Adam Davidson: What we learned from teetering on the fiscal cliff

37,448 views ใƒป 2012-12-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shani Alod ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
So a friend of mine who's a political scientist,
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:19
he told me several months ago
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ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
00:20
exactly what this month would be like.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
00:22
He said, you know, there's this fiscal cliff coming,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘
00:25
it's going to come at the beginning of 2013.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2013
00:29
Both parties absolutely need to resolve it,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•
00:32
but neither party wants to be seen as the first to resolve it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชืจ ืื•ืชื•.
00:34
Neither party has any incentive to solve it a second before it's due,
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:39
so he said, December, you're just going to see lots of
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:41
angry negotiations, negotiations breaking apart,
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ืžืฉืื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืคื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื
00:44
reports of phone calls that aren't going well,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉื•ืจื”
00:47
people saying nothing's happening at all,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืžืชืงื“ื
00:49
and then sometime around Christmas or New Year's,
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”,
00:52
we're going to hear, "Okay, they resolved everything."
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ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืคืชืจ"
00:54
He told me that a few months ago. He said he's 98 percent positive they're going to resolve it,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘-98% ืฉื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
00:59
and I got an email from him today saying, all right,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
01:02
we're basically on track, but now I'm 80 percent positive
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ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืจืง ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืจืง ื‘-80%
01:05
that they're going to resolve it.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
01:07
And it made me think. I love studying
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“
01:10
these moments in American history
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ืืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:12
when there was this frenzy of partisan anger,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช ื›ืขืก
01:16
that the economy was on the verge of total collapse.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
01:19
The most famous early battle was Alexander Hamilton
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
01:23
and Thomas Jefferson over what the dollar would be
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ื•ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ืจืื”
01:27
and how it would be backed up, with Alexander Hamilton
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
01:29
saying, "We need a central bank, the First Bank of the United States,
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ื˜ืขืŸ, "ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:32
or else the dollar will have no value.
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ืื—ืจืช ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขืจืš
01:34
This economy won't work,"
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“".
01:36
and Thomas Jefferson saying, "The people won't trust that.
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ื•ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ, "ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”"
01:38
They just fought off a king. They're not going to accept some central authority."
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ื”ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช".
01:42
This battle defined the first 150 years of the U.S. economy,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
01:47
and at every moment, different partisans saying,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
01:51
"Oh my God, the economy's about to collapse,"
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ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜
01:53
and the rest of us just going about, spending our bucks
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ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื›ืกืคื ื•
01:55
on whatever it is we wanted to buy.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช.
01:58
To give you a quick primer on where we are,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืคืชื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื
02:01
a quick refresher on where we are.
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ืจืขื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข
02:03
So the fiscal cliff, I was told
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™, ื ืืžืจ ืœื™
02:06
that that's too partisan a thing to say,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ืžื“ื™,
02:08
although I can't remember which party it's supporting or attacking.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืžืคืœื’ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
02:11
People say we should call it the fiscal slope,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™
02:14
or we should call it an austerity crisis,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื ืข
02:16
but then other people say, no, that's even more partisan.
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ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื•, ืœื ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™.
02:18
So I just call it the self-imposed, self-destructive
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืžื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืžื”ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™
02:21
arbitrary deadline about resolving an inevitable problem.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช
02:26
And this is what the inevitable problem looks like.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
02:29
So this is a projection of U.S. debt as a percentage
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ืื—ื•ื–
02:34
of our overall economy, of GDP.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ื›ื•ืœื•
02:36
The light blue dotted line represents
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
02:39
the Congressional Budget Office's best guess
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
02:42
of what will happen if Congress really doesn't do anything,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืžื”
02:46
and as you can see, sometime around 2027,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2027
02:49
we reach Greek levels of debt,
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
02:51
somewhere around 130 percent of GDP,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 130% ืžื”ืชืž"ื’
02:54
which tells you that some time in the next 20 years,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:58
if Congress does absolutely nothing,
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ื‘ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ
03:00
we're going to hit a moment where the world's investors,
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:04
the world's bond buyers, are going to say,
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ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืืžืจื•
03:05
"We don't trust America anymore. We're not going to lend them any money,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘. ืœื ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
03:08
except at really high interest rates."
