How we can turn the cold of outer space into a renewable resource | Aaswath Raman

506,265 views

2018-06-22 ใƒป TED


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How we can turn the cold of outer space into a renewable resource | Aaswath Raman

506,265 views ใƒป 2018-06-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyewon Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:13
Every summer when I was growing up,
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ๋งค๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋งˆ๋‹ค
00:15
I would fly from my home in Canada to visit my grandparents,
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ๋ตˆ๋Ÿฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ
์ธ๋„ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์— ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
who lived in Mumbai, India.
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00:21
Now, Canadian summers are pretty mild at best --
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚ฎ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋”์›Œ ๋ดค์ž
00:24
about 22 degrees Celsius or 72 degrees Fahrenheit
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์•ฝ ์„ญ์”จ 22๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”์”จ 72๋„์ธ
00:28
is a typical summer's day, and not too hot.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋‚ ์”จ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํŽธ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
Mumbai, on the other hand, is a hot and humid place
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ๋‹ค์Šตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
00:34
well into the 30s Celsius or 90s Fahrenheit.
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์„ญ์”จ๋กœ๋Š” 30๋„, ํ™”์”จ๋กœ๋Š” 90๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
As soon as I'd reach it, I'd ask,
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์ „ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ง€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
"How could anyone live, work or sleep in such weather?"
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โ€œ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋จน๊ณ , ์ž๊ณ , ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”?โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
00:45
To make things worse, my grandparents didn't have an air conditioner.
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๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์ง‘์—๋Š” ์—์–ด์ปจ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
And while I tried my very, very best,
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์ „ ๋Š˜ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ์กฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
00:52
I was never able to persuade them to get one.
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์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ์‚ฌ์ž๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Š˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
But this is changing, and fast.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Cooling systems today collectively account for 17 percent
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ์— ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์ด
์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์˜ 17%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
of the electricity we use worldwide.
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01:06
This includes everything from the air conditioners
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์ด ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๋Š”
์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด
01:09
I so desperately wanted during my summer vacations,
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01:11
to the refrigeration systems that keep our food safe and cold for us
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๋งˆํŠธ์—์„œ ์žฅ ๋ณธ ์Œ์‹์„
์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด์ค„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์™€
01:15
in our supermarkets,
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01:16
to the industrial scale systems that keep our data centers operational.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Collectively, these systems account for eight percent
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์€
์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์˜ 8%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
of global greenhouse gas emissions.
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01:27
But what keeps me up at night
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์„ ์„ค์น˜๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
01:29
is that our energy use for cooling might grow sixfold by the year 2050,
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2050๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฌด๋ ค 6๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋›ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:34
primarily driven by increasing usage in Asian and African countries.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
I've seen this firsthand.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Nearly every apartment in and around my grandmother's place
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—
01:44
now has an air conditioner.
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์—์–ด์ปจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
And that is, emphatically, a good thing
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๋”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ ์—์„œ
01:49
for the health, well-being and productivity
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01:52
of people living in warmer climates.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜๋œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
However, one of the most alarming things about climate change
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
is that the warmer our planet gets,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์ ์  ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
02:02
the more we're going to need cooling systems --
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:04
systems that are themselves large emitters of greenhouse gas emissions.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ธ ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
This then has the potential to cause a feedback loop,
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์ด๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
where cooling systems alone
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์ฆ‰, ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
02:14
could become one of our biggest sources of greenhouse gases
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:17
later this century.
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02:18
In the worst case,
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
02:19
we might need more than 10 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity every year,
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2100๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋งŒ
๋งค๋…„ 10์กฐ kWh ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
just for cooling, by the year 2100.
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02:26
That's half our electricity supply today.
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์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Just for cooling.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
02:32
But this also point us to an amazing opportunity.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
A 10 or 20 percent improvement in the efficiency of every cooling system
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ 10%๋‚˜ 20%๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด๋„
02:42
could actually have an enormous impact on our greenhouse gas emissions,
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์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
both today and later this century.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
And it could help us avert that worst-case feedback loop.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ์•…์ˆœํ™˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
I'm a scientist who thinks a lot about light and heat.
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์ €๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
In particular, how new materials allow us to alter the flow
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
of these basic elements of nature
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03:04
in ways we might have once thought impossible.
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
03:07
So, while I always understood the value of cooling
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์— ๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ•™ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜
03:09
during my summer vacations,
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
03:11
I actually wound up working on this problem
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์• ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:14
because of an intellectual puzzle that I came across about six years ago.
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6๋…„ ์ „์— ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ง€์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
How were ancient peoples able to make ice in desert climates?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์–ผ์Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:25
This is a picture of an ice house,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์•ผํฌ์ฐฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์–ผ์Œ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ๋กœ
03:28
also called a Yakhchal, located in the southwest of Iran.
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์ด๋ž€ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
There are ruins of dozens of such structures throughout Iran,
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์ด๋ž€ ์ „์—ญ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋„๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:36
with evidence of similar such buildings throughout the rest of the Middle East
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ค‘๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:40
and all the way to China.
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๊ทธ ํ”์ ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
The people who operated this ice house many centuries ago,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋…„์ „ ์ด ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
03:45
would pour water in the pool you see on the left
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์งˆ ๋•Œ์ฏค์˜ ์ดˆ์ €๋…์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์›…๋ฉ์ด์—
03:47
in the early evening hours, as the sun set.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ“๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
And then something amazing happened.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
03:53
Even though the air temperature might be above freezing,
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์–ด๋Š”์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€
03:56
say five degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit,
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์„ญ์”จ 5๋„๋‚˜ ํ™”์”จ 41๋„์ธ๋ฐ๋„
03:59
the water would freeze.
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๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
The ice generated would then be collected in the early morning hours
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์–ผ์Œ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋˜๊ณ 
04:06
and stored for use in the building you see on the right,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
all the way through the summer months.
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:12
You've actually likely seen something very similar at play
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
if you've ever noticed frost form on the ground on a clear night,
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๋ง‘์€ ๋ฐค์— ๋•… ์œ„์— ์„œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:18
even when the air temperature is well above freezing.
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์–ด๋Š”์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:21
But wait.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋˜์งš์–ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:22
How did the water freeze if the air temperature is above freezing?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์–ด๋Š”์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:26
Evaporation could have played an effect,
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์ฆ๋ฐœ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:28
but that's not enough to actually cause the water to become ice.
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๋ฌผ์ด ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Something else must have cooled it down.
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์ฆ๋ฐœ ์™ธ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Think about a pie cooling on a window sill.
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์ฐฝ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:37
For it to be able to cool down, its heat needs to flow somewhere cooler.
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ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ํŒŒ์ด์˜ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Namely, the air that surrounds it.
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์ฆ‰, ํŒŒ์ด ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:44
As implausible as it may sound,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:46
for that pool of water, its heat is actually flowing to the cold of space.
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์ด ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
How is this possible?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:56
Well, that pool of water, like most natural materials,
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์ด ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์›๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:00
sends out its heat as light.
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๋น›์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์—ด์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
This is a concept known as thermal radiation.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ์•„๋Š” ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
In fact, we're all sending out our heat as infrared light right now,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ ์™ธ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—ด์„
05:10
to each other and our surroundings.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
We can actually visualize this with thermal cameras
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์—ดํ™”์ƒ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:15
and the images they produce, like the ones I'm showing you right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ์—ด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So that pool of water is sending out its heat
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด์€
05:21
upward towards the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
The atmosphere and the molecules in it
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์† ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด
05:25
absorb some of that heat and send it back.
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์ด ์—ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
That's actually the greenhouse effect that's responsible for climate change.
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์ด ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ธ ์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
But here's the critical thing to understand.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Our atmosphere doesn't absorb all of that heat.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ์—ด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
If it did, we'd be on a much warmer planet.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
At certain wavelengths,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํŒŒ์žฅ์ผ ๋•Œ
05:43
in particular between eight and 13 microns,
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ํŠนํžˆ 8์—์„œ 13 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์—์„œ
05:46
our atmosphere has what's known as a transmission window.
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'๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ฐฝ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
This window allows some of the heat that goes up as infrared light
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์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ฐฝ์€ ์ ์™ธ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
05:56
to effectively escape, carrying away that pool's heat.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด์˜ ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
And it can escape to a place that is much, much colder.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด ์—ด์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
06:05
The cold of this upper atmosphere
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๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์—์„œ
06:07
and all the way out to outer space,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
which can be as cold as minus 270 degrees Celsius,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ–์€ ์„ญ์”จ ์˜ํ•˜ 270๋„
06:13
or minus 454 degrees Fahrenheit.
