Michael Archer: How we'll resurrect the gastric brooding frog, the Tasmanian tiger

51,296 views ใƒป 2013-06-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I do want to test this question we're all interested in:
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•:
00:15
Does extinction have to be forever?
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—?
00:18
I'm focused on two projects I want to tell you about.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:21
One is the Thylacine Project.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™.
00:23
The other one is the Lazarus Project,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื–ืจื•ืก,
00:25
and that's focused on the gastric-brooding frog.
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ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืฉื“ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืชื”.
00:27
And it would be a fair question to ask,
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:29
why have we focused on these two animals?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
00:32
Well, point number one, each of them represents a unique family of its own.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
00:37
We've lost a whole family.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
00:39
That's a big chunk of the global genome gone.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ืขืœื.
00:41
I'd like it back.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
00:43
The second reason is that we killed these things.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:47
In the case of the thylacine, regrettably, we shot every one that we saw.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ,
ื™ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•. ื˜ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื.
00:52
We slaughtered them.
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00:54
In the case of the gastric-brooding frog, we may have "fungicided" it to death.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื“ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”,
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื•ื ื’ื™ืฆื™ื“ื™ื .
00:59
There's a dreadful fungus that's moving through the world
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ื™ืฉ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืขื”
ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืงื™ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื’ื•ืก,
01:02
that's called the chytrid fungus,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ืคืœืช ืœืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:04
and it's nailing frogs all over the world.
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01:06
We think that's probably what got this frog,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคืจื“ืข ื–ื•,
01:08
and humans are spreading this fungus.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื–ื•
01:10
And this introduces a very important ethical point,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
01:13
and I think you will have heard this many times
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื–ืืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:15
when this topic comes up.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
01:17
What I think is important
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ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื,
01:19
is that, if it's clear that we exterminated these species,
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ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
01:22
then I think we not only have a moral obligation
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
01:26
to see what we can do about it,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:27
but I think we've got a moral imperative to try to do something, if we can.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
01:32
OK. Let me talk to you about the Lazarus Project.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื–ืืจื•ืก
01:35
It's a frog. And you think, frog.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆืคืจื“ืข. ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฆืคืจื“ืข.
01:38
Yeah, but this was not just any frog.
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ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืชื ืฆืคืจื“ืข.
01:41
Unlike a normal frog, which lays its eggs in the water
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื
01:44
and goes away and wishes its froglets well,
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ื•ื ืขืœืžืช, ื•ืžืื—ืœืช ืœืฆืคืจื“ืขื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:47
this frog swallowed its fertilized eggs,
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ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื–ื• ื‘ืœืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
ื‘ืœืขื” ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
01:51
swallowed them into the stomach, where it should be having food,
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01:54
didn't digest the eggs, and turned its stomach into a uterus.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื™ื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืชื” ืœืจื—ื.
01:59
In the stomach, the eggs went on to develop into tadpoles,
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ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื ื™ื,
02:02
and in the stomach, the tadpoles went on to develop into frogs,
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ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
02:06
and they grew in the stomach
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
02:08
until eventually the poor old frog was at risk of bursting apart.
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ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช.
02:12
It has a little cough and a hiccup, and out comes sprays of little frogs.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื”ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื ื™ืชื–ื™ื
ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:16
Now, when biologists saw this, they were agog.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•.
02:19
They thought, this is incredible.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
02:20
No animal, let alone a frog, has been known to do this,
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ืืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
02:24
to change one organ in the body into another.
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ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ.
02:26
And you can imagine the medical world went nuts over this as well.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืžื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
02:30
If we could understand
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”
02:32
how that frog is managing the way its tummy works,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข
02:35
is there information here that we need to understand
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ื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
02:37
or could usefully use to help ourselves?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•?
02:41
Now, I'm not suggesting we want to raise our babies in our stomach,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:44
but I am suggesting it's possible
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื”
02:46
we might want to manage gastric secretion in the gut.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืงื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:48
And just as everybody got excited about it, bang!