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื".
03:10
And at that moment our economy collapses.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืงืจื•ืก.
03:13
But remember, Greece is there today.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:15
We're there in 20 years. We have lots and lots of time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 20 ืฉื ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ
03:19
to avoid that crisis,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:21
and the fiscal cliff was just one more attempt
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
03:25
at trying to force the two sides to resolve the crisis.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:28
Here's another way to look at exactly the same problem.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:32
The dark blue line is how much the government spends.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื”ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
03:35
The light blue line is how much the government gets in.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
03:38
And as you can see, for most of recent history,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœื-ืจื—ื•ืงื”,
03:41
except for a brief period, we have consistently spent
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ืœืžืขื˜ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืื ื•
03:44
more than we take in. Thus the national debt.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื•. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
03:48
But as you can also see, projected going forward,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“
03:51
the gap widens a bit and raises a bit,
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื˜
03:55
and this graph is only through 2021.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืจืง ืขื“ 2021
03:57
It gets really, really ugly out towards 2030.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืœืงืจืืช 2030.
04:00
And this graph sort of sums up what the problem is.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:04
The Democrats, they say, well, this isn't a big deal.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:07
We can just raise taxes a bit and close that gap,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—.
04:12
especially if we raise taxes on the rich.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
04:14
The Republicans say, hey, no, no, we've got a better idea.
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื™, ืœื, ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:16
Why don't we lower both lines?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื?
04:18
Why don't we lower government spending and lower government taxes,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื,
04:22
and then we'll be on an even more favorable
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ
04:25
long-term deficit trajectory?
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ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš?
04:28
And behind this powerful disagreement between
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ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื– ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ
04:32
how to close that gap,
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ืื™ืš ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ,
04:34
there's the worst kind of cynical party politics,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืฆื™ื ื™ืช,
04:37
the worst kind of insider baseball, lobbying, all of that stuff,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืœื•ื‘ื™, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:43
but there's also this powerfully interesting,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
04:47
respectful disagreement between
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ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:50
two fundamentally different economic philosophies.
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ืฉืชื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช.
04:53
And I like to think, when I picture how Republicans
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื
04:58
see the economy, what I picture is just some amazingly
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
05:03
well-engineered machine, some perfect machine.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
05:06
Unfortunately, I picture it made in Germany or Japan,
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื• ื™ืคืŸ.
05:11
but this amazing machine that's constantly scouring
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืžืฆื—ืฆื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
05:14
every bit of human endeavor and taking resources,
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžืืžืฅ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
05:19
money, labor, capital, machinery,
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ื›ืกืฃ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
05:21
away from the least productive parts and towards the more productive parts,
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ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
05:25
and while this might cause temporary dislocation,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
05:27
what it does is it builds up the more productive areas
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:30
and lets the less productive areas fade away and die,
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื•ืœื’ื•ื•ืข,
05:33
and as a result the whole system is so much more efficient,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
05:36
so much richer for everybody.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœื.
05:38
And this view generally believes that there is a role for government,
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“,
05:42
a small role, to set the rules so people aren't lying
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืงืจื•
05:45
and cheating and hurting each other,
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ื•ื™ืจืžื• ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืื—ืจ,
05:47
maybe, you know, have a police force and a fire department
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ืื•ืœื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืืฉ
05:50
and an army, but to have a very limited reach
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ื•ืฆื‘ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
05:53
into the mechanisms of this machinery.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:56
And when I picture how Democrats and Democratic-leaning
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื
06:01
economists picture this economy,
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ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
06:04
most Democratic economists are, you know, they're capitalists,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
06:06
they believe, yes, that's a good system a lot of the time.
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:09
It's good to let markets move resources to their more productive use.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:13
But that system has tons of problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:17
Wealth piles up in the wrong places.
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ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื ืขืจื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
06:19
Wealth is ripped away from people who shouldn't be called unproductive.
