Mariana Mazzucato: Government -- investor, risk-taker, innovator

208,572 views ・ 2013-10-28

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:12
Have you ever asked yourselves why it is that
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ™œ
00:15
companies, the really cool companies,
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정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬,
00:17
the innovative ones, the creative,
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ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄κ³  창쑰적이며
00:18
new economy-type companies --
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μ‹ κ²½μ œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μΈ
00:20
Apple, Google, Facebook --
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μ• ν”Œ, ꡬ글, 페이슀뢁 같은 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄
00:23
are coming out of one particular country,
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν•œ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ νƒ„μƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ˜λ¬Έμ„ ν’ˆμ–΄λ³΄μ‹  적이 μžˆμœΌμ‹ κ°€μš”?
00:26
the United States of America?
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
00:28
Usually when I say this, someone says, "Spotify!
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μ œκ°€ 이런 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄, μ–΄λ–€ 뢄듀은 "μŠ€ν¬ν‹°νŒŒμ΄!
00:30
That's Europe." But, yeah.
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그건 유럽이죠." 라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
It has not had the impact that these other companies have had.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ, λ„€, 그것은 이런 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ 만큼의 영ν–₯λ ₯을 갖지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
Now what I do is I'm an economist,
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μ €λŠ” κ²½μ œν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
and I actually study the relationship
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사싀 μ €λŠ”
00:38
between innovation and economic growth
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ν˜μ‹ κ³Ό 경제 μ„±μž₯의 관계λ₯Ό
00:40
at the level of the company, the industry and the nation,
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νšŒμ‚¬μ™€ μ‚°μ—…, κ΅­κ°€ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
and I work with policymakers worldwide,
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그리고 μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ •μ±… μž…μ•ˆμžλ“€,
00:45
especially in the European Commission,
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특히 μœ λŸ½μ—°ν•©μ˜ μ •μ±… μž…μ•ˆμžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
but recently also in interesting places like China,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” 쀑ꡭ과 같은 ν₯미둜운 κ³³μ—μ„œλ„ μΌν•˜μ£ .
00:50
and I can tell you that that question
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
00:52
is on the tip of all of their tongues:
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κ·Έ 질문이 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ν˜€λμ„ 맴돌고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Where are the European Googles?
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μœ λŸ½μ‹ ꡬ글이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:57
What is the secret behind the Silicon Valley growth model,
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 밸리의 μ„±μž₯ λͺ¨λΈ λ’€μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 비밀이 μžˆλŠ”κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:01
which they understand is different
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이 μž…μ•ˆμžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ ꡬ식 경제 μ„±μž₯ λͺ¨λΈκ³ΌλŠ”
01:03
from this old economy growth model?
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λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€κ³  μ•Œκ³  μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:06
And what is interesting is that often,
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ν₯미둜운 사싀은
01:08
even if we're in the 21st century,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 21세기에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŒμ—λ„
01:10
we kind of come down in the end to these ideas
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μ’…μ’… μ‹œμž₯ λŒ€ κ΅­κ°€λΌλŠ” μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œ κ·€κ²°μ‹œν‚€κ³€
01:12
of market versus state.
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ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
It's talked about in these modern ways,
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이런 것듀은 ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ–ΈκΈ‰λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:16
but the idea is that somehow, behind places like Silicon Valley,
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 밸리 같은 곳이 λ‚˜μ˜¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 비결은
01:20
the secret have been different types of market-making mechanisms,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ‹œμž₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” λ°©λ²•μ΄λ‚˜
01:24
the private initiative, whether this be about
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λ―Όκ°„μ˜ 좔진λ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
a dynamic venture capital sector
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전톡적인 은행듀이 νˆ¬μžν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΊΌλ¦¬λŠ” ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€,
01:29
that's actually able to provide that high-risk finance
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이듀 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ„ 가저이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄κ³€ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:32
to these innovative companies,
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이런 ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ
01:33
the gazelles as we often call them,
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μœ„ν—˜λΆ€λ‹΄μ΄ 큰 투자λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
01:35
which traditional banks are scared of,
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역동적인 벀쳐 μžκΈˆμ΄λ‚˜
01:37
or different types of really successful
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이듀 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 발λͺ…ν’ˆκ³Ό μ œν’ˆλ“€μ„
01:39
commercialization policies which actually allow these companies
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μ‹œμž₯에 내놓을 수 있게 ν•˜κ³ 
01:42
to bring these great inventions, their products,
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λ§Žμ€ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 망할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”
01:45
to the market and actually get over this
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죽음의 계곑 기간을 κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
01:47
really scary Death Valley period
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성곡적인 사업 μ •μ±…
01:49
in which many companies instead fail.
