
and I mixed it in different proportions,
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ื•ืขื™ืจื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
15:14
and I tried to light it on fire.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
15:17
Just to see what would happen, if you mixed it together.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืื ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื•.
15:20
And it -- they burned.
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15:21
It burned kind of slow, but it made a nice smell,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืจื™ื— ื ื—ืžื“,
15:23
compared to other rocket fuels I had tried,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ืœืงื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™,
15:25
that all had sulfur in them.
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ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืคืจื™ืช.
15:27
And, it smelt like burnt candy.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื.
15:30
And then I tried the melting business, and I melted it.
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืกื”, ื•ื”ืžืกืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
15:33
And then it melted into a little sort of syrupy liquid, brown.
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ื”ืžืกืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื•ืค ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื—ื•ื.
15:37
And then it cooled down to a brick-hard substance,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืจืจ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื”,
15:40
that when you lit that,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื“ืœืงืช ืืช ื–ื”,
15:42
it went off like a bat.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคืฃ ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ืœืฃ.
15:44
I mean, the little bowl of that stuff that had cooled down --
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ื”ืงืขืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื ืŸ --
15:46
you'd light it, and it would just start dancing around the yard.
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ืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ.
15:48
And I said, there
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™,
15:50
is a way to get a frog up to where he wants to go.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
15:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:54
So I started developing --
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืคืชื— --
15:57
you know, George's dad had a lot of help. I just had my brother.
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื”. ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืื— ืฉืœื™.
16:00
But I -- it took me about -- it took me about,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ -- ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื‘ืขืจืš,
16:03
I'd say, six months
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
16:05
to finally figure out all the little things.
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ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
16:07
There's a lot of little things involved
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
16:09
in making a rocket that it will actually work,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
16:11
even after you have the fuel.
393
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ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ื“ืœืง.
16:13
But you do it, by -- what I just--
394
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ -- ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ --
16:15
you know, you do experiments,
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ื ื•, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
16:17
and you write down things sometimes,
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ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:18
you make observations, you know.
397
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
16:20
And then you slowly build up a theory
398
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื˜ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
16:22
of how this stuff works.
399
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
16:24
And it was -- I was following all the rules.
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ื”ืงืคื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
16:26
I didn't know what the rules were,
401
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื,
16:28
I'm a natural born scientist, I guess,
402
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™,
16:30
or some kind of a throwback to the 17th century, whatever.
403
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ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
16:33
But at any rate, we finally did
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
16:37
have a device that would reproduceably
405
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
16:39
put a frog out of sight
406
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ื”ืขืคืช ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื”
16:41
and get him back alive.
407
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:43
And we had not --
408
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• --
16:45
I mean, we weren't frightened by it.
409
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
16:48
We should have been, because it made a lot of smoke
410
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉืŸ
16:50
and it made a lot of noise,
411
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขืฉ,
16:52
and it was powerful, you know.
412
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™, ื›ืŸ?
16:54
And once in a while, they would blow up.
413
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1976
ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
16:56
But I wasn't worried, by the way,
414
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื“ืื’ืชื™, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
16:58
about, you know,
415
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1976
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
17:00
the explosion causing the destruction of the planet.
416
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1976
ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
17:02
I hadn't heard about the 10 ways
417
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1976
ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ 10 ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
17:04
that we should be afraid of the --
418
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื” --
17:06
By the way,
419
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ืื’ื‘,
17:08
I could have thought,
420
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1976
ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
17:10
I'd better not do this because
421
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1976
ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
17:12
they say not to, you know.
422
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ื” ืืžืจื• ืœื™.
17:14
And I'd better get permission from the government.
423
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ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
17:16
If I'd have waited around for that,
424
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื–ื”,
17:18
I would have never -- the frog would have died, you know.
425
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ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข. ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื”.
17:22
At any rate, I bring it up because it's a good story,
426
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
17:25
and he said, tell personal things, you know, and that's a personal --
427
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ืฉื™ --
17:27
I was going to tell you about the first night that I met my wife,
428
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืืฉืชื™,
17:30
but that would be too personal, wouldn't it.