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื”. ื‘ืื ื’!
02:51
It was extinct.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื”.
ื˜ืœืคื ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืœืจ
02:54
I called up my friend,
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02:55
Professor Mike Tyler in the University of Adelaide.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื“ืœื™ื™ื“.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื–ื•,
02:58
He was the last person who had this frog, a colony of these things, in his lab.
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
03:02
And I said, "Mike, by any chance --" This was 30 or 40 years ago.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื™ื™ืง, ื‘ืžืงืจื”-"
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืื• 40 ืฉื ื” โ€”
03:05
"By any chance had you kept any frozen tissue of this frog?"
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"ื”ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืจืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื–ื•?"
03:09
And he thought about it,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ืœืžืงืคื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:10
and he went to his deep freezer, minus 20 degrees centigrade,
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ืžื™ื ื•ืก 20 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
03:14
and he poured through everything in the freezer,
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ื•ืฉืคืš ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื,
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฆื ืฆื ืช
03:16
and there in the bottom was a jar and it contained tissues of these frogs.
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืืœื•.
03:20
This was very exciting,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”
03:22
but there was no reason why we should expect that this would work,
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
03:25
because this tissue had not had any antifreeze put in it,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืงืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ,
03:29
cryoprotectants, to look after it when it was frozen.
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ืงืจื™ื•-ืคืจื•ื˜ืงื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื•ืื”.
03:33
And normally, when water freezes, as you know, it expands,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ื”ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื,
03:35
and the same thing happens in a cell.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื.
03:37
If you freeze tissues, the water expands, damages or bursts the cell walls.
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ืื ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืจืงืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื,
ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื• ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
03:42
Well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope.
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03:44
It actually didn't look bad. The cell walls looked intact.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืจืื” ืœื ืจืข. ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื ืจืื• ืœืœื ืคื’ืข.
ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ..
03:47
So we thought, let's give it a go.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื
03:49
What we did is something called somatic cell nuclear transplantation.
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ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:53
We took the eggs of a related species, a living frog,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื—ื™ื”,
03:57
and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg.
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
04:00
We used ultraviolet radiation to do that.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:02
And then we took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue of the extinct frog
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืชื”
ืฉืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื ื›ื—ื“ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
04:07
and we inserted those nuclei into that egg.
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04:10
Now, by rights, this is kind of like a cloning project,
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ื›ืขืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜,
ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื“ื•ืœื™, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”,
04:14
like what produced Dolly,
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04:15
but it's actually very different,
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04:16
because Dolly was live sheep into live sheep cells.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:19
That was a miracle, but it was workable.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืก, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“
04:22
What we're trying to do is take a dead nucleus from an extinct species
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04:25
and put it into a completely different species and expect that to work.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
04:29
Well, we had no real reason to expect it would,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
04:31
and we tried hundreds and hundreds of these.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžืืœื”.
04:34
And just last February, the last time we did these trials,
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
04:37
I saw a miracle starting to happen.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•,
04:41
What we found was most of these eggs didn't work,
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04:44
but then suddenly, one of them began to divide.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง.
04:47
That was so exciting.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืฉื•ื‘.
04:48
And then the egg divided again. And then again.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ . ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•
04:51
And pretty soon, we had early-stage embryos
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ืžืื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:54
with hundreds of cells forming those.
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04:57
We even DNA-tested some of these cells,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืงื ื• DNA ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื ืืœื”,
ื•ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืชืื™ื ืืœื”.
05:00
and the DNA of the extinct frog is in those cells.
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05:04
So we're very excited. This is not a tadpole. It's not a frog.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืืฉืŸ.
ื–ื• ืœื ืฆืคืจื“ืข. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืข
05:07
But it's a long way along the journey
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05:10
to producing, or bringing back, an extinct species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘, ื–ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
05:13
And this is news.
