Mariana Mazzucato: Government -- investor, risk-taker, innovator

204,914 views ใƒป 2013-10-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Amos Marom ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Have you ever asked yourselves why it is that
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ื”ืื ืฉืืœืชื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ืข
00:15
companies, the really cool companies,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
00:17
the innovative ones, the creative,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฆืจืชื™ื•ืช,
00:18
new economy-type companies --
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” -
00:20
Apple, Google, Facebook --
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ืืคืœ, ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง -
00:23
are coming out of one particular country,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
00:26
the United States of America?
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”?
00:28
Usually when I say this, someone says, "Spotify!
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ, Spotify !
00:30
That's Europe." But, yeah.
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ื–ื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ืŸ ืื‘ืœ.
00:31
It has not had the impact that these other companies have had.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”.
00:35
Now what I do is I'm an economist,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช,
00:37
and I actually study the relationship
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
00:38
between innovation and economic growth
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:40
at the level of the company, the industry and the nation,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืžื”,
00:43
and I work with policymakers worldwide,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:45
especially in the European Commission,
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช,
00:47
but recently also in interesting places like China,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ,
00:50
and I can tell you that that question
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืฉืืœื”
00:52
is on the tip of all of their tongues:
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื:
00:55
Where are the European Googles?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื?
00:57
What is the secret behind the Silicon Valley growth model,
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ืžืื—ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
01:01
which they understand is different
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ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”
01:03
from this old economy growth model?
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ืžืžื•ื“ืœื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”?
01:06
And what is interesting is that often,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:08
even if we're in the 21st century,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
01:10
we kind of come down in the end to these ideas
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:12
of market versus state.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
01:14
It's talked about in these modern ways,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
but the idea is that somehow, behind places like Silicon Valley,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
01:20
the secret have been different types of market-making mechanisms,
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช-ืฉื•ืง,
01:24
the private initiative, whether this be about
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ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืื ื–ื• ืชื”ื
01:27
a dynamic venture capital sector
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ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™
01:29
that's actually able to provide that high-risk finance
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:32
to these innovative companies,
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ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
01:33
the gazelles as we often call them,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื,
01:35
which traditional banks are scared of,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื,
01:37
or different types of really successful
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ืื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
01:39
commercialization policies which actually allow these companies
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:42
to bring these great inventions, their products,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:45
to the market and actually get over this
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ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
01:47
really scary Death Valley period
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ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขืžืง ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•
01:49
in which many companies instead fail.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
01:52
But what really interests me, especially nowadays
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”
01:54
and because of what's happening politically around the world,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:57
is the language that's used, the narrative,
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘,
02:01
the discourse, the images, the actual words.
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ื”ืฉื™ื—, ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ.
02:04
So we often are presented
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื
02:06
with the kind of words like that the private sector
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
02:09
is also much more innovative because it's able to
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ
02:11
think out of the box.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”.
02:13
They are more dynamic.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื.
02:15
Think of Steve Jobs' really inspirational speech
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’'ื•ื‘ืก
02:18
to the 2005 graduating class at Stanford,
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ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
02:21
where he said to be innovative,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉืŸ,
02:23
you've got to stay hungry, stay foolish.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืขื‘, ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ,
02:26
Right? So these guys are kind of the hungry
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ื”ืœื ื›ืŸ? ืื– ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ื™ื
02:27
and foolish and colorful guys, right?
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
02:30
And in places like Europe,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:31
it might be more equitable,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ,
02:33
we might even be a bit better dressed
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:35
and eat better than the U.S.,
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ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:37
but the problem is this damn public sector.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”.
02:41
It's a bit too big, and it hasn't actually allowed
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ืจืฉื”
02:45
these things like dynamic venture capital
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™
02:48
and commercialization to actually be able to really
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ื•ืžืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:50
be as fruitful as it could.
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ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
02:52
And even really respectable newspapers,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
02:54
some that I'm actually subscribed to,
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ืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:56
the words they use are, you know,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:58
the state as this Leviathan. Right?
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:01
This monster with big tentacles.
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ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืขื ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:03
They're very explicit in these editorials.