429
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:33
So, so I've got something else that's not personal.
430
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืื™ืฉื™.
17:35
But that... process is what I think of as science,
431
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• ืžื“ืข,
17:38
see, where you start with some idea,
432
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ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
17:41
and then instead of, like, looking up,
433
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ, ื›ืื™ืœื•,
17:44
every authority that you've ever heard of
434
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ื›ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื” --
17:46
I -- sometimes you do that,
435
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
17:48
if you're going to write a paper later,
436
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื—"ื› ืžืืžืจ,
17:50
you want to figure out who else has worked on it.
437
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
17:52
But in the actual process, you get an idea --
438
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ --
17:54
like, when I got the idea one night
439
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ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
17:56
that I could amplify DNA with two oligonucleotides,
440
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ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”-DNA ื‘-2 ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื,
17:59
and I could make lots of copies of some little piece of DNA,
441
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืช DNA ืงื˜ื ื”.
18:02
you know, the thinking for that
442
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš
18:04
was about 20 minutes while I was driving my car,
443
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ืืจื›ื” ื›-20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
18:08
and then instead of going -- I went back and I did talk to people about it,
444
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช -- ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
18:11
but if I'd listened to what I heard from all my friends who were molecular biologists --
445
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ืืš ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช --
18:16
I would have abandoned it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”.
18:18
You know, if I had gone back looking for an authority figure
447
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืฉืžื™
18:20
who could tell me if it would work or not,
448
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื,
18:22
he would have said, no, it probably won't.
449
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
18:24
Because the results of it were so spectacular
450
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
18:28
that if it worked it was going to change everybody's goddamn way of doing molecular biology.
451
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ืฉืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
18:31
Nobody wants a chemist to come in
452
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืžืื™
18:33
and poke around in their stuff like that and change things.
453
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ื•ื™ื—ื˜ื˜ ืœื• ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
18:36
But if you go to authority, and you always don't --
454
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ืืš ืื ืืชื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื• ืจืฉื•ืช,
18:38
you don't always get the right answer, see.
455
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
18:40
But I knew, you'd go into the lab
456
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™: ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
18:42
and you'd try to make it work yourself. And then you're the authority,
457
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช,
18:44
and you can say, I know it works,
458
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“: ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
18:46
because right there in that tube
459
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ื–ื•
18:48
is where it happened,
460
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงืจื”,
18:50
and here, on this gel, there's a little band there
461
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื’'ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืคืก ืงื˜ืŸ
18:52
that I know that's DNA, and that's the DNA I wanted to amplify,
462
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” DNA, ื•ื–ื” ื”-DNA ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ,
18:55
so there! So it does work.
463
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”! ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
18:57
You know, that's how you do science.
464
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ืจื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืข.
18:59
And then you say, well, what can make it work better?
465
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ, ืžื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
19:01
And then you figure out better and better ways to do it.
466
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
19:03
But you always work from, from like, facts
467
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ืืš ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
19:05
that you have made available to you
468
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ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš
19:08
by doing experiments: things that you could do on a stage.
469
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ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžื”.
19:10
And no tricky shit behind the thing. I mean, it's all --
470
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื–ื” --
19:13
you've got to be very honest
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื™ืฉืจ
19:15
with what you're doing if it really is going to work.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชืš ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคืขืœ.
19:17
I mean, you can't make up results,
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
19:19
and then do another experiment based on that one.
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
19:21
So you have to be honest.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ.
19:23
And I'm basically honest.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ.
19:25
I have a fairly bad memory, and dishonesty would always get me in trouble,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื™ ืฆืจื•ืช,
19:28
if I, like -- so I've just sort of been naturally honest
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™,
ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืกืงืจืŸ
19:31
and naturally inquisitive,
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19:33
and that sort of leads to that kind of science.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ื–ื•.