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ํ™”์”จ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ํ•˜ 454๋„๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
So that pool of water is able to send out more heat to the sky
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ด๋ณด๋‹ค
06:20
than the sky sends back to it.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
And because of that,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ
06:23
the pool will cool down below its surroundings' temperature.
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๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์œ„ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
This is an effect known as night-sky cooling
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
or radiative cooling.
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๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:33
And it's always been understood by climate scientists and meteorologists
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
06:36
as a very important natural phenomenon.
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๋Š˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
When I came across all of this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋•Œ๋Š”
06:42
it was towards the end of my PhD at Stanford.
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งˆ์น  ๋•Œ ์ฆˆ์Œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And I was amazed by its apparent simplicity as a cooling method,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
06:49
yet really puzzled.
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋ก  ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Why aren't we making use of this?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:54
Now, scientists and engineers had investigated this idea
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
์ด ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
in previous decades.
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06:58
But there turned out to be at least one big problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:02
It was called night-sky cooling for a reason.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
07:07
Well, it's a little thing called the sun.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋…€์„ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
So, for the surface that's doing the cooling,
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์ง€๋ฉด์„ ์‹ํžˆ๋ ค๋ฉด
07:12
it needs to be able to face the sky.
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์ง€๋ฉด์ด ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And during the middle of the day,
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์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ์‹ํ˜€์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚ฎ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์ธ๋ฐ
07:16
when we might want something cold the most,
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07:19
unfortunately, that means you're going to look up to the sun.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ด ๋–  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:22
And the sun heats most materials up
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜๊ณ 
07:24
enough to completely counteract this cooling effect.
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๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
My colleagues and I spend a lot of our time
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
07:30
thinking about how we can structure materials
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
at very small length scales
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07:34
such that they can do new and useful things with light --
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๋น›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ณ 
07:37
length scales smaller than the wavelength of light itself.
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๋น›์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์งง์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
Using insights from this field,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์†Œ์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
07:41
known as nanophotonics or metamaterials research,
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07:45
we realized that there might be a way to make this possible during the day
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๋‚ฎ์— ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
07:48
for the first time.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
To do this, I designed a multilayer optical material
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
shown here in a microscope image.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
07:54
It's more than 40 times thinner than a typical human hair.
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๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๋ณด๋‹ค 40๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„๋กœ ์–‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
And it's able to do two things simultaneously.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:01
First, it sends its heat out
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๋จผ์ €, ์ด ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
precisely where our atmosphere lets that heat out the best.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ด์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
08:06
We targeted the window to space.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ฐฝ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
The second thing it does is it avoids getting heated up by the sun.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ํƒœ์–‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
It's a very good mirror to sunlight.
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์ด๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:16
The first time I tested this was on a rooftop in Stanford
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์€ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์˜ฅ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
that I'm showing you right here.
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๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
08:21
I left the device out for a little while,
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์ € ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ๋†“์•„๋‘๊ณ 
08:23
and I walked up to it after a few minutes,
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
and within seconds, I knew it was working.
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ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์–ด์š”.
08:29
How?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
08:30
I touched it, and it felt cold.
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์†์„ ๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
08:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:38
Just to emphasize how weird and counterintuitive this is:
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฉ๋“์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
08:42
this material and others like it
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์ด ์†Œ์žฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
08:44
will get colder when we take them out of the shade,
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๊ทธ๋Š˜์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด์˜ค๋ฉด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
even though the sun is shining on it.
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ์ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:49
I'm showing you data here from our very first experiment,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:52
where that material stayed more than five degrees Celsius,
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์„ญ์”จ 5๋„, ํ™”์”จ๋กœ๋Š” 9๋„ ์ด์ƒ์„
08:55
or nine degrees Fahrenheit, colder than the air temperature,
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์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
even though the sun was shining directly on it.
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์ง์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:02
The manufacturing method we used to actually make this material
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
09:06
already exists at large volume scales.
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So I was really excited,
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ปค์–ด์š”.
09:10
because not only do we make something cool,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:13
but we might actually have the opportunity to do something real and make it useful.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์šฉํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
That brings me to the next big question.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
How do you actually save energy with this idea?
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์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:23
Well, we believe the most direct way to save energy with this technology
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์ผ๋‹จ, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:27
is as an efficiency boost
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์—์–ด์ปจ๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
for today's air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
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09:32
To do this, we've built fluid cooling panels,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋™์„ฑ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํŒจ๋„์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
like the ones shown right here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
09:36
These panels have a similar shape to solar water heaters,
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์ด ํŒจ๋„๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
except they do the opposite -- they cool the water, passively,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
09:41
using our specialized material.