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ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืœ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื-ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
06:24
That's not going to create an equitable, fair society.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
06:26
That machine doesn't care about the environment,
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:29
about racism, about all these issues
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ืžื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:31
that make this life worse for all of us,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
06:34
and so the government does have a role to take resources
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
06:37
from more productive uses, or from richer sources,
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ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:41
and give them to other sources.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:43
And when you think about the economy through these two different lenses,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:48
you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve,
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:52
because the worse the crisis gets, the higher the stakes are,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:56
the more each side thinks they know the answer
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
06:59
and the other side is just going to ruin everything.
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ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
07:02
And I can get really despairing. I've spent a lot
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ. ื”ืฉืงืขืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
07:06
of the last few years really depressed about this,
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ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
07:09
until this year, I learned something that
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
07:12
I felt really excited about. I feel like it's really good news,
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื•. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
07:15
and it's so shocking, I don't like saying it, because I think
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
07:18
people won't believe me.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™.
07:20
But here's what I learned.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™.
07:21
The American people, taken as a whole,
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ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื›ื›ืœืœ,
07:23
when it comes to these issues, to fiscal issues,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
07:26
are moderate, pragmatic centrists.
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจืžื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
07:30
And I know that's hard to believe, that the American people
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”, ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
07:32
are moderate, pragmatic centrists.
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
07:34
But let me explain what I'm thinking.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
07:36
When you look at how the federal government spends money,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื”,
07:40
so this is the battle right here,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ,
07:42
55 percent, more than half, is on Social Security,
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55% , ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™,
07:45
Medicare, Medicaid, a few other health programs,
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
07:47
20 percent defense, 19 percent discretionary,
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20% ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 19% ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช,
07:50
and six percent interest.
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ื•- 6% ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.
07:52
So when we're talking about cutting government spending,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
07:57
this is the pie we're talking about,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:59
and Americans overwhelmingly, and it doesn't matter
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ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”
08:03
what party they're in, overwhelmingly like
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
08:06
that big 55 percent chunk.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ 55%.
08:09
They like Social Security. They like Medicare.
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
08:11
They even like Medicaid, even though that goes to the poor and indigent,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื ื™ ื•ืœื“ืœ,
08:14
which you might think would have less support.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
08:17
And they do not want it fundamentally touched,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช,
08:20
although the American people are remarkably comfortable,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
08:25
and Democrats roughly equal to Republicans,
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ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื,
08:28
with some minor tweaks to make the system more stable.
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
08:32
Social Security is fairly easy to fix.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืชืงืŸ.
08:35
The rumors of its demise are always greatly exaggerated.
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
08:39
So gradually raise Social Security retirement age,
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ืื– ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
08:41
maybe only on people not yet born.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
08:44
Americans are about 50/50,
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 50 / 50
08:46
whether they're Democrats or Republicans.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
08:48
Reduce Medicare for very wealthy seniors,
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ืชืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ,
08:50
seniors who make a lot of money. Don't even eliminate it. Just reduce it.
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ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ. ืืœ ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืจืง ืชืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื–ื”.
08:54
People generally are comfortable with it, Democrats and Republicans.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ื— ืขื ื–ื”, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
08:59
Raise medical health care contributions?
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ืชืขืœื• ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™?
09:01
Everyone hates that equally, but Republicans
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ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื
09:03
and Democrats hate that together.
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ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
09:06
And so what this tells me is, when you look at
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช
09:09
the discussion of how to resolve our fiscal problems,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช,
09:13
we are not a nation that's powerfully divided on the major, major issue.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:20
We're comfortable with it needing some tweaks, but we want to keep it.
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ื ื•ื— ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
09:24
We're not open to a discussion of eliminating it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
09:26
Now there is one issue that is hyper-partisan,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™-ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
09:31
and where there is one party that is just spend, spend, spend,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืจืง ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–, ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–, ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–
09:34
we don't care, spend some more,
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ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื•, ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ืขื•ื“,
09:36
and that of course is Republicans
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ื•ืืœื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื
09:38
when it comes to military defense spending.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื.
09:40
They way outweigh Democrats.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื.
09:43
The vast majority want to protect military defense spending.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื.