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ื•ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
05:14
We haven't announced this publicly before.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:17
We're excited.
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05:18
We've got to get past this point.
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05:19
We now want this ball of cells to start to gastrulate,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ืชืื™ื ื–ื” ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
05:22
to turn in so that it will produce the other tissues.
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ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:25
It'll go on and produce a tadpole and then a frog.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืืฉืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฆืคืจื“ืข.
05:28
Watch this space.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื–ื•
05:30
I think we're going to have this frog hopping
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ืžืงืคืฆืช ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื .
05:32
glad to be back in the world again.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:34
(Applause)
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05:36
Thank you.
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05:37
(Applause)
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05:39
We haven't done it yet, but keep the applause ready.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™.
05:43
The second project I want to talk to you about is the Thylacine Project.
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05:47
The thylacine looks a bit, to most people, like a dog,
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ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘,
05:50
or maybe like a tiger, because it has stripes.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื ืžืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืกื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื”.
05:53
But it's not related to any of those. It's a marsupial.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื›ื™ืก. ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ื™ืก,
05:55
It raised its young in a pouch, like a koala or a kangaroo would do,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืืœื” ืื• ืงื ื’ืจื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืจืชืงืช,
06:00
and it has a long history, a long, fascinating history,
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06:05
that goes back 25 million years.
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื” 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช.
06:08
But it's also a tragic history.
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06:10
The first one that we see occurs in the ancient rain forests of Australia
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื› 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
06:15
about 25 million years ago,
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•
06:17
and the National Geographic Society
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06:19
is helping us to explore these fossil deposits.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ื–ื”ื• ืจื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™.
06:21
This is Riversleigh.
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06:23
In those fossil rocks are some amazing animals.
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ื‘ืกืœืขื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:26
We found marsupial lions.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืก.
06:28
We found carnivorous kangaroos.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืงื ื’ื•ืจื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
06:30
It's not what you usually think about as a kangaroo,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืงื ื’ื•ืจื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืงื ื’ื•ืจื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ.
06:33
but these are meat-eating kangaroos.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
06:35
We found the biggest bird in the world,
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06:37
bigger than that thing that was in Madagascar,
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ,
06:39
and it too was a flesh eater.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ื›ืœืช-ื‘ืฉืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืขื ืง, ืžื•ื–ืจ.
06:40
It was a giant, weird duck.
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06:43
And crocodiles were not behaving at that time either.
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ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
06:45
You think of crocodiles as doing their ugly thing,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
06:48
sitting in a pool of water.
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ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื.
06:49
These crocodiles were actually out on the land
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ื”ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
06:52
and they were even climbing trees and jumping on prey on the ground.
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ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื–ื™ื ืงื• ืขืœ ื˜ืจืฃ
ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
06:57
We had, in Australia, drop crocs. They really do exist.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœื™ื- ื ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
07:01
(Laughter)
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07:02
But what they were dropping on was not only other weird animals
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื ืจืง
ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื
07:05
but also thylacines.
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07:07
There were five different kinds of thylacines in those ancient forests,
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
ื•ื”ื ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
07:11
and they ranged from great big ones to middle-sized ones
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07:15
to one that was about the size of a chihuahua.
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื•ื•ืื•ื•ื”.
07:19
Paris Hilton would have been able
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ืคืจื™ืก ื”ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืืช
ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:21
to carry one of these things around in a little handbag,
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07:23
until a drop croc landed on her.
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ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ-ื ื•ืคืœ ื ื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
07:25
At any rate, it was a fascinating place,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืจืชืง,
07:27
but unfortunately, Australia didn't stay this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจื” ื›ืš.
07:30
Climate change has affected the world for a long period of time,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
07:33
and gradually, the forests disappeared, the country began to dry out,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื•,
ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ,
07:38
and the number of kinds of thylacines began to decline,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจื“ืช,
07:40
until by five million years ago,
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ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื ืฉืืจ ืจืง ืื—ื“.
07:42
only one left.
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07:43
By 10,000 years ago, they had disappeared from New Guinea,
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื•
ืžื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ
07:47
and unfortunately, by 4,000 years ago, somebodies, we don't know who this was,
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ืœืคื ื™ 4000 ืฉื ื”, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื”, ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื“ื™ื ื’ื•
07:54
introduced dingoes -- this is a very archaic kind of a dogย --
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื›ืื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ โ€” ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
07:57
into Australia.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ื™ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืก ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“
07:59
And as you can see,
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08:00
dingoes are very similar in their body form to thylacines.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™.
08:03
That similarity meant they probably competed.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
08:06
They were eating the same kinds of foods.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื•
08:08
It's even possible that aborigines were keeping some of these dingoes as pets,
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ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืก ืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ
08:12
and therefore they may have had an advantage in the battle for survival.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
08:16
All we know is, soon after the dingoes were brought in,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื•,
08:18
thylacines were extinct in the Australian mainland,
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ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช,
08:21
and after that they only survived in Tasmania.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื”.
08:25
Then, unfortunately,
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ื•ืื–, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™
08:26
the next sad part of the thylacine story is that Europeans arrived in 1788,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1788, ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•
08:31
and they brought with them the things they valued,
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ืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืงื™ืจื•, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
08:34
and that included sheep.
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ื”ื ื”ืขื™ืคื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื‘ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื”,
08:36
They took one look at the thylacine in Tasmania,
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08:38
and they thought, hang on, this is not going to work.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•, ื—ื›ื• ืจื’ืข, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:42
That guy is going to eat all our sheep.
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ื”ื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:44
That was not what happened, actually.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืคื• ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ืจืข
08:47
Wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap.
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08:50
But immediately, the government said, that's it, let's get rid of them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืžืจื”, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”,
ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื
08:54
and they paid people to slaughter every one that they saw.
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ืœื˜ื‘ื•ื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ืจืื•.
08:58
By the early 1930s,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1930, 3,000 ืขื“ 4,000 ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื
09:00
3,000 to 4,000 thylacines had been murdered.
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ื ืงื˜ืœื•. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ,
09:04
It was a disaster, and they were about to hit the wall.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜.
09:09
Have a look at this bit of film footage.
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09:11
It makes me very sad because, while it's a fascinating animal,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืจืชืงืช,
09:15
and it's amazing to think that we had the technology to film it
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื•
09:20
before it actually plunged off that cliff of extinction,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื–ืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืง ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื–ื” ,
09:24
we didn't, unfortunately, at this same time,
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
09:27
have a molecule of concern about the welfare for this species.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
09:31
These are photos of the last surviving thylacine, Benjamin,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ
09:34
who was in the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืžืจื™ืก ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืืจื˜.
09:37
To add insult to injury,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื˜ื ืขืœ ืคืฉืข, ื›ืฉืžื—ืงื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:39
having swept this species nearly off the table,
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืžืช ืžื”ื–ื ื—ื”,
09:43
this animal, when it died of neglect --
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09:45
The keepers didn't let it into the hutch on a cold night in Hobart.
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื•ื‘
ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืืจื˜. ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ืจ,
09:50
It died of exposure, and in the morning, when they found the body of Benjamin,
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
09:53
they still cared so little for this animal that they threw the body in the dump.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžื—ื™ื” ื–ื•
ืฉื”ื ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื–ื‘ืœ.
10:00
Does it have to stay this way?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ื›ื”?
10:03
In 1990, I was in the Australian Museum.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™.
10:06
I was fascinated by thylacines.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
10:07
I've always been obsessed with these animals.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:10
And I was studying skulls,
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10:11
trying to figure out their relationships to other sorts of animals,
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:14
and I saw this jar,
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช,
10:16
and here, in the jar, was a little girl thylacine pup,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจืช ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:21
perhaps six months old.
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10:22
The guy who had found it and killed the mother
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืืžื
ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
10:25
had pickled the pup, and they pickled it in alcohol.
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10:28
I'm a paleontologist, but I still knew alcohol was a DNA preservative.
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ืื ื™ ืคืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ DNA.
10:32
But this was 1990, and I asked my geneticist friends,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1990 ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
10:36
couldn't we think about going into this pup
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ืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืจื” ื–ื•
10:38
and extracting DNA, if it's there,
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ื•ืœื—ืœืฅ DNA, ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื,
10:41
and then somewhere down the line in the future,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- DNA ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™?
10:44
we'll use this DNA to bring the thylacine back?
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ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆื—ืงื•. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืœื™.
10:46
The geneticists laughed. But this was six years before Dolly.
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10:50
Cloning was science fiction.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™. ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”.
10:52
It had not happened.
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10:53
But then suddenly cloning did happen.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื›ืŸ ืงืจื”.
10:56
And I thought, when I became director of the Australian Museum,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœ
ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื”.
10:59
I'm going to give this a go.
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11:00
I put a team together.
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ื”ืงืžืชื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช.
11:02
We went into that pup to see what was in it,
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ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื,
11:05
and we did find thylacine DNA.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื”.
11:07
It was a eureka moment. We were very excited.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
11:09
Unfortunately, we also found a lot of human DNA.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื’ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” DNA ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:13
Every old curator who'd been in that museum
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื–ื”
11:16
had seen this wonderful specimen,
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ืฉืจืื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ื–ื•,
ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืœืฆื ืฆื ืช, ืฉืœืฃ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘,
11:18
put their hand in the jar, pulled it out and thought,
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11:20
"Wow, look at that," plop, dropped it back in the jar,
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"ื•ื•ืื•, ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”," ืคืœื•ืค,ื”ืคื™ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื ืฆื ืช,
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื”.
11:23
contaminating this specimen.
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11:24
And that was a worry.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’. ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA
11:26
If the goal here was to get the DNA out
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11:28
and use the DNA down the track to try to bring a thylacine back,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-DNA ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
11:32
what we didn't want happening
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11:33
when the information was shoved into the machine
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ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
11:36
and the wheel turned around and the lights flashed,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืง ื•ื ื•ืจื
11:38
was to have a wizened old horrible curator pop out the other end of the machine.
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ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:42
It would've kept the curator very happy, but it wasn't going to keep us happy.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืฉืžื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ,
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื•ืชื ื•.
ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
11:46
So we went back to these specimens and we started digging around,
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11:49
and particularly, we looked into the teeth of skulls,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
11:52
hard parts where humans had not been able to get their fingers,
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:55
and we found much better quality DNA.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• DNA ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” .
ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”. ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
11:58
We found nuclear mitochondrial genes.
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12:00
It's there. So we got it.
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ืื– ื”ื™ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช.
12:01
OK. What could we do with this stuff?
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ืื•ืงื™. ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”?
12:04
Well, George Church, in his book, "Regenesis,"
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื’'ื•ืจื’ ืฆ'ืจืฅ' ื‘ืกืคืจื•, "ืจื’'ื ืกื™ืก"
12:06
has mentioned many of the techniques that are rapidly advancing
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ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
12:09
to work with fragmented DNA.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื DNA ืžืคื•ืฆืœ.
12:11
We would hope that we'll be able to get that DNA back into a viable form,
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ DNA ื–ื”
ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื–ืจื•ืก,
12:16
and then, much like we've done with the Lazarus Project,
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12:18
get that stuff into an egg of a host species.
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ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™.
12:21
It has to be a different species. What could it be?
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ ื˜ืกืžื ื™?
12:24
Why couldn't it be a Tasmanian devil?
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12:26
They're related, distantly, to thylacines.
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ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™..
12:28
And then the Tasmanian devil is going to pop a thylacine out the south end.
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ื•ืื– ืžื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
12:33
Critics of this project say, hang on.
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื›ื• ืจื’ืข,
12:36
Thylacine, Tasmanian devil? That's going to hurt.
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ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ืฉื“ ื˜ืกืžื ื™? ื–ื” ื™ื›ืื‘.
12:40
No, it's not. These are marsupials.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื›ื™ืก.
12:43
They give birth to babies that are the size of a jelly bean.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ืœื™-ื‘ื™ืŸ.
ืฉื“ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“.
12:46
That Tasmanian devil's not even going to know it gave birth.
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12:49
It is, shortly, going to think
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ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช
12:50
it's got the ugliest Tasmanian devil baby in the world,
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ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
12:54
so maybe it'll need some help to keep it going.
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12:58
Andrew Pask and his colleagues have demonstrated
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ืื ื“ืจื• ืคืืกืง ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืื•
13:00
this might not be a waste of time.
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
13:02
And it's sort of in the future, we haven't got there yet,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:05
but it's the kind of thing we want to think about.
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืขื˜ ื“.ื .ื. ืžื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”
13:07
They took some of this same pickled thylacine DNA
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13:10
and they spliced it into a mouse genome,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื–ืืช ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
13:13
but they put a tag on it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืชื’ื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื”
13:15
so that anything that this thylacine DNA produced
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ืฉื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ
ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ืจื•ืง ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
13:19
would appear blue-green in the mouse baby.
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13:22
In other words, if thylacine tissues were being produced by the thylacine DNA,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืจืงืžื•ืช ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“.ื .ื. ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:26
it would be able to be recognized.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ื—, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขื ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ืจื•ืง.
13:28
When the baby popped up, it was filled with blue-green tissues.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื’ื ื•ื ื–ื”,
13:32
And that tells us if we can get that genome back together,
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13:34
get it into a live cell,
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ืชื ื—ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™.
13:36
it's going to produce thylacine stuff.
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13:39
Is this a risk?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:41
You've taken the bits of one animal
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ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืื—ืช
13:42
and you've mixed them into the cell of a different kind of an animal.
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ื•ืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ?
13:46
Are we going to get a Frankenstein? Some kind of weird hybrid chimera?
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžืจื” ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช ?
13:50
And the answer is no.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
13:51
If the only nuclear DNA that goes into this hybrid cell is thylacine DNA,
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ืื ืจืง ื”-DNA ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”
ื”ื•ื ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
13:56
that's the only thing that can pop out the other end of the devil.
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ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“.
14:00
OK, if we can do this, could we put it back?
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ืื•ืงื™, ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”?
14:04
This is a key question for everybody.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœืช ืžืคืชื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
14:05
Does it have to stay in a laboratory, or could we put it back where it belongs?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš?
14:09
Could we put it back in the throne of the king of beasts in Tasmania,
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš, ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช?
14:13
restore that ecosystem?
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14:14
Or has Tasmania changed so much that that's no longer possible?
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ืื• ืฉื˜ืกืžื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™?
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
14:19
I've been to Tasmania.
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14:20
I've been to many of the areas where the thylacines were common.
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ืฉื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
14:23
I've even spoken to people, like Peter Carter here,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงืจื˜ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
14:26
who when I spoke to him, was 90 years old,
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ืฉื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 90,
ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•
14:29
but in 1926, this man and his father and his brother
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14:32
caught thylacines.
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ืชืคืกื• ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืื•ืชื.
14:34
They trapped them.
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14:35
And when I spoke to this man, I was looking in his eyes and thinking,
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
14:39
"Behind those eyes is a brain that has memories of what thylacines feel like,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื—
ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™,
14:46
what they smelled like, what they sounded like."
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข.
14:48
He led them around on a rope.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ.
14:50
He has personal experiences
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
14:52
that I would give my left leg to have in my head.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
14:56
We'd all love to have this sort of thing happen.
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14:58
Anyway, I asked Peter, by any chance,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืคื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
15:00
could he take us back to where he caught those thylacines.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืชืคืก ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื ืืœื”.
ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
15:03
My interest was in whether the environment had changed.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 80 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
15:06
He thought hard. It was nearly 80 years before this that he'd been at this hut.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงืชื” ื–ื•.
15:09
At any rate, he led us down this bush track,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืขืจ ื–ื”,
ื•ืฉื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงืชื”,
15:12
and there, right where he remembered,
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15:14
was the hut,
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15:15
and tears came into his eyes.
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ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื ืžืœืื• ื“ืžืขื•ืช.
15:17
He looked at the hut. We went inside.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงืชื”. ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”.
15:19
There were the wooden boards on the sides of the hut
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืชื”
ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
15:22
where he and his father and his brother had slept at night.
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15:24
And he told me, as it all was flooding back in memories.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืงืชื”
15:27
He said, "I remember the thylacines going around the hut
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ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ
15:30
wondering what was inside,"
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15:31
and he said they made sounds like "Yip! Yip! Yip!"
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื™ื™ืค! ื™ื™ืค! ื™ื™ืค!"
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ.
15:35
All of these are parts of his life and what he remembers.
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ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ,
15:38
And the key question for me was to ask Peter, has it changed?
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15:41
And he said no.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”? ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื.
ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงืชื” ืฉืœื•
15:43
The southern beech forests surrounded his hut
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926.
15:45
just like it was when he was there in 1926.
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15:47
The grasslands were sweeping away.
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ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืคื• ืžืฉื.
15:49
That's classic thylacine habitat.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ .
15:51
And the animals in those areas were the same that were there
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
15:54
when the thylacine was around.
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ืื– ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”? ื›ืŸ.
15:56
So could we put it back? Yes.
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15:58
Is that all we would do? And this is an interesting question.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื”? ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื”,
16:02
Sometimes you might be able to put it back,
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16:04
but is that the safest way to make sure it never goes extinct again?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื
ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš.
16:07
And I don't think so.
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16:09
I think gradually, as we see species all around the world,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:12
it's kind of a mantra that wildlife is increasingly not safe in the wild.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ืจื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
16:16
We'd love to think it is, but we know it isn't.
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ื ืฉืžื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื.
16:18
We need other parallel strategies coming online.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื•.
16:21
And this one interests me.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื™.
16:22
Some of the thylacines that were being turned in to zoos,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืกืจื• ืœื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
16:25
sanctuaries, even at the museums,
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ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื,
16:27
had collar marks on the neck.
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ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
16:29
They were being kept as pets,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
16:31
and we know a lot of bush tales and memories
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช
16:34
of people who had them as pets,
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืœืื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
16:36
and they say they were wonderful, friendly.
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16:38
This particular one
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ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื™ืขืจ
16:39
came in out of the forest to lick this boy
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ืœืœืงืง ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื”ืชื›ืจื‘ืœ
16:42
and curled up around the fireplace to go to sleep.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ื—ื™ืช ืคืจื.
16:45
A wild animal.
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16:46
And I'd like to ask the question. We need to think about this.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื›ืœ ืžื”-
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:50
If it had not been illegal to keep these thylacines as pets then,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“
ืื–ื™, ื”ืื ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
16:56
would the thylacine be extinct now?
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16:58
And I'm positive it wouldn't.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื.
17:00
We need to think about this in today's world.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:03
Could it be that getting animals close to us so that we value them,
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื?
17:07
maybe they won't go extinct?
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17:09
And this is such a critical issue for us
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
17:11
because if we don't do that,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช
17:13
we're going to watch more of these animals plunge off the precipice.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ื.
17:17
As far as I'm concerned,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
17:18
this is why we're trying to do these kinds of de-extinction projects.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
17:22
We are trying to restore that balance of nature
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
17:25
that we have upset.
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ืฉืฉื™ื‘ืฉื ื•.
17:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:29
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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