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09:44
These panels can then be integrated with a component
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋’ค, ์ด ํŒจ๋„๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด
09:47
almost every cooling system has, called a condenser,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฝ˜๋ด์„œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:49
to improve the system's underlying efficiency.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
Our start-up, SkyCool Systems,
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์‹ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ €ํฌ ์Šค์นด์ด์ฟจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
09:55
has recently completed a field trial in Davis, California, shown right here.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ์‹ค์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
In that demonstration,
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
10:00
we showed that we could actually improve the efficiency
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด
10:03
of that cooling system as much as 12 percent in the field.
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12%๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
Over the next year or two,
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๋‚ด๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ดํ›„๋…„์—
10:08
I'm super excited to see this go to its first commercial-scale pilots
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์ด ํŒจ๋„๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ
10:12
in both the air conditioning and refrigeration space.
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์ ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
In the future, we might be able to integrate these kinds of panels
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจ๋„๋“ค์„
10:19
with higher efficiency building cooling systems
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๋” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด
10:23
to reduce their energy usage by two-thirds.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๋กœ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
And eventually, we might actually be able to build a cooling system
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•„์š”์—†๋Š”
10:29
that requires no electricity input at all.
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
As a first step towards that,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์œผ๋กœ
10:34
my colleagues at Stanford and I
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
10:36
have shown that you could actually maintain
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๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ณตํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:38
something more than 42 degrees Celsius below the air temperature
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์„ญ์”จ 42๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:43
with better engineering.
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์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:51
So just imagine that --
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:52
something that is below freezing on a hot summer's day.
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๋ฌด๋”์šด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋‚ ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ์–ด๋Š”์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
10:57
So, while I'm very excited about all we can do for cooling,
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๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์‹ ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
11:02
and I think there's a lot yet to be done,
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์•„์ง ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:05
as a scientist, I'm also drawn to a more profound opportunity
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š”
11:09
that I believe this work highlights.
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์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
We can use the cold darkness of space
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์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
11:14
to improve the efficiency
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
of every energy-related process here on earth.
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11:21
One such process I'd like to highlight are solar cells.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ „์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
They heat up under the sun
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ „์ง€๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
11:26
and become less efficient the hotter they are.
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์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
In 2015, we showed that with deliberate kinds of microstructures
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2015๋…„์— ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์„
11:33
on top of a solar cell,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ „์ง€ํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:34
we could take better advantage of this cooling effect
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๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
11:37
to maintain a solar cell passively at a lower temperature.
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
This allows the cell to operate more efficiently.
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์ด ๋•๋ถ„์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:44
We're probing these kinds of opportunities further.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
We're asking whether we can use the cold of space
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
to help us with water conservation.
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์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ณด์กด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:53
Or perhaps with off-grid scenarios.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์—†์ด๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
11:55
Perhaps we could even directly generate power with this cold.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
There's a large temperature difference between us here on earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜
12:03
and the cold of space.
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์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
That difference, at least conceptually,
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๊ทธ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
12:07
could be used to drive something called a heat engine
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์ „๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์šฉ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
to generate electricity.
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12:11
Could we then make a nighttime power-generation device
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐค์—๋„
12:15
that generates useful amounts of electricity
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์“ธ๋งŒํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:18
when solar cells don't work?
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12:19
Could we generate light from darkness?
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์–ด๋‘ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋น›์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:23
Central to this ability is being able to manage
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์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
the thermal radiation that's all around us.
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12:31
We're constantly bathed in infrared light;
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ ์™ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์š•์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
if we could bend it to our will,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ ์™ธ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:37
we could profoundly change the flows of heat and energy
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๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„
12:39
that permeate around us every single day.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
This ability, coupled with the cold darkness of space,
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์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
12:46
points us to a future where we, as a civilization,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ
12:49
might be able to more intelligently manage our thermal energy footprint
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์—ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
at the very largest scales.
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12:57
As we confront climate change,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
13:00
I believe having this ability in our toolkit
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:02
will prove to be essential.
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ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
So, the next time you're walking around outside,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋Š”
13:08
yes, do marvel at how the sun is essential to life on earth itself,
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๋„ค, ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํƒ„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
13:15
but don't forget that the rest of the sky has something to offer us as well.
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘ ์™ธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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