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같은 것듀 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
But what really interests me, especially nowadays
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그런데 특히 μš”μ¦˜ μ •λ§λ‘œ 제 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό λ„λŠ” 것은
01:54
and because of what's happening politically around the world,
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전세계에 걸쳐 μ •μΉ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ°,
01:57
is the language that's used, the narrative,
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여기에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것듀에 κ΄€ν•œ λ¬˜μ‚¬,
02:01
the discourse, the images, the actual words.
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λ‹΄λ‘ , 인상, 사싀적 단어같은 κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μš”.
02:04
So we often are presented
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ’…μ’…
02:06
with the kind of words like that the private sector
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λ―Όκ°„ 뢀문이 월씬 더 ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄λΌλŠ” 말을
02:09
is also much more innovative because it's able to
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λ“£κ³€ν•˜λŠ”λ° 독창적인 사고가
02:11
think out of the box.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
02:13
They are more dynamic.
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그듀이 더 μ—­λ™μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Think of Steve Jobs' really inspirational speech
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μŠ€ν‹°λΈŒ μž‘μŠ€κ°€ 2005λ…„ μŠ€νƒ ν¬λ“œ λŒ€ν•™ μ‘Έμ—…μ‹μ—μ„œ ν–ˆλ˜
02:18
to the 2005 graduating class at Stanford,
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μ˜κ°μ„ μ£ΌλŠ” 연섀을 λ– μ˜¬λ € λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
02:21
where he said to be innovative,
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κ·Έ μ—°μ„€μ—μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄ 되라고,
02:23
you've got to stay hungry, stay foolish.
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늘 λ°°κ³ νŒŒν•˜κ³  끝없이 λ„μ „ν•˜λΌκ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Right? So these guys are kind of the hungry
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ°°κ³ νŒŒν•˜κ³ 
02:27
and foolish and colorful guys, right?
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λ°”λ³΄μ²˜λŸΌ λ„μ „ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ±„λ‘œμš΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ£ , κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
02:30
And in places like Europe,
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유럽과 같은 곳이
02:31
it might be more equitable,
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더 곡평할지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ ,
02:33
we might even be a bit better dressed
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 미ꡭ보닀 μ’€ 더 잘 μž…κ³ 
02:35
and eat better than the U.S.,
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μ’€ 더 잘 먹을지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
but the problem is this damn public sector.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 이 λΉŒμ–΄λ¨Ήμ„ 곡곡 λΆ€λ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
02:41
It's a bit too big, and it hasn't actually allowed
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곡곡 뢀문은 λ©μΉ˜κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 크고
02:45
these things like dynamic venture capital
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역동적인 벀쳐 자본과 상업화 같은 것듀이
02:48
and commercialization to actually be able to really
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μ •λ§λ‘œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 내놓을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
02:50
be as fruitful as it could.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν—ˆμš©ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
And even really respectable newspapers,
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정말 κΆŒμœ„μžˆλŠ” 신문쑰차도
02:54
some that I'm actually subscribed to,
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저도 κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ„ 보고 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
02:56
the words they use are, you know,
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μ‹ λ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 단어도
02:58
the state as this Leviathan. Right?
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κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 괴물둜 λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
03:01
This monster with big tentacles.
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μ΄‰μˆ˜κ°€ 달린 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ κ΄΄λ¬Ό λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
They're very explicit in these editorials.