09:47
That's 20 percent of the budget,
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ืฉื–ื” 20% ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
09:50
and that presents a more difficult issue.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:53
I should also note that the [discretionary] spending,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช [ื”ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช]
09:56
which is about 19 percent of the budget,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 19% ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
09:58
that is Democratic and Republican issues,
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ืืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
10:01
so you do have welfare, food stamps, other programs
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืชืœื•ืฉื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
10:03
that tend to be popular among Democrats,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื,
10:05
but you also have the farm bill and all sorts of Department of Interior
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื
10:08
inducements for oil drilling and other things,
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ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืคื˜ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:11
which tend to be popular among Republicans.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
10:15
Now when it comes to taxes, there is more disagreement.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืกื™ื, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช.
10:18
That's a more partisan area.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™.
10:20
You have Democrats overwhelmingly supportive
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช
10:23
of raising the income tax on people who make 250,000 dollars a year,
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ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื 250,000$ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
10:27
Republicans sort of against it, although if you break it out by income,
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
10:32
Republicans who make less than 75,000 dollars a year like this idea.
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-75,000$ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:37
So basically Republicans who make more than 250,000 dollars a year don't want to be taxed.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-250,000$ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ืกื™ื.
10:42
Raising taxes on investment income, you also see
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช
10:45
about two thirds of Democrats but only one third of Republicans
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืืš ืจืง ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื
10:48
are comfortable with that idea.
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ื ื•ื— ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:51
This brings up a really important point, which is that
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื
10:54
we tend in this country to talk about Democrats
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื
10:57
and Republicans and think there's this little group
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ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
10:59
over there called independents that's, what, two percent?
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื ื ื™ื— 2% ?
11:01
If you add Democrats, you add Republicans,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื
11:03
you've got the American people.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
11:05
But that is not the case at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
11:08
And it has not been the case for most of modern American history.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
11:13
Roughly a third of Americans say that they are Democrats.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื.
11:17
Around a quarter say that they are Republicans.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
11:20
A tiny little sliver call themselves libertarians, or socialists,
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ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:24
or some other small third party,
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ืื• ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
11:27
and the largest block, 40 percent, say they're independents.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, 40%, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื.
11:32
So most Americans are not partisan,
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ืื– ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื™ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช,
11:35
and most of the people in the independent camp
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™
11:37
fall somewhere in between, so even though we have
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ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
11:41
tremendous overlap between the views on these fiscal issues
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ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช
11:44
of Democrats and Republicans,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื,
11:47
we have even more overlap when you add in the independents.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื
11:50
Now we get to fight about all sorts of other issues.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:54
We get to hate each other on gun control
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ืฉืง
11:56
and abortion and the environment,
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ื•ื”ืคืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
11:58
but on these fiscal issues, these important fiscal issues,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:01
we just are not anywhere nearly as divided as people say.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
12:05
And in fact, there's this other group of people
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:07
who are not as divided as people might think,
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
12:10
and that group is economists.
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
12:12
I talk to a lot of economists, and back in the '70s
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
12:17
and '80s it was ugly being an economist.
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ื•ื”-80 ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ.
12:21
You were in what they called the saltwater camp,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• "ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื-ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื",
12:24
meaning Harvard, Princeton, MIT, Stanford, Berkeley,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, MIT, ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“, ื‘ืจืงืœื™,
12:28
or you were in the freshwater camp, University of Chicago,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘"ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื-ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื", ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
12:31
University of Rochester.
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ.
12:33
You were a free market capitalist economist
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™
12:36
or you were a Keynesian liberal economist,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™-ืงื™ื ืกื™ืื ื™,
12:38
and these people didn't go to each other's weddings,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:40
they snubbed each other at conferences.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื.
12:42
It's still ugly to this day, but in my experience,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™,
12:45
it is really, really hard to find an economist under 40
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ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 40
12:49
who still has that kind of way of seeing the world.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•.
12:53
The vast majority of economists -- it is so uncool
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
12:56
to call yourself an ideologue of either camp.