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ื”ื ืžืื“ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:05
They say, "You know, the state, it's necessary
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
03:08
to fix these little market failures
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:10
when you have public goods
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
03:11
or different types of negative externalities like pollution,
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ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
03:14
but you know what, what is the next big revolution
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”, ืžื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”
03:17
going to be after the Internet?
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?
03:19
We all hope it might be something green,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืจื•ืง,
03:21
or all of this nanotech stuff, and in order for that stuff to happen," they say --
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”," ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
03:25
this was a special issue on the next industrial revolution --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
03:28
they say, "the state, just stick to the basics, right?
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, " ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจืง ืชื™ืฆืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:30
Fund the infrastructure. Fund the schools.
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ืชืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช. ืชืžืžืŸ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:33
Even fund the basic research, because this is
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื
03:35
popularly recognized, in fact, as a big public good
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ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžืฆืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘
03:38
which private companies don't want to invest in,
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื•,
03:40
do that, but you know what?
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ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
03:41
Leave the rest to the revolutionaries."
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ื”ืฉื™ืืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื."
03:44
Those colorful, out-of-the-box kind of thinkers.
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ืœืืœื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”.
03:47
They're often called garage tinkerers,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื–',
03:49
because some of them actually did some things in garages,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื–'ื™ื,
03:51
even though that's partly a myth.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก.
03:54
And so what I want to do with you in, oh God,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื›ื, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
03:56
only 10 minutes,
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ืจืง 10 ื“ืงื•ืช,
03:57
is to really think again this juxtaposition,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื•
04:00
because it actually has massive, massive implications
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”, ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
04:03
beyond innovation policy,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
04:04
which just happens to be the area
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ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
04:06
that I often talk with with policymakers.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:09
It has huge implications, even with this whole notion
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:13
that we have on where, when and why
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข
04:16
we should actually be cutting back on public spending
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ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
04:19
and different types of public services which,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ,
04:21
of course, as we know, are increasingly being
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
04:23
outsourced because of this juxtaposition.
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ืœืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:25
Right? I mean, the reason that we need to maybe have free schools or charter schools
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
04:28
is in order to make them more innovative without being emburdened
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ
04:32
by this heavy hand of the state curriculum, or something.
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ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
04:35
So these kind of words are constantly,
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ืื– ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:37
these juxtapositions come up everywhere,
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ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
04:39
not just with innovation policy.
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:42
And so to think again,
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ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืช,
04:43
there's no reason that you should believe me,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื™,
04:46
so just think of some of the smartest
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ืื– ืจืง ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ึฟ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:47
revolutionary things that you have in your pockets
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ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื
04:50
and do not turn it on, but you might want to take it out, your iPhone.
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ื•ืืœ ืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:52
Ask who actually funded the really cool,
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ืชืฉืืœื• ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:55
revolutionary thinking-out-of-the-box
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ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื-ืžื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืงื•ืคืกื”
04:57
things in the iPhone.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ.
04:59
What actually makes your phone
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
05:01
a smartphone, basically, instead of a stupid phone?
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื?
05:03
So the Internet, which you can surf the web
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ืื– ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘-web
05:05
anywhere you are in the world;
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื;
05:06
GPS, where you can actually know where you are
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ื’ื™.ืคื™.ืืก. ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื
05:09
anywhere in the world;
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื;
05:10
the touchscreen display, which makes it also
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ืžืกืš ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื•
05:13
a really easy-to-use phone for anybody.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
05:15
These are the very smart, revolutionary bits about the iPhone,
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ืืœื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ,
05:19
and they're all government-funded.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
05:23
And the point is that the Internet
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
05:26
was funded by DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense.
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ืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ DARPA, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
05:28
GPS was funded by the military's Navstar program.
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GPS, ืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Navstar ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
05:32
Even Siri was actually funded by DARPA.
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ืืคื™ืœื• Siri ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ DARPA.
05:35
The touchscreen display was funded
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ืžืกืš ื”ืžื’ืข ืžื•ืžืŸ
05:37
by two public grants by the CIA and the NSF
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (CIA) ื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช (NSF)
05:41
to two public university researchers at the University of Delaware.