19:35
Now, let's see...
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื”...
19:37
I've got another five minutes, right?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
19:40
OK. All scientists aren't like that.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
19:44
You know -- and there is a lot --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” --
19:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:48
There is a lot -- a lot has been going on since
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื• ืžืื–
19:50
Isaac Newton and all that stuff happened.
487
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ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•.
19:53
One of the things that happened right around World War II
488
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-2,
19:55
in that same time period before,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”
19:57
and as sure as hell afterwards,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื”,
19:59
government got -- realized that scientists aren't strange dudes
491
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื
20:02
that, you know, hide in ivory towers
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ืฉืžืกืชืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™-ืฉืŸ
20:05
and do ridiculous things with test tube.
493
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื•ืช.
20:08
Scientists, you know, made World War II
494
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืขืฉื• ืืช ืžืœื—"ืข ื”-2
20:10
as we know it quite possible.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
20:12
They made faster things.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
20:15
They made bigger guns to shoot them down with.
497
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ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื.
20:18
You know, they made drugs to give the pilots
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื
20:21
if they were broken up in the process.
499
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ืื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“,
20:24
They made all kinds of -- and then finally one giant bomb
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ -- ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืคืฆืฆื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืื—ืช
20:27
to end the whole thing, right?
501
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ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
20:29
And everybody stepped back a little and said, you know,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฆืจื• ืจื’ืข ื•ืืžืจื•,
20:31
we ought to invest in this shit,
503
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื”,
20:33
because whoever has got the most of these people
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ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”
20:36
working in the places is going to have a dominant position,
505
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ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉืœื•ื˜,
20:39
at least in the military, and probably in all kind of economic ways.
506
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
20:42
And they got involved in it, and the scientific
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ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“
20:44
and industrial establishment was born,
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ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
20:46
and out of that came a lot of scientists
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ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
20:48
who were in there for the money, you know,
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ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
20:51
because it was suddenly available.
511
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืชืื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
20:53
And they weren't the curious little boys
512
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ื•ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืกืงืจื ื™ื™ื
20:55
that liked to put frogs up in the air.
513
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ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
20:57
They were the same people that later went in to medical school, you know,
514
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืื—"ื› ืœื‘ืชื™"ืก ืœืจืคื•ืื”
21:00
because there was money in it, you know. I mean, later, then they all got into business --
515
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ืจื™ ืื—"ื› ื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื --
21:03
I mean, there are waves of -- going into your high school,
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
21:06
person saying, you want to be rich, you know, be a scientist. You know, not anymore.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื•ื“.
21:09
You want to be rich, you be a businessman.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื.
21:11
But a lot of people got in it for the money and the power and the travel.
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ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช.
21:14
That's back when travel was easy.
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข.
21:18
And those people don't think --
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื --
21:20
they don't --
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ื”ื ืœื --
21:22
they don't always tell you the truth, you know.
523
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ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
21:24
There is nothing in their contract, in fact,
524
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ
21:26
that makes it to their advantage always,
525
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“
21:28
to tell you the truth.
526
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ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
21:30
And the people I'm talking about are people that like --
527
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื --
21:33
they say that they're a member of the committee
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื”
21:36
called, say, the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change.
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช, ื ืืžืจ, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
21:40
And they -- and they have these big meetings where they try to figure out
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
21:44
how we're going to -- how we're going to continually prove
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื,
21:47
that the planet is getting warmer,
532
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21:49
when that's actually contrary to most people's sensations.
533
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
21:52
I mean, if you actually measure
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
21:54
the temperature over a period --
535
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ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ --
21:56
I mean, the temperature has been measured now
536
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•
21:58
pretty carefully for about 50, 60 years --
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-50, 60 ืฉื ื” --
22:01
longer than that it's been measured,
538
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ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
22:03
but in really nice, precise ways,
539
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช,
22:05
and records have been kept for 50 or 60 years,
540
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ื•ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืื• 60 ืฉื ื”,
22:08
and in fact, the temperature hadn't really gone up.