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžืš ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:58
The phrase that you want, if you're a graduate student
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืžืฅ, ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
13:01
or a postdoc or you're a professor,
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ืื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ,
13:03
a 38-year-old economics professor, is, "I'm an empiricist.
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ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืŸ 38, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืื ื™ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืฆื™ืกื˜.
13:06
I go by the data."
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื".
13:08
And the data is very clear.
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ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
13:10
None of these major theories have been completely successful.
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
13:14
The 20th century, the last hundred years,
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ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:16
is riddled with disastrous examples
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ืฉื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช
13:19
of times that one school or the other tried to explain
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ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
13:23
the past or predict the future
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ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
13:25
and just did an awful, awful job,
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“,
13:27
so the economics profession has acquired some degree of modesty.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืกื™ื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช.
13:32
They still are an awfully arrogant group of people, I will assure you,
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื,
13:36
but they're now arrogant about their impartiality,
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ืืš ื”ื ื›ืขืช ื™ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ืกืจื™-ืคื ื™ื•ืช,
13:38
and they, too, see a tremendous range of potential outcomes.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
13:45
And this nonpartisanship is something that exists,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื,
13:50
that has existed in secret
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™
13:52
in America for years and years and years.
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
13:54
I've spent a lot of the fall talking to the three major
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืกืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
13:58
organizations that survey American political attitudes:
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”:
14:02
Pew Research,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื™ื• (Pew Research),
14:03
the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
14:07
and the most important but the least known
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ
14:10
is the American National Election Studies group
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ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
14:13
that is the world's longest, most respected poll of political attitudes.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
14:17
They've been doing it since 1948,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืื– 1948,
14:19
and what they show consistently throughout
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš
14:23
is that it's almost impossible to find Americans
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
14:27
who are consistent ideologically,
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื,
14:30
who consistently support, "No we mustn't tax,
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” "ืœื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื,
14:34
and we must limit the size of government,"
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”",
14:37
or, "No, we must encourage government to play a larger role
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ืื• "ืœื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:40
in redistribution and correcting the ills of capitalism."
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ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื."
14:44
Those groups are very, very small.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
14:46
The vast majority of people, they pick and choose,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:49
they see compromise and they change over time
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:52
when they hear a better argument or a worse argument.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:54
And that part of it has not changed.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
14:58
What has changed is how people respond to vague questions.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช.
15:02
If you ask people vague questions, like,
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ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื•
15:04
"Do you think there should be more government or less government?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?"
15:07
"Do you think government should" โ€” especially if you use loaded language --
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”" -- ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช --
15:11
"Do you think the government should provide handouts?"
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"ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื—ืœืง ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช?"
15:14
Or, "Do you think the government should redistribute?"
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ืื•, "ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ?"
15:16
Then you can see radical partisan change.
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช.
15:18
But when you get specific, when you actually ask
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
15:21
about the actual taxing and spending issues under consideration,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง,
15:25
people are remarkably centrist,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื–,
15:28
they're remarkably open to compromise.
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ื”ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืฉืจื•ืช.
15:31
So what we have, then, when you think about the fiscal cliff,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™,
15:34
don't think of it as the American people fundamentally
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ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
15:39
can't stand each other on these issues
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
15:41
and that we must be ripped apart
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ื•ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื
15:43
into two separate warring nations.
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ืœืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
15:45
Think of it as a tiny, tiny number of ancient economists
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื–ืขืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
15:51
and misrepresentative ideologues have captured the process.
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ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืฉืชืคืกื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
15:55
And they've captured the process through familiar ways,
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ื•ื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
15:57
through a primary system which encourages
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ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช
16:00
that small group of people's voices,
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ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:03
because that small group of people,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:05
the people who answer all yeses or all noes
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘"ื›ืŸ" ืื• ื‘"ืœื"
16:08
on those ideological questions,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
16:10
they might be small but every one of them has a blog,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื’,
16:13
every one of them has been on Fox or MSNBC in the last week.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืงืก (Fox) ืื• MSNBC ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
16:16
Every one of them becomes a louder and louder voice,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงื•ืœ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:20
but they don't represent us.
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ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
16:22
They don't represent what our views are.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:25
And that gets me back to the dollar,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื“ื•ืœืจ,
16:27
and it gets me back to reminding myself that
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™
16:30
we know this experience.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
16:32
We know what it's like
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ
16:34
to have these people on TV, in Congress,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
16:39
yelling about how the end of the world is coming
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ืฉืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชืงืจื‘
16:42
if we don't adopt their view completely,
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ืื ืœื ื ืืžืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื,
16:45
because it's happened about the dollar
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ
16:47
ever since there's been a dollar.
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืงื™ื™ื.
16:49
We had the battle between Jefferson and Hamilton.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
16:53
In 1913, we had this ugly battle over the Federal Reserve,
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ื‘-1913 ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
16:57
when it was created, with vicious, angry arguments
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ืขื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื
17:01
over how it would be constituted,
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
17:03
and a general agreement that the way it was constituted
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ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ
17:05
was the worst possible compromise,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:08
a compromise guaranteed to destroy this valuable thing,
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ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
17:11
this dollar, but then everyone agreeing, okay,
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื‘ืกื“ืจ,
17:14
so long as we're on the gold standard, it should be okay.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
17:16
The Fed can't mess it up so badly.
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš.
17:18
But then we got off the gold standard for individuals
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
17:22
during the Depression and we got off the gold standard
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
17:25
as a source of international currency coordination
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืขืจื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
17:29
during Richard Nixon's presidency.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ.
17:31
Each of those times, we were on the verge of complete collapse.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
17:35
And nothing happened at all.
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ื•ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืงืจื”.
17:37
Throughout it all, the dollar has been
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื ื•ืชืจ
17:39
one of the most long-standing,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื,
17:41
stable, reasonable currencies,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื,
17:44
and we all use it every single day,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื,
17:46
no matter what the people screaming about tell us,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื,
17:49
no matter how scared we're supposed to be.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
17:52
And this long-term fiscal picture that we're in right now,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืขืช,
17:56
I think what is most maddening about it is,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
18:00
if Congress were simply able
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ืœื• ืจืง ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜
18:04
to show not that they agree with each other,
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•, ืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
18:06
not that they're able to come up with the best possible compromise,
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ืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืฉืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ,
18:09
but that they are able to just begin the process
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
18:12
towards compromise, we all instantly are better off.
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืฉืจื”, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:17
The fear is that the world is watching.
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื•.
18:21
The fear is that the longer we delay any solution,
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
18:24
the more the world will look to the U.S.
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ื›ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
18:26
not as the bedrock of stability in the global economy,
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ืœื ื›ืกืœืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
18:30
but as a place that can't resolve its own fights,
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ืืœื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•,
18:33
and the longer we put that off, the more we make the world nervous,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฅ,
18:37
the higher interest rates are going to be,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืœื•,
18:39
the quicker we're going to have to face a day
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ื›ืš ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:42
of horrible calamity.
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ืขื ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื•ืŸ.
18:44
And so just the act of compromise itself,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•,
18:47
and sustained, real compromise,
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ื•ืฉืชื”ื ื–ื• ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
18:49
would give us even more time,
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ืชืงื ื” ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
18:51
would allow both sides even longer to spread out the pain
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ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘
18:54
and reach even more compromise down the road.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
18:57
So I'm in the media. I feel like my job to make this happen
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื”
19:00
is to help foster the things that seem to lead to compromise,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืคืฉืจื”
19:04
to not talk about this in those vague and scary terms
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ื•ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื
19:08
that do polarize us,
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
19:10
but to just talk about it like what it is,
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื”,
19:12
not an existential crisis,
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ืœื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื™,
19:14
not some battle between two fundamentally different religious views,
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ืœื ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ,
19:19
but a math problem, a really solvable math problem,
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
19:22
one where we're not all going to get what we want
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื”
19:24
and one where, you know, there's going to be a little pain to spread around.
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ื•ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื–ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื›ืื‘.
19:28
But the more we address it as a practical concern,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช,
19:31
the sooner we can resolve it,
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ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:33
and the more time we have to resolve it, paradoxically.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™.
19:36
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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