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ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœื•ื•ืจ.
05:46
Now, you might be thinking, "Well, she's just said
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืข ืืžืจื”
05:48
the word 'defense' and 'military' an awful lot,"
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื”ื’ื ื”' ื•'ืฆื‘ืื™' ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,"
05:50
but what's really interesting is that this is actually true
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:53
in sector after sector and department after department.
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืœืงื”.
05:56
So the pharmaceutical industry, which I am personally
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ืื– ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
05:58
very interested in because I've actually had the fortune
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ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ
06:00
to study it in quite some depth,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืžืงื”,
06:02
is wonderful to be asking this question
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ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
06:05
about the revolutionary versus non-revolutionary bits,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื-ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™,
06:07
because each and every medicine can actually be
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:09
divided up on whether it really is revolutionary or incremental.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช.
06:13
So the new molecular entities with priority rating
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ืื– ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืฃ
06:16
are the revolutionary new drugs,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:18
whereas the slight variations of existing drugs --
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช -
06:21
Viagra, different color, different dosage --
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ื•ื™ืื’ืจื”, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” -
06:23
are the less revolutionary ones.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื.
06:26
And it turns out that a full 75 percent
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืœื•ื 75 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
06:28
of the new molecular entities with priority rating
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื“ืจื•ื’ ืžืชื•ืขื“ืฃ
06:31
are actually funded in boring, Kafka-ian public sector labs.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžืฉืขืžืžื•ืช, ืงืคืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
06:36
This doesn't mean that Big Pharma is not spending on innovation.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
06:39
They do. They spend on the marketing part.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™.
06:41
They spend on the D part of R&D.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•"ืค.
06:43
They spend an awful lot on buying back their stock,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
06:46
which is quite problematic.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
06:48
In fact, companies like Pfizer and Amgen recently
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ืืžื’'ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
06:50
have spent more money in buying back their shares
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
06:52
to boost their stock price than on R&D,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
06:54
but that's a whole different TED Talk which one day
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžืฆื’ืช TED ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
06:57
I'd be fascinated to tell you about.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืœื”ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื•.
07:00
Now, what's interesting in all of this
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”
07:02
is the state, in all these examples,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
07:04
was doing so much more than just fixing market failures.
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ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
07:08
It was actually shaping and creating markets.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
07:11
It was funding not only the basic research,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžื ื” ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
07:13
which again is a typical public good,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™,
07:16
but even the applied research.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
07:17
It was even, God forbid, being a venture capitalist.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ, ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:21
So these SBIR and SDTR programs,
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ืื– ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื (SBIR) ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื (STTR)
07:24
which give small companies early-stage finance
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื
07:28
have not only been extremely important
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:30
compared to private venture capital,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
07:32
but also have become increasingly important.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:35
Why? Because, as many of us know,
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
07:38
V.C. is actually quite short-term.
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ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
07:40
They want their returns in three to five years.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:42
Innovation takes a much longer time than that,
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื›ืš,
07:45
15 to 20 years.
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15 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:46
And so this whole notion -- I mean, this is the point, right?
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ - ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื–ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:49
Who's actually funding the hard stuff?
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ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื?
07:51
Of course, it's not just the state.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
07:53
The private sector does a lot.
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ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
07:54
But the narrative that we've always been told
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืกื•ืคืจ ืœื ื•
07:56
is the state is important for the basics,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
07:59
but not really providing that sort of high-risk,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
08:01
revolutionary thinking out of the box.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”.
08:04
In all these sectors, from funding the Internet
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:06
to doing the spending, but also the envisioning,
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ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
08:09
the strategic vision, for these investments,
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:11
it was actually coming within the state.
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ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
08:13
The nanotechnology sector is actually fascinating
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ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื
08:15
to study this, because the word itself, nanotechnology,
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ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
08:18
came from within government.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืชืŸืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
08:20
And so there's huge implications of this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
08:23
First of all, of course I'm not someone,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
08:25
this old-fashioned person, market versus state.
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ื”ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื•ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
08:27
What we all know in dynamic capitalism
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™
08:29
is that what we actually need are public-private partnerships.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช-ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:32
But the point is, by constantly depicting
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืจื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš
08:35
the state part as necessary
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ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
08:37
but actually -- pffff -- a bit boring
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช - ืคืฃืฃืฃืฃ - ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืขืžื
08:40
and often a bit dangerous kind of Leviathan,
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
08:43
I think we've actually really stunted the possibility
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
08:46
to build these public-private partnerships
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช-ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
08:47
in a really dynamic way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช.
08:49
Even the words that we often use to justify the "P" part,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”"ืฆ",
08:52
the public part -- well, they're both P's --
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ - (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘-P) -
08:54
with public-private partnerships
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ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช-ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
08:56
is in terms of de-risking.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:58
What the public sector did in all these examples
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:00
I just gave you, and there's many more,
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ืฉื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœื›ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
09:02
which myself and other colleagues have been looking at,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื ื•,
09:06
is doing much more than de-risking.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:07
It's kind of been taking on that risk. Bring it on.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื.
09:10
It's actually been the one thinking out of the box.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”.
09:13
But also, I'm sure you all have had experience
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื
09:15
with local, regional, national governments,
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ืขื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
09:17
and you're kind of like, "You know what, that Kafka-ian bureaucrat, I've met him."
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ื•ืืชื ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืžื” ืืœื”, "ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ ื”ืงืืคืงืื™, ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื•."
09:20
That whole juxtaposition thing, it's kind of there.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื’ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื.
09:24
Well, there's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
09:26
By talking about the state as kind of irrelevant,
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
09:28
boring, it's sometimes
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ืžืฉืขืžืžืช, ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
09:30
that we actually create those organizations in that way.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
09:32
So what we have to actually do is build
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
09:35
these entrepreneurial state organizations.
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ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
09:37
DARPA, that funded the Internet and Siri,
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DARPA, ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืืช Siri,
09:39
actually thought really hard about this,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:41
how to welcome failure, because you will fail.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืœ, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืชื” ืชื™ื›ืฉืœ.
09:44
You will fail when you innovative.
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ืืชื” ืชื™ื›ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
09:45
One out of 10 experiments has any success.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 10 ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
09:49
And the V.C. guys know this,
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
09:51
and they're able to actually fund the other losses
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
09:53
from that one success.
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ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื•.
09:55
And this brings me, actually, probably,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ืืžืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ,
09:56
to the biggest implication,
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ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:59
and this has huge implications beyond innovation.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
10:02
If the state is more than just a market fixer,
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ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื•ืง,
10:05
if it actually is a market shaper,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืฉื•ืง,
10:07
and in doing that has had to take on this massive risk,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื” ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื”
10:10
what happened to the reward?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ืจื”?
10:12
We all know, if you've ever taken a finance course,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืงื—ืชื ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื,
10:14
the first thing you're taught is sort of the risk-reward relationship,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืจื”,
10:18
and so some people are foolish enough
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
10:19
or probably smart enough if they have time to wait,
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ืื• ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ,
10:22
to actually invest in stocks, because they're higher risk
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:24
which over time will make a greater reward than bonds,
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ืฉืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืชื ื• ืชืฉื•ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื’"ื—,
10:27
that whole risk-reward thing.
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ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
10:28
Well, where's the reward for the state
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
10:30
of having taken on these massive risks
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ืขืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:33
and actually been foolish enough to have done the Internet?
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?
10:35
The Internet was crazy.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
10:37
It really was. I mean, the probability of failure was massive.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื”. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
10:40
You had to be completely nuts to do it,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
10:43
and luckily, they were.
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ื•ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
10:45
Now, we don't even get to this question about rewards
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืก
10:47
unless you actually depict the state as this risk-taker.
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ืืœื ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:51
And the problem is that economists often think,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
10:54
well, there is a reward back to the state. It's tax.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืžืก.
10:57
You know, the companies will pay tax,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืžืก,
10:58
the jobs they create will create growth
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ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื•, ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
11:00
so people who get those jobs and their incomes rise
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชื’ื“ืœ
11:04
will come back to the state through the tax mechanism.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™.
11:07
Well, unfortunately, that's not true.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:09
Okay, it's not true because many of the jobs that are created go abroad.
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ืื•ืงื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ.
11:12
Globalization, and that's fine. We shouldn't be nationalistic.
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ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื.
11:15
Let the jobs go where they have to go, perhaps.
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ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช, ืื•ืœื™.
11:17
I mean, one can take a position on that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
11:20
But also these companies
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:21
that have actually had this massive benefit from the state --
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ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” -
11:24
Apple's a great example.
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ืืคืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
11:26
They even got the first -- well, not the first,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
11:28
but 500,000 dollars actually went to Apple, the company,
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ืื‘ืœ 500ึฟึฟึฟึฟ,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืืคืœ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:33
through this SBIC program,
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ื“ืจืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” SBIC,
11:35
which predated the SBIR program,
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ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช SBIR,
11:37
as well as, as I said before, all the technologies behind the iPhone.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ.
11:41
And yet we know they legally,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™,
11:43
as many other companies, pay very little tax back.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”.
11:47
So what we really need to actually rethink
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช
11:50
is should there perhaps be a return-generating mechanism
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ
11:54
that's much more direct than tax. Why not?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืžืก. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื?
11:57
It could happen perhaps through equity.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื“ืจืš ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
11:59
This, by the way, in the countries
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ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
12:01
that are actually thinking about this strategically,
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ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™,
12:04
countries like Finland in Scandinavia,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื”,
12:06
but also in China and Brazil,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
12:08
they're retaining equity in these investments.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:10
Sitra funded Nokia, kept equity, made a lot of money,
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Sitra ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืืช ื ื•ืงื™ื”, ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ.
12:14
it's a public funding agency in Finland,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“,
12:17
which then funded the next round of Nokias.
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ืฉืื– ืžื™ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.
12:19
The Brazilian Development Bank,
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ื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™,
12:21
which is providing huge amounts of funds today
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ืฉืžืกืคืง ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
12:24
to clean technology, they just announced
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืจืง ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื•
12:26
a $56 billion program for the future on this,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ 56 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
12:30
is retaining equity in these investments.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:34
So to put it provocatively,
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
12:35
had the U.S. government thought about this,
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ืื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
12:38
and maybe just brought back
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื”
12:40
just something called an innovation fund,
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ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
12:42
you can bet that, you know, if even just .05 percent
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื–
12:46
of the profits from what the Internet produced
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ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ืฆืจ
12:47
had come back to that innovation fund,
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
12:49
there would be so much more money
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
12:51
to spend today on green technology.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
12:53
Instead, many of the state budgets
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื
12:55
which in theory are trying to do that
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ืฉื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
12:57
are being constrained.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
12:59
But perhaps even more important,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:01
we heard before about the one percent,
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ื“,
13:03
the 99 percent.
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ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืื—ื•ื–,
13:04
If the state is thought about in this more strategic way,
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ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™,
13:08
as one of the lead players in the value creation mechanism,
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ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš,
13:11
because that's what we're talking about, right?
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:13
Who are the different players in creating value
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ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš
13:15
in the economy, and is the state's role,
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ื”ืื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:17
has it been sort of dismissed as being a backseat player?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžืฆื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”?
13:21
If we can actually have a broader theory
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:23
of value creation and allow us to actually admit
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
13:25
what the state has been doing and reap something back,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉืชื” ื•ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืจื”,
13:28
it might just be that in the next round,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื,
13:31
and I hope that we all hope that the next big revolution
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”
13:34
will in fact be green,
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
13:35
that that period of growth
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ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
13:37
will not only be smart, innovation-led,
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ืœื ืจืง ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื”, ืžื•ื‘ืœืช ื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
13:40
not only green, but also more inclusive,
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ืœื ืจืง ื™ืจื•ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืคื”
13:43
so that the public schools in places like Silicon Valley
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžืง ื”ืกืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
13:46
can actually also benefit from that growth,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:49
because they have not.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื.
13:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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