541
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœืชื”.
22:10
It's like, the average temperature
542
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
22:12
has gone up a tiny little bit,
543
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ืขืœืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขื˜,
22:14
because the nighttime temperatures
544
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(ื•ื’ื ื–ื”) ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”
22:17
at the weather stations have come up just a little bit.
545
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜.
22:19
But there's a good explanation for that.
546
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
22:21
And it's that the weather stations are all built outside of town,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื™ื,
22:24
where the airport was, and now
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืžืœื™-ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื•ื›ืขืช
22:26
the town's moved out there, there's concrete all around
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืขื“ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
22:28
and they call it the skyline effect.
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ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•-ื”ืจืงื™ืข.
22:30
And most responsible people
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื
22:32
that measure temperatures realize
552
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
22:34
you have to shield your measuring device from that.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื’ืŸ ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ื•.
22:36
And even then, you know,
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ื•ื’ื ืื–,
22:39
because the buildings get warm in the daytime,
555
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
22:40
and they keep it a little warmer at night.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
22:42
So the temperature has been, sort of, inching up.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืžืขืœื”.
22:44
It should have been. But not a lot. Not like, you know --
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ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื˜ืคืก. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืœื ื›ืžื• --
22:47
the first guy -- the first guy that got the idea
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื˜
22:49
that we're going to fry ourselves here,
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ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
22:51
actually, he didn't think of it that way.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš.
22:53
His name was Sven Arrhenius. He was Swedish, and he said,
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื”ื ื™ื•ืก. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
22:56
if you double the CO2 level in the atmosphere,
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ืื ืžืขืœื™ื ืคื™-2 ืืช ืจืžืช ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
22:59
which he thought might -- this is in 1900 --
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ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1900 --
23:02
the temperature ought to go up about 5.5 degrees, he calculated.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›-5.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
23:05
He was thinking of the earth as, kind of like,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
23:07
you know, like a completely insulated thing
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ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
23:10
with no stuff in it, really,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
23:12
just energy coming down, energy leaving.
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ืจืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช.
23:14
And so he came up with this theory,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•,
23:16
and he said, this will be cool,
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ื•ืืžืจ, ื–ื” ื ืคืœื,
23:18
because it'll be a longer growing season in Sweden,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
23:21
you know, and the surfers liked it,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื–ืืช.
23:23
the surfers thought, that's a cool idea,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื
23:25
because it's pretty cold in the ocean sometimes, and --
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
23:28
but a lot of other people later on
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
23:30
started thinking it would be bad, you know.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืข
23:33
But nobody actually demonstrated it, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
23:35
I mean, the temperature as measured --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžื“ื“ืช --
23:37
and you can find this on our wonderful Internet,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
23:39
you just go and look for all NASAs records,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื ืืกื,
23:42
and all the Weather Bureau's records,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
23:44
and you'll look at it yourself, and you'll see, the temperature has just --
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ื•ืชืจืื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง --
23:47
the nighttime temperature measured on the surface of the planet
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
23:50
has gone up a tiny little bit.
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ืขืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื
23:52
So if you just average that and the daytime temperature, it looks like it went up
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ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืœื•
23:54
about .7 degrees in this century.
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ื‘ื›-0.7 ืž ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื–ื•.
23:57
But in fact, it was just coming up --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ --
23:59
it was the nighttime; the daytime temperatures didn't go up.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”; ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืขืœื•.
ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”ื ื™ื•ืก --
24:02
So -- and Arrhenius' theory --
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24:04
and all the global warmers think --
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ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช --
24:06
they would say, yeah, it should go up in the daytime, too,
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ื”ื ื™ืืžืจื•, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
24:08
if it's the greenhouse effect.
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ืื ื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
24:10
Now, people like things that have, like, names like that,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื•',
24:13
that they can envision it, right? I mean --
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
24:16
but people don't like things like this, so -- most -- I mean,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
ืื ื• ืœื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
24:19
you don't get all excited about things
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24:21
like the actual evidence, you know,
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช,
24:23
which would be evidence for strengthening
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ืฉืชืฉืžืฉื ื” ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช
24:25
of the tropical circulation in the 1990s.
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ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1990.
24:28
It's a paper that came out in February,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ,
24:30
and most of you probably hadn't heard about it.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•.
24:33
"Evidence for Large Decadal Variability
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"ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ
24:35
in the Tropical Mean Radiative Energy Budget."
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ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช".
24:39
Excuse me. Those papers were published by NASA,
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ื“ืจืš-ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืžื˜ืขื ื ืืกื,
24:42
and some scientists at Columbia, and Viliki
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืž(ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช) ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื•ื™ืœืงื™,
24:44
and a whole bunch of people, Princeton.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
24:47
And those two papers came out in Science Magazine,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช Science,
24:50
February the first,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ,
24:52
and these -- the conclusion in both of these papers,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื,
24:55
and in also the Science editor's, like,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ Science,
24:58
descriptions of these papers, for, you know,
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ื”ืŸ,
25:00
for the quickie,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ,
25:02
is that our theories about global warming
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ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
25:04
are completely wrong. I mean,
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ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
25:06
what these guys were doing,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•,
25:08
and this is what -- the NASA people have been saying this for a long time.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื ืืกื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ.
25:11
They say, if you measure the temperature of the atmosphere, it isn't going up --
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” --
25:14
it's not going up at all. We've doing it very carefully now for 20 years,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ื‘ืจ 20 ืฉื ื”,
25:17
from satellites, and it isn't going up.
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ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื”.
25:20
And in this paper, they show something much more striking,
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ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
25:23
and that was that they did what they call a radiation --
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” --
25:26
and I'm not going to go into the details of it, actually it's quite complicated,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
25:29
but it isn't as complicated as they might make you think it is
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื“ืžื”
25:32
by the words they use in those papers. If you really get down to it, they say,
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ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืœื”. ืื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
25:35
the sun puts out a certain amount of energy --
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ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” --
25:37
we know how much that is --
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” --
25:39
it falls on the earth, the earth gives back a certain amount.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจืช
25:42
When it gets warm it generates --
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25:44
it makes redder energy -- I mean, like infra-red,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ื•ืžื” -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื,
25:47
like something that's warm gives off infra-red.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฆื ื—ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื.
25:50
The whole business of the global warming --
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช --
25:52
trash, really,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
25:54
is that -- if the -- if there's too much CO2 in the atmosphere,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
25:57
the heat that's trying to escape
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืืช
25:59
won't be able to get out. But the heat coming from the sun,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
26:02
which is mostly down in the -- it's like 350 nanometers,
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 350 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ,
26:05
which is where it's centered -- that goes right through CO2.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
26:08
So you still get heated, but you don't dissipate any.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
26:10
Well, these guys measured all of those things.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
26:12
I mean, you can talk about that stuff,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
26:14
and you can write these large reports, and you can get government money to do it,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื—ื•"ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
26:18
but these -- they actually measured it,
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26:20
and it turns out that in the last 10 years --
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช --
26:22
that's why they say "decadal" there --
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืขืฉื•ืจ" --
26:24
that the energy -- that the level
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ื”ืจืžื” ืฉืœ
26:27
of what they call "imbalance"
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ"
26:29
has been way the hell over what was expected.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื• ืœื”.
26:32
Like, the amount of imbalance --
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ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ --
26:35
meaning, heat's coming in and it's not going out
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื•ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
26:38
that you would get from having double the CO2,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
26:40
which we're not anywhere near that, by the way.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
26:43
But if we did, in 2025 or something,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-2025,
26:45
have double the CO2 as we had in 1900,
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘-1900,
26:48
they say it would be increase the energy budget
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
26:50
by about -- in other words,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื—ื“
26:53
one watt per square centimeter more
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ืœื›ืœ ืก"ืž ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
26:55
would be coming in than going out.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื.
26:57
So the planet should get warmer.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืžื.
27:00
Well, they found out in this study -- these two studies
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” -- ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
27:02
by two different teams --
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ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช --
27:04
that five and a half watts
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ืฉื—ืžืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืื˜
27:06
per square meter
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ืœื›ืœ ืก"ืž ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
27:08
had been coming in from 1998, 1999,
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ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืž-1998, 1999,
27:11
and the place didn't get warmer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชื—ืžื.
27:13
So the theory's kaput -- it's nothing.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืœืช -- ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”.
27:15
These papers should have been called,
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ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงืจื,
27:17
"The End to the Global Warming Fiasco," you know.
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"ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช",
27:20
They're concerned,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื,
27:22
and you can tell they have very guarded conclusions in these papers,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืœื”,
27:25
because they're talking about big laboratories
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
27:27
that are funded by lots of money
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ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
27:29
and by scared people.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœื™ื.
27:31
You know, if they said, you know what?
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ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
27:33
There isn't a problem with global warming any longer,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
27:35
so we can -- you know, they're funding.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื --" ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืชืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
27:37
And if you start a grant request with something like that,
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ื•ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื›ื”,
27:40
and say, global warming obviously hadn't happened...
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”....
27:42
if they -- if they -- if they actually -- if they actually said that,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช,
27:44
I'm getting out.
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ืื– ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื›ืœ.
27:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
27:49
I'll stand up too, and --
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ืืงื•ื ื• --
27:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
27:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
27:56
They have to say that.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
27:58
They had to be very cautious.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื.
28:00
But what I'm saying is, you can be delighted,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื,
28:02
because the editor of Science, who is no dummy,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ Science, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื˜ื”,
28:05
and both of these fairly professional --
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ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” --
28:08
really professional teams, have really come to the same conclusion
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ื‘ืืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืกืงื ื”
28:11
and in the bottom lines in their papers
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื”ืŸ
28:13
they have to say, what this means is, that what we've been thinking,
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•,
28:16
was the global circulation model that we predict
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ื•,
28:18
that the earth is going to get overheated
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
28:20
that it's all wrong. It's wrong by a large factor.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
28:23
It's not by a small one. They just --
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ื–ื• ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
28:26
they just misinterpreted the fact that the earth --
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืืจืฅ --
28:29
there's obviously some mechanisms going on
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ
28:31
that nobody knew about,
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ื•ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื•,
28:33
because the heat's coming in and it isn't getting warmer.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื—ืžื.
28:35
So the planet is a pretty amazing thing, you know,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
28:38
it's big and horrible -- and big and wonderful,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ื•ืจืื” -- ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื”,
28:40
and it does all kinds of things we don't know anything about.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
28:43
So I mean, the reason I put those things all together,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
28:45
OK, here's the way you're supposed to do science --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžื“ืข --
28:47
some science is done for other reasons, and just curiosity.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืกืชื ืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
28:50
And there's a lot of things like global warming,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
28:52
and ozone hole and you know,
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ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•',
28:54
a whole bunch of scientific public issues,
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ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
28:56
that if you're interested in them,
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ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
28:58
then you have to get down the details, and read the papers called,
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžื,
29:01
"Large Decadal Variability in the..."
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"ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘.... ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ".
29:03
You have to figure out what all those words mean.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
29:05
And if you just listen to the guys
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืœื”
29:07
who are hyping those issues, and making a lot of money out of it,
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ืฉืจืง ืžืคืžืคืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ,
29:10
you'll be misinformed, and you'll be worrying about the wrong things.
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืœืœ, ื•ืืชื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
29:13
Remember the 10 things that are going to get you. The -- one of them --
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื --
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
29:17
(Laughter)
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29:18
And the asteroids is the one I really agree with there.
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ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
29:21
I mean, you've got to watch out for asteroids. OK, thank you for having me here.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื. ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืจื—ืชื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
29:25
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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