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이듀은 맀우 노골적인 논평을 λ‚΄λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
They say, "You know, the state, it's necessary
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"κ΅­κ°€λŠ”
03:08
to fix these little market failures
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κ³΅κ³΅μž¬κ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:10
when you have public goods
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μ‹œμž₯의 이런 μž‘μ€ μ‹€νŒ¨λ“€μ„ κ³ μ³λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€."
03:11
or different types of negative externalities like pollution,
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곡해와 같이 μ™ΈλΆ€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 문제 등을 λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
03:14
but you know what, what is the next big revolution
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그런데 이거 μ•„μ„Έμš”? 인터넷 μ΄ν›„μ˜
03:17
going to be after the Internet?
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μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ 혁λͺ…은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:19
We all hope it might be something green,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 그것이 ν™˜κ²½ μΉœν™”μ μΈ κ²ƒμ΄κ±°λ‚˜
03:21
or all of this nanotech stuff, and in order for that stuff to happen," they say --
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λ‚˜λ…Έ 기술과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 것이기λ₯Ό λ°”λΌμ§€λ§Œ 그런 일듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ €λ©΄, 그듀은 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
this was a special issue on the next industrial revolution --
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이것은 λ‹€μŒ 번 μ‚°μ—… 혁λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μŸμ μ΄μ—μš”.
03:28
they say, "the state, just stick to the basics, right?
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그듀은 "κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 기본에 μΆ©μ‹€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. 맞죠?
03:30
Fund the infrastructure. Fund the schools.
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기반 μ‹œμ„€κ³Ό 학ꡐ에 νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³ 
03:33
Even fund the basic research, because this is
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심지어 기초 과학에 νˆ¬μžν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€.
03:35
popularly recognized, in fact, as a big public good
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 기초 과학은 사싀 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 곡곡재둜써 널리 인정받기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€.
03:38
which private companies don't want to invest in,
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λ―Όκ°„ 기업은 이런데 νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
03:40
do that, but you know what?
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그런데 뭔지 μ•„μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:41
Leave the rest to the revolutionaries."
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κ·Έ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” 혁λͺ…κ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ 맑겨라." 라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Those colorful, out-of-the-box kind of thinkers.
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그런 닀채둭고 독창적인 사고λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” 사상가듀이 있죠.
03:47
They're often called garage tinkerers,
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이듀을 가끔 μ°¨κ³ μ•ˆμ˜ λ•œμž₯이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
because some of them actually did some things in garages,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” 사싀 μ°¨κ³ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ­”κ°€ ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
03:51
even though that's partly a myth.
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비둝 그것이 λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‹ ν™”μ΄κΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€λ§Œμš”.
03:54
And so what I want to do with you in, oh God,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•˜κ³  싢은 것은 , 이런,
03:56
only 10 minutes,
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이제 겨우 10λΆ„ λ‚¨μ•˜κ΅°μš”.
03:57
is to really think again this juxtaposition,
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이런 것듀을 λ‚˜λž€νžˆ 놓고 λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
because it actually has massive, massive implications
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이것은 ν˜μ‹ μ  정책을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ
04:03
beyond innovation policy,
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정말 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 의미λ₯Ό κ°–κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
04:04
which just happens to be the area
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ν˜μ‹ μ  정책은 μ œκ°€
04:06
that I often talk with with policymakers.
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μ •μ±… μž…μ•ˆμžλ“€κ³Ό 자주 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” μ£Όμ œμ΄μ§€μš”.
04:09
It has huge implications, even with this whole notion
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이것은
04:13
that we have on where, when and why
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λ””μ„œ, μ™œ,
04:16
we should actually be cutting back on public spending
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곡곡 λΉ„μš©μ„ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 쀄여야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
and different types of public services which,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 곡읡사업은
04:21
of course, as we know, are increasingly being
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 점점 μœ„νƒ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:23
outsourced because of this juxtaposition.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‚˜λž€νžˆ 놓고 보기 μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
Right? I mean, the reason that we need to maybe have free schools or charter schools
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 제 말은 자유 ν•™κ΅λ‚˜ 독립적인 곡립 학ꡐ가 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:28
is in order to make them more innovative without being emburdened
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μ—„κ²©ν•œ κ΅­κ°€ ꡐ윑 과정에 ꡬ애받지 μ•Šκ³ 
04:32
by this heavy hand of the state curriculum, or something.
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학ꡐ가 λ”μš± ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄ λ˜κ²Œλ” ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
So these kind of words are constantly,
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이런 말이 계속 λ‚˜μ˜€κ³  있고
04:37
these juxtapositions come up everywhere,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‚˜λž€νžˆ 놓고 보기도 계속 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
not just with innovation policy.
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ν˜μ‹  μ •μ±…λ§Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
And so to think again,
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그럼, λ‹€μ‹œ 생각해보죠.
04:43
there's no reason that you should believe me,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ €λ₯Ό λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μ΄μœ λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
so just think of some of the smartest
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ ν˜Έμ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆ 속에 μžˆλŠ”
04:47
revolutionary things that you have in your pockets
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κ°€μž₯ μ˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 것을 생각해 λ³΄μ‹œμ§€μš”.
04:50
and do not turn it on, but you might want to take it out, your iPhone.
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μΌœμ§€λŠ” λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  아이폰을 κΊΌλ‚΄λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
04:52
Ask who actually funded the really cool,
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λˆ„κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 아이폰에 μžˆλŠ”
04:55
revolutionary thinking-out-of-the-box
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정말 멋지고 ν˜μ‹ μ μ΄λ©° 창의적인 사고에
04:57
things in the iPhone.
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μž¬μ •μ„ μ§€μ›ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:59
What actually makes your phone
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ „ν™”λ₯Ό
05:01
a smartphone, basically, instead of a stupid phone?
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λ©μ²­ν•œ μ „ν™”κ°€ μ•„λ‹ŒλΌ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ „ν™”λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:03
So the Internet, which you can surf the web
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μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
05:05
anywhere you are in the world;
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웹을 μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 있고,
05:06
GPS, where you can actually know where you are
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GPS둜 세상 어디에 μžˆλ“ 
05:09
anywhere in the world;
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
the touchscreen display, which makes it also
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ν„°μΉ˜ 슀크린으둜 λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ‰½κ²Œ
05:13
a really easy-to-use phone for anybody.
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μ „ν™”λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
These are the very smart, revolutionary bits about the iPhone,
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아이폰에 μžˆλŠ” 맀우 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κ³  혁λͺ…적인 κΈ°λŠ₯듀이죠.
05:19
and they're all government-funded.
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이 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ •λΆ€κ°€ μž¬μ •μ§€μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
And the point is that the Internet
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μš”μ μ€ 인터넷이 λ―Έκ΅­ κ΅­λ°©λΆ€μ˜
05:26
was funded by DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense.
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κ΅­λ°© κ³ λ“± 연ꡬ 기획청이 μž¬μ •μ§€μ›ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
GPS was funded by the military's Navstar program.
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GPSλŠ” κ΅°λŒ€μ˜ λ‚΄λΈŒμŠ€νƒ€(Navstar) ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μž¬μ • μ§€μ›ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄κ΅¬μš”.
05:32
Even Siri was actually funded by DARPA.
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μ‹œλ¦¬(Siri)도 κ΅­λ°© κ³ λ“± 연ꡬ 기획청이 μž¬μ • μ§€μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
The touchscreen display was funded
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ν„°μΉ˜μŠ€ν¬λ¦°μ€
05:37
by two public grants by the CIA and the NSF
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λ―Έκ΅­ 쀑앙정보뢀(CIA)와 λ―Έκ΅­ κ³Όν•™ μž¬λ‹¨ (NSF)이 μ€€ 2개의 곡곡 기금으둜
05:41
to two public university researchers at the University of Delaware.
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λΈλΌμ›¨μ–΄λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 두 μ—°κ΅¬μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ μž¬μ • 지원을 ν–ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ .
05:46
Now, you might be thinking, "Well, she's just said
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이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
the word 'defense' and 'military' an awful lot,"
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"μ € μ—¬μžλŠ” 'κ΅­λ°©'κ³Ό 'κ΅°λŒ€'λΌλŠ” 말을 μ°Έ 많이 ν•˜λŠ”κ΅°."
05:50
but what's really interesting is that this is actually true
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 정말 ν₯미둜운 사싀은
05:53
in sector after sector and department after department.
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ€λ¬Έλ§ˆλ‹€ 또 λͺ¨λ“  ν–‰μ • κΈ°κ΄€λ§ˆλ‹€ λ˜‘κ°™λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
So the pharmaceutical industry, which I am personally
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μ˜μ•½ 산업은 μ œκ°€ 개인적으둜
05:58
very interested in because I've actually had the fortune
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관심을 κ°–λŠ” 뢄야인데, μš΄μ’‹κ²Œλ„
06:00
to study it in quite some depth,
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이 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ½€ μ‹¬λ„μžˆλŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•  κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
06:02
is wonderful to be asking this question
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μ˜μ•½ 산업은 ν˜μ‹  λŒ€ λΉ„ν˜μ‹ μ— κ΄€ν•΄
06:05
about the revolutionary versus non-revolutionary bits,
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μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜κΈ° 쒋은 λΆ„μ•Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
because each and every medicine can actually be
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ€ 사싀
06:09
divided up on whether it really is revolutionary or incremental.
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μ •λ§λ‘œ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 것인지 점진적인 것인지 λΆ„λ₯˜ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
So the new molecular entities with priority rating
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쒋은 평가λ₯Ό 받은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μž κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ”
06:16
are the revolutionary new drugs,
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ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•½ν’ˆμΈ λ°˜λ©΄μ—
06:18
whereas the slight variations of existing drugs --
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기쑴의 μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ μ•½κ°„ λ³€ν˜•ν•œ 것듀,
06:21
Viagra, different color, different dosage --
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비아그라, λ‹€λ₯Έ 색깔, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³΅μš©λŸ‰ 같은 것은
06:23
are the less revolutionary ones.
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덜 ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 것듀이죠.
06:26
And it turns out that a full 75 percent
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μ•Œλ €μ§„ 바에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
06:28
of the new molecular entities with priority rating
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쒋은 평가λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” μƒˆ μ•½ν’ˆμ˜ 75%κ°€
06:31
are actually funded in boring, Kafka-ian public sector labs.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ”°λΆ„ν•œ 곡곡 λΆ€λ¬Έ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μž¬μ • 지원을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
This doesn't mean that Big Pharma is not spending on innovation.
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κ±°λŒ€ μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ ν˜μ‹ μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
They do. They spend on the marketing part.
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그듀도 ν•˜μ£ . 그듀은 μ˜μ—… 뢀문에 νˆ¬μžν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
They spend on the D part of R&D.
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그듀은 연ꡬ 개발의 개발 뢀뢄에 λˆμ„ μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
They spend an awful lot on buying back their stock,
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또 이듀은 자기 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 주식을 μ‚¬λŠ”λ° μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μ“°λŠ”λ°
06:46
which is quite problematic.
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이건 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ‹¬κ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
In fact, companies like Pfizer and Amgen recently
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, 파이자(Pfizer)λ‚˜ μ•”μ  (Amgen) 같은 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ΅œκ·Όμ—
06:50
have spent more money in buying back their shares
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연ꡬ κ°œλ°œλ³΄λ‹€ μ£Όκ°€λ₯Ό 올리기 μœ„ν•΄ 자기 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 주식을 μ‚¬λŠ”λ°
06:52
to boost their stock price than on R&D,
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더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
but that's a whole different TED Talk which one day
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그것은 μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ TED 강연이 될텐데
06:57
I'd be fascinated to tell you about.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 되면 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άκ΅°μš”.
07:00
Now, what's interesting in all of this
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이런 λͺ¨λ“  μƒν™©μ—μ„œ ν₯미둜운 것은
07:02
is the state, in all these examples,
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κ΅­κ°€μ§€μš”. λͺ¨λ“  μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ 