How we can turn the cold of outer space into a renewable resource | Aaswath Raman

506,265 views ใƒป 2018-06-22

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yubal Masalker ืขืจื™ื›ื”: maor madmon
00:13
Every summer when I was growing up,
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ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื™ืœื“,
00:15
I would fly from my home in Canada to visit my grandparents,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ืก ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื,
00:19
who lived in Mumbai, India.
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ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:21
Now, Canadian summers are pretty mild at best --
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ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
00:24
about 22 degrees Celsius or 72 degrees Fahrenheit
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22 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™
00:28
is a typical summer's day, and not too hot.
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ื•ืœื ื—ื ืžื“ื™.
00:31
Mumbai, on the other hand, is a hot and humid place
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื•ืœื—,
00:34
well into the 30s Celsius or 90s Fahrenheit.
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”-30 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
00:38
As soon as I'd reach it, I'd ask,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื,
00:39
"How could anyone live, work or sleep in such weather?"
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื–ื”?"
00:45
To make things worse, my grandparents didn't have an air conditioner.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข, ืœืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื’ืŸ.
00:49
And while I tried my very, very best,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™,
00:52
I was never able to persuade them to get one.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืขื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ื–ื”.
00:56
But this is changing, and fast.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ืžื”ืจ.
00:59
Cooling systems today collectively account for 17 percent
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ 17 ืื—ื•ื–
01:04
of the electricity we use worldwide.
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ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:06
This includes everything from the air conditioners
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื”ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
01:09
I so desperately wanted during my summer vacations,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื™,
01:11
to the refrigeration systems that keep our food safe and cold for us
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ืขื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืงืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
01:15
in our supermarkets,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœื™ื,
01:16
to the industrial scale systems that keep our data centers operational.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื.
01:21
Collectively, these systems account for eight percent
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœ-8 ืื—ื•ื–
01:25
of global greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:27
But what keeps me up at night
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
01:29
is that our energy use for cooling might grow sixfold by the year 2050,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™-6 ืขื“ 2050,
01:34
primarily driven by increasing usage in Asian and African countries.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:39
I've seen this firsthand.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœื™-ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:41
Nearly every apartment in and around my grandmother's place
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื™
01:44
now has an air conditioner.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื–ื’ืŸ.
01:46
And that is, emphatically, a good thing
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
01:49
for the health, well-being and productivity
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:52
of people living in warmer climates.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื.
01:55
However, one of the most alarming things about climate change
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื
01:59
is that the warmer our planet gets,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:02
the more we're going to need cooling systems --
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ื›ืš ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ --
02:04
systems that are themselves large emitters of greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื–ื™-ื—ืžืžื”.
02:09
This then has the potential to cause a feedback loop,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
02:12
where cooling systems alone
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ื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“
02:14
could become one of our biggest sources of greenhouse gases
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ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™-ื—ืžืžื”
02:17
later this century.
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
02:18
In the worst case,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
02:19
we might need more than 10 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity every year,
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
02:23
just for cooling, by the year 2100.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2100.
02:26
That's half our electricity supply today.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:30
Just for cooling.
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
02:32
But this also point us to an amazing opportunity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:37
A 10 or 20 percent improvement in the efficiency of every cooling system
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ 10 ืขื“ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
02:42
could actually have an enormous impact on our greenhouse gas emissions,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™-ื”ื—ืžืžื”,
02:45
both today and later this century.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
02:50
And it could help us avert that worst-case feedback loop.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
02:54
I'm a scientist who thinks a lot about light and heat.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื.
02:58
In particular, how new materials allow us to alter the flow
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ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช
03:02
of these basic elements of nature
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ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
03:04
in ways we might have once thought impossible.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืคืขื ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
03:07
So, while I always understood the value of cooling
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
03:09
during my summer vacations,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื™,
03:11
I actually wound up working on this problem
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:14
because of an intellectual puzzle that I came across about six years ago.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ 6 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:19
How were ancient peoples able to make ice in desert climates?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ?
03:25
This is a picture of an ice house,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืจื—,
03:28
also called a Yakhchal, located in the southwest of Iran.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ื™ืื—ืฆ'ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจืŸ.
03:33
There are ruins of dozens of such structures throughout Iran,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจืŸ,
03:36
with evidence of similar such buildings throughout the rest of the Middle East
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ืขื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉืืจ ืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
03:40
and all the way to China.
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ืขื“ ืœืกื™ืŸ.
03:42
The people who operated this ice house many centuries ago,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืจื— ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:45
would pour water in the pool you see on the left
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ
03:47
in the early evening hours, as the sun set.
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ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:51
And then something amazing happened.
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ื•ืื– ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:53
Even though the air temperature might be above freezing,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ,
03:56
say five degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ื ืืžืจ 5 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:59
the water would freeze.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืื™ื.
04:02
The ice generated would then be collected in the early morning hours
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ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
04:06
and stored for use in the building you see on the right,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
04:09
all the way through the summer months.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
04:12
You've actually likely seen something very similar at play
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
04:14
if you've ever noticed frost form on the ground on a clear night,
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ืื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืคืขื ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
04:18
even when the air temperature is well above freezing.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ.
04:21
But wait.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“.
04:22
How did the water freeze if the air temperature is above freezing?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ื ืงืคืื• ืื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ?
04:26
Evaporation could have played an effect,
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ืœืื™ื“ื•ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื”,
04:28
but that's not enough to actually cause the water to become ice.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงืจื—.
04:32
Something else must have cooled it down.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื.
04:34
Think about a pie cooling on a window sill.
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉืžืชืงืจืจืช ืขืœ ืื“ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
04:37
For it to be able to cool down, its heat needs to flow somewhere cooler.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ.
04:41
Namely, the air that surrounds it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
04:44
As implausible as it may sound,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
04:46
for that pool of water, its heat is actually flowing to the cold of space.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื•ืจื ืœืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:54
How is this possible?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
04:56
Well, that pool of water, like most natural materials,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
05:00
sends out its heat as light.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ.
05:02
This is a concept known as thermal radiation.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช.
05:05
In fact, we're all sending out our heat as infrared light right now,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžื ื• ื›ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:10
to each other and our surroundings.
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ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื ื•.
05:12
We can actually visualize this with thermal cameras
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช
05:15
and the images they produce, like the ones I'm showing you right now.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
05:18
So that pool of water is sending out its heat
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžื”
05:21
upward towards the atmosphere.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:23
The atmosphere and the molecules in it
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”
05:25
absorb some of that heat and send it back.
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ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืจืฆื”.
05:28
That's actually the greenhouse effect that's responsible for climate change.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:32
But here's the critical thing to understand.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•.
05:34
Our atmosphere doesn't absorb all of that heat.
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื.
05:38
If it did, we'd be on a much warmer planet.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื.
05:41
At certain wavelengths,
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ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™-ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
05:43
in particular between eight and 13 microns,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 8 ื•-13 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
05:46
our atmosphere has what's known as a transmission window.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ.
05:51
This window allows some of the heat that goes up as infrared light
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ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื
05:56
to effectively escape, carrying away that pool's heat.
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ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ื•ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”.
06:00
And it can escape to a place that is much, much colder.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ.
06:05
The cold of this upper atmosphere
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ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
06:07
and all the way out to outer space,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
06:09
which can be as cold as minus 270 degrees Celsius,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจ ืขื“ ืžื™ื ื•ืก 270 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
06:13
or minus 454 degrees Fahrenheit.
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06:17
So that pool of water is able to send out more heat to the sky
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
06:20
than the sky sends back to it.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:22
And because of that,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”,
06:23
the pool will cool down below its surroundings' temperature.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืชืชืงืจืจ ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
06:28
This is an effect known as night-sky cooling
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ื–ื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื™-ืœื™ืœื”
06:31
or radiative cooling.
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ืื• ืงื™ืจื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื ื”.
06:33
And it's always been understood by climate scientists and meteorologists
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืื™ื
06:36
as a very important natural phenomenon.
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
06:40
When I came across all of this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
06:42
it was towards the end of my PhD at Stanford.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
06:45
And I was amazed by its apparent simplicity as a cooling method,
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ื•ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืžื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
06:49
yet really puzzled.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื‘ื•ืš.
06:51
Why aren't we making use of this?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื”?
06:54
Now, scientists and engineers had investigated this idea
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืชืขืžืงื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
06:57
in previous decades.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
06:58
But there turned out to be at least one big problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
07:02
It was called night-sky cooling for a reason.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื™-ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:06
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
07:07
Well, it's a little thing called the sun.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:10
So, for the surface that's doing the cooling,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
07:12
it needs to be able to face the sky.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื.
07:14
And during the middle of the day,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:16
when we might want something cold the most,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจ,
07:19
unfortunately, that means you're going to look up to the sun.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืฉืžืฉ.
07:22
And the sun heats most materials up
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
07:24
enough to completely counteract this cooling effect.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
07:28
My colleagues and I spend a lot of our time
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
07:30
thinking about how we can structure materials
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
07:32
at very small length scales
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
07:34
such that they can do new and useful things with light --
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื•ืจ --
07:37
length scales smaller than the wavelength of light itself.
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ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืื•ืจืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
07:40
Using insights from this field,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื
07:41
known as nanophotonics or metamaterials research,
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ื ื•-ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
07:45
we realized that there might be a way to make this possible during the day
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื
07:48
for the first time.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
07:49
To do this, I designed a multilayer optical material
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช, ืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™
07:52
shown here in a microscope image.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
07:54
It's more than 40 times thinner than a typical human hair.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™-40 ืžืฉื™ืขืจ ืื“ื.
07:58
And it's able to do two things simultaneously.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
08:01
First, it sends its heat out
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
08:03
precisely where our atmosphere lets that heat out the best.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:06
We targeted the window to space.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœ.
08:09
The second thing it does is it avoids getting heated up by the sun.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ.
08:12
It's a very good mirror to sunlight.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจืื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ.
08:16
The first time I tested this was on a rooftop in Stanford
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
08:19
that I'm showing you right here.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ.
08:21
I left the device out for a little while,
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ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
08:23
and I walked up to it after a few minutes,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืืœื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช,
08:26
and within seconds, I knew it was working.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
08:29
How?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“?
08:30
I touched it, and it felt cold.
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ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจ.
08:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:38
Just to emphasize how weird and counterintuitive this is:
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”:
08:42
this material and others like it
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื•
08:44
will get colder when we take them out of the shade,
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ื™ืชืงืจืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืžื—ืกื”,
08:47
even though the sun is shining on it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:49
I'm showing you data here from our very first experiment,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:52
where that material stayed more than five degrees Celsius,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
08:55
or nine degrees Fahrenheit, colder than the air temperature,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
08:58
even though the sun was shining directly on it.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ืจื—ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
09:02
The manufacturing method we used to actually make this material
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื”
09:06
already exists at large volume scales.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
09:08
So I was really excited,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™,
09:10
because not only do we make something cool,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
09:13
but we might actually have the opportunity to do something real and make it useful.
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ืืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
09:19
That brings me to the next big question.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
09:21
How do you actually save energy with this idea?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
09:23
Well, we believe the most direct way to save energy with this technology
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
09:27
is as an efficiency boost
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ-ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
09:29
for today's air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
09:32
To do this, we've built fluid cooling panels,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื•ื–ืœ,
09:34
like the ones shown right here.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
09:36
These panels have a similar shape to solar water heaters,
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ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื—ืžืžื™ ืžื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
09:39
except they do the opposite -- they cool the water, passively,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš - ื”ื ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™,
09:41
using our specialized material.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:44
These panels can then be integrated with a component
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืขื ืจื›ื™ื‘
09:47
almost every cooling system has, called a condenser,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื ืงืจื ืžืขื‘ื”,
09:49
to improve the system's underlying efficiency.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
09:53
Our start-up, SkyCool Systems,
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ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ืฉืœื ื•, SkyCool Systems,
09:55
has recently completed a field trial in Davis, California, shown right here.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ.
09:59
In that demonstration,
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ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
10:00
we showed that we could actually improve the efficiency
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ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
10:03
of that cooling system as much as 12 percent in the field.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ 12 ืื—ื•ื–.
10:07
Over the next year or two,
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ื‘ืฉื ื”-ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:08
I'm super excited to see this go to its first commercial-scale pilots
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื
10:12
in both the air conditioning and refrigeration space.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ืื—ื“.
10:16
In the future, we might be able to integrate these kinds of panels
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
10:19
with higher efficiency building cooling systems
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ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
10:23
to reduce their energy usage by two-thirds.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื.
10:26
And eventually, we might actually be able to build a cooling system
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
10:29
that requires no electricity input at all.
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื–ืงืงืช ื›ืœืœ ืœืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:32
As a first step towards that,
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ื›ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:34
my colleagues at Stanford and I
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืื ื™
10:36
have shown that you could actually maintain
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ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
10:38
something more than 42 degrees Celsius below the air temperature
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-42 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื•ื™ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
10:43
with better engineering.
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ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ.
10:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:51
So just imagine that --
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ืจืง ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• -
10:52
something that is below freezing on a hot summer's day.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื.
10:57
So, while I'm very excited about all we can do for cooling,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
11:02
and I think there's a lot yet to be done,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
11:05
as a scientist, I'm also drawn to a more profound opportunity
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:09
that I believe this work highlights.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื”.
11:11
We can use the cold darkness of space
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืœื” ื”ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
11:14
to improve the efficiency
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ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
11:16
of every energy-related process here on earth.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
11:21
One such process I'd like to highlight are solar cells.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
11:24
They heat up under the sun
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ
11:26
and become less efficient the hotter they are.
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ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื.
11:29
In 2015, we showed that with deliberate kinds of microstructures
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ื‘-2015, ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
11:33
on top of a solar cell,
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื ืกื•ืœืจื™,
11:34
we could take better advantage of this cooling effect
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:37
to maintain a solar cell passively at a lower temperature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:41
This allows the cell to operate more efficiently.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
11:44
We're probing these kinds of opportunities further.
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
11:47
We're asking whether we can use the cold of space
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ
11:50
to help us with water conservation.
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ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื,
11:53
Or perhaps with off-grid scenarios.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฆืœื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
11:55
Perhaps we could even directly generate power with this cold.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
12:00
There's a large temperature difference between us here on earth
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
12:03
and the cold of space.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืงืจ.
12:05
That difference, at least conceptually,
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ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
12:07
could be used to drive something called a heat engine
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื•ื
12:09
to generate electricity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
12:11
Could we then make a nighttime power-generation device
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื– ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
12:15
that generates useful amounts of electricity
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
12:18
when solar cells don't work?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื?
12:19
Could we generate light from darkness?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฉืš?
12:23
Central to this ability is being able to manage
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ืชื ืื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
12:28
the thermal radiation that's all around us.
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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ืฉืื•ืคืคืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
12:31
We're constantly bathed in infrared light;
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ืื ื• ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื;
12:34
if we could bend it to our will,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ื•,
12:37
we could profoundly change the flows of heat and energy
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืช ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:39
that permeate around us every single day.
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ืฉืžืคืขืคืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
12:43
This ability, coupled with the cold darkness of space,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•, ืขื ื”ืืคื™ืœื” ื”ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
12:46
points us to a future where we, as a civilization,
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
12:49
might be able to more intelligently manage our thermal energy footprint
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:55
at the very largest scales.
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
12:57
As we confront climate change,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
13:00
I believe having this ability in our toolkit
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:02
will prove to be essential.
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ืชื•ื›ื— ื›ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
13:05
So, the next time you're walking around outside,
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ืื–, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
13:08
yes, do marvel at how the sun is essential to life on earth itself,
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ืื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:15
but don't forget that the rest of the sky has something to offer us as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื’ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื ื•.
13:20
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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