The most detailed map of galaxies, black holes and stars ever made | Juna Kollmeier

401,084 views ใƒป 2019-07-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
When I was a kid, I was afraid of the dark.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื˜ื ื”, ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
00:18
The darkness is where the monsters are.
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช.
00:21
And I had this little night light outside of my bedroom
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžื ื•ืจืช ืœื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™
00:26
so that it would never get too dark.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืžื“ื™.
00:29
But over time, my fear of the dark turned to curiosity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
00:35
What is out there in the "dark-dark?"
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘"ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš"?
00:39
And it turns out
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
00:41
that trying to understand the darkness is something that's fascinated humans
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื™ืชืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:46
for thousands of years, maybe forever.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
00:49
And we know this
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
00:51
because we find their ancient relics of their attempts to map the sky.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:58
This tusk is over 30,000 years old.
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ืฉืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž30,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:02
Some people think that it's a carving of Orion
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
01:05
or maybe a calendar.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื”.
01:07
We don't know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
01:09
The Fuxi star map is over 6,000 years old,
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ืžืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืงืกื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž6,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
01:14
and it's from a neolithic tomb in ancient China.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืจ ื ื™ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:17
And that little pile of clamshells
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช
01:19
underneath the dead guy's foot in the middle --
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข --
01:23
that's supposed to be the Big Dipper.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:25
Maybe.
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ืื•ืœื™.
01:27
The Nebra disk is uncontroversial.
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ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ื ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:30
You don't have to be an astronomer to know that you're looking at the Moon phases
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—
01:34
or the Sun in eclipse.
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ืื• ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื”.
01:36
And that little group of seven stars, that's the Pleiades, the Seven Sisters.
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืคืœื™ืื“ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:41
But in any case, the point is clear:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
01:44
astronomers have been mapping the sky for a long time.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
01:48
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
01:50
It's our calling card as a species in the galaxy
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ื–ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
01:55
to figure things out.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:58
We know our planet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:00
we cure our diseases,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:01
we cook our food,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:03
we leave our planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:08
But it's not easy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:11
Understanding the universe is battle.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง.
02:14
It is unrelenting, it is time-varying,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง, ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:18
and it is one we are all in together.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“.
02:21
It is a battle in the darkness against the darkness.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
02:26
Which is why Orion has weapons.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง.
02:34
In any case, if you're going to engage in this battle,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”,
02:37
you need to know the battlefield.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.
02:39
So at its core,
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•,
02:40
mapping the sky involves three essential elements.
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ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
02:43
You've got objects that are giving off light,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืจ,
02:46
you've got telescopes that are collecting that light,
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:49
and you've got instruments
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืœื™ื
02:51
that are helping you understand what that light is.
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ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:54
Many of you have mapped the Moon phases over time
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืžื™ืคื• ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:57
with your eyes, your eyes being your more basic telescope.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื,ื›ืš ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:02
And you've understood what that means with your brains,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื,
03:04
your brains being one of your more basic instruments.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:07
Now, if you and a buddy get together,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื,
03:11
you would spend over 30 years,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”,
03:14
you would map 1,000 stars extremely precisely.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืžืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž1,000 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘.
03:19
You would move the front line to the battle.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง.
03:21
And that's what Tycho Brahe and his buddy, or his assistant, really,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื˜ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืจื”ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืื• ื”ืืกื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง,
03:25
Johannes Kepler did back in the 1600s.
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ื™ื•ื”ืื ืก ืงืคืœืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17.
03:28
And they moved the line,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•,
03:30
figured out how planets worked,
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ืคืขื ื—ื• ืื™ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
03:32
how they moved around the Sun.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:35
But it wasn't until about 100 years ago
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
03:37
that we realized
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ื”ื‘ื ื•
03:40
it's a big universe.
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื.
03:42
It seems like the universe is just infinite, which it is,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™, ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:46
but the observable universe is finite.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™.
03:49
Which means we can win the battle.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืื‘ืง.
03:54
But if you're going to map the universe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
03:57
you're not going to do it with one or two of your besties.
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:00
Mapping the universe takes an army,
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ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฆื‘ื,
04:03
an army of curious, creative, craftspeople
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ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืกืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
04:07
who, working together, can accomplish the extraordinary.
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ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:12
I lead this army of creatives,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆื‘ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
04:14
in the fifth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืกืงืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ืืŸ, (SDSS).
04:18
And this is how astronomers have managed to shepherd individual curiosity
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื ื›ืก ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
04:23
through its industrial age,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”,
04:25
preserving the individual ability to make discoveries
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื
04:28
but putting into place mega machinery to truly advance the frontier.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
04:33
In SDSS, we divide the sky into three mappers:
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ื‘SDSS ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืคื•ืช:
04:36
one for the stars, one for the black holes
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ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
04:40
and one for the galaxies.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
04:42
My survey has two hemispheres,
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ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
04:44
five telescopes, or 11, depending on how you count,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื, ืื• 11, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืกื•ืคืจื™ื,
04:48
10 spectrographs
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10 ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื
04:50
and millions of objects.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
04:52
It's a monster.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคืœืฆืช.
04:53
So let's go through the mappers.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืช.
04:57
The Milky Way galaxy has 250 billion plus or minus a few hundred billion stars.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
05:05
That is not a number that you hold in your head.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืจืืฉ.
05:07
That is a number that doesn't make practical sense
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช
05:10
to pretty much anybody.
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
05:11
You never get 250 billion jelly beans in your hand. You know?
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:17
We're nowhere near mapping all of those stars yet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:21
So we have to choose the most interesting ones.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:24
In SDSS-V, we're mapping six million stars
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ื‘SDSS-V ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืคื™ื ืฉืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
05:29
where we think we can measure their age.
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ืฉืืช ื’ื™ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
05:31
Because if you can measure the age of a star,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
05:33
that's like having six million clocks spread all throughout the Milky Way.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคื™ื–ืจืช ืฉืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
05:37
And with that information,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
05:39
we can unravel the history and fossil record of our galaxy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
05:43
and learn how it formed.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื”.
05:47
I'm just going to cut right to the chase here.
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ืื ื™ ืืงืคื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
05:50
Black holes are among the most perplexing objects in the universe.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
05:55
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
05:56
Because they are literally just math incarnate, in a physical form,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ,
06:00
that we barely understand.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
06:03
It's like the number zero being animated and walking around the corridors here.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืก ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
06:07
That would be super weird.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
06:09
These are weirder.
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ืืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
06:10
And it's not just like a basketball
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ
06:12
that you smoosh down into a little point and it's super dense and that's weird.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืœื›ื“ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
06:16
No, smooshed basketballs have a surface.
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ืœื, ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืกืœ ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื—.
06:19
These things don't have surfaces, and we know that now.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:23
Because we've seen it.
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ื›ื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
06:24
Or the lack of it.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•.
06:27
What's really interesting about black holes
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ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
06:29
is that we can learn a lot about them by studying the material
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
06:33
just as it passes through that point of no information return.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
06:38
Because at that point,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:39
it's emitting lots of X-rays and optical and UV and radio waves.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืง ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืงืจื ื™ X ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’ืœื™ UV ื•ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
06:45
We can actually learn how these objects grow.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
06:48
And in SDSS, we're looking at over half a million supermassive black holes,
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ื•ื‘SDSS, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:54
to try to understand how they formed.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
06:58
Like I said,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
07:00
we live in the Milky Way, you guys are all familiar with that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:04
The Milky Way is a completely average galaxy.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช.
07:08
Nothing funny going on.
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ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
07:10
But it's ours, which is great.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
07:14
We think that the Milky Way, and all the Milky Ways,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
07:18
have this really disturbing past
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ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“
07:21
of literally blowing themselves apart.
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
07:25
It's like every average guy you know
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
07:29
has a history as a punk rock teenager.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืคื ืงื™ืกื˜.
07:32
That's very bizarre.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™.
07:36
Stars are blowing up in these systems,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:38
black holes are growing at their centers
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ
07:40
and emitting a tremendous amount of energy.
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ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
07:43
How does that happen, how does this transformation happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
07:46
And at SDSS, we're going to the bellies of the beast
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ื‘SDSS ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื”
07:48
and zooming way in,
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ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘,
07:50
to look at these processes where they are occurring
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื
07:53
in order to understand how Sid Vicious grows up into Ward Cleaver.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืกื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืก ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ.
08:01
My arsenal.
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ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœื™.
08:02
These are my two big telescopes.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
08:04
The Apache Point Observatory hosts the Sloan telescope in New Mexico,
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ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื Apache Point ืžืืจื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืกืœื•ืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
08:09
and the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile
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ื•ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื Las Campanas ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”
08:11
hosts the two-and-a-half-meter telescope, the du Pont.
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ืžืืจื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื”-Du Pont.
08:15
Two and a half meters is the size of our mirror,
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
08:18
which was huge for Tycho and Kepler.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื›ื• ื•ืงืคืœืจ.
08:20
But it's actually not so big today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:22
There are way bigger telescopes out there.
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:24
But in SDSS we use new instruments on these old telescopes
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘SDSS ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:29
to make them interesting.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
08:32
We capture light from all of those objects into our aperture,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:37
and that light is then focused at the focal plane,
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ื•ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“,
08:40
where our instruments sit and process that light.
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ืฉื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
08:42
What's new in SDSS-V
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื“ืฉ ื‘SDSS-V
08:44
is that we're making the focal plane entirely robotic.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:49
That's right: robots.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
08:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:53
So I'm going to show them to you,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื,
08:55
but they're fierce and terrifying,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
08:58
and I want you all to just take a breath.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืงื—ื• ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
09:01
(Exhales) Trigger warning.
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(ื ื•ืฉืคืช) ืื–ื”ืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ.
09:03
And with no apologies to all the Blade Runners among you,
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ ืจืื ืจ,
09:08
here they are.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื.
09:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:11
I have 1,000 of these,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ 1,000 ื›ืžื•ื”ื,
09:13
500 in the focal plane of each telescope in each hemisphere.
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500 ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
09:18
And this is how they move on the sky.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
09:20
So these are our objects and a star field,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉื“ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
09:22
so you've got stars, galaxies, black holes.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
09:24
And our robots move to those objects as we pass over them
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื
09:29
in order to capture the light
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ
09:31
from those stars and galaxies and black holes, and yes,
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ืžืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ,
09:35
it is weird to capture black hole light,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
09:37
but we've already gone over that black holes are weird.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
09:42
One more thing.
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
09:44
Stars are exploding all the time,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
09:47
like this one did back in 1987 in our cosmic backyard.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘1987 ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:53
Black holes are growing all the time.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:59
There is a new sky every night.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
10:03
Which means we can't just map the sky one time.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:06
We have to map the sky multiple times.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื.
10:10
So in SDSS-V, we're going back to each part of the sky multiple times
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ืื– ื‘SDSS-V, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
10:15
in order to see how these objects change over time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
10:18
Because those changes in time encode the physics,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
10:21
and they encode how these objects are growing and changing.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
10:27
Mow the sky.
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ื”ื ืžื›ืกื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
10:30
OK, let me just recap.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
10:32
Global survey, two hemispheres,
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ืกืงืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:36
five telescopes, 10 spectrographs, millions of objects, mow the sky,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื, 10 ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ื›ืกื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
10:41
creative army, robots, yeah.
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ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืŸ.
10:44
So you're thinking, "Wow.
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ืื– ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื•ืื•ื•.
10:46
She must have this industrial machine going,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
10:48
no room for the individual, curious, lone wolf genius," right?
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืกืงืจืŸ, ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:52
And you'd be 100 percent wrong.
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ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
10:55
Meet Hanny's Voorwerp.
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”Voorwerp ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™.
10:57
Hanny van Arkel was a Dutch schoolteacher
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ื”ืื ื™ ื•ืŸ ืืจืงืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช
10:59
who was analyzing the public versions of the SDSS data,
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ืฉื ื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ SDSS,
11:03
when she found this incredibly rare type of object,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืžืฉ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
11:07
which is now a subject of major study.
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:10
She was able to do this
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:12
because SDSS, since its beginning and by mandate from the Sloan Foundation,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉSDSS, ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืงืจืŸ ืกืœื•ืืŸ,
11:16
has made its data both publicly available
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
11:19
and usable to a broad range of audiences.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื”ืœื™ื.
11:23
She's a citizen -- yeah, clap for that.
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ื”ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช - ื›ืŸ, ืชืžื—ืื• ืœื” ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
11:26
Clap for that.
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ืชืžื—ืื• ืœื” ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
11:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:31
Hanny is a citizen scientist,
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ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
11:32
or as I like to call them,
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ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื,
11:34
"citizen warriors."
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"ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื".
11:36
And she shows that you don't have to be a fancy astrophysicist to participate.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืคื•ืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
11:43
You just have to be curious.
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ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจืŸ.
11:46
A few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
11:48
my four-year-old asked, "Can moons have moons?"
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ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™, "ื”ืื ืœื™ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื—?"
11:51
And I set about to answer this question
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ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
11:53
because even though many four-year-olds over all of time
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื‘ื™ื
11:57
have probably asked this question,
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:59
many experts, including myself, didn't know the answer.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ื™, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
12:04
These are the moons in our solar system that can host hypothetical submoons.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชืชื™-ื™ืจื—.
12:08
And that just goes to show you that there are so many basic questions
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
12:12
left to be understood.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช.
12:17
And this brings me to the most important point about SDSS.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ SDSS.
12:23
Because, yeah, the stars, the galaxies, the black holes, the robots --
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื --
12:27
that's all super cool.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
12:30
But the coolest thing of all
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
12:32
is that eensy-weensy creatures on a rubble pile
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืžืช ืื‘ื ื™ื
12:36
around a totally average star in a totally average galaxy
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
12:40
can win the battle to understand their world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:44
Every dot in this video is a galaxy.
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
12:51
Every dot.
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
12:59
(Cheers) (Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:06
I'm showing here the number of galaxies
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
13:08
that astronomers have mapped in large surveys since about 1980.
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ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžื™ืคื• ื‘ืกืงืจื™ ืขื ืง ืžืื– ื‘ืขืจืš 1980.
13:12
You can see SDSS kick in around Y2K.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉSDSS ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื.
13:15
If we stay on this line,
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ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื”,
13:18
we will map every large galaxy in the observable universe by 2060.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืขื“ 2060.
13:25
Think about that.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:26
Think about it: we've gone from arranging clamshells
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”; ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช
13:30
to general relativity to SDSS in a few thousand years --
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ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœSDSS ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื --
13:35
and if we hang on 40 more,
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ื•ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•ื“ 40 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
13:39
we can map all the galaxies.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
13:41
But we have to stay on the line.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•.
13:44
Will that be our choice?
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ื”ืื ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•?
13:48
There are dark forces in this world
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
13:51
that will rob our entire species of our right to understand our universe.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:58
Don't be afraid of the dark.
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ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
14:00
Fight back.
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ื”ืœื—ืžื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
14:02
Join us.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื•.
14:03
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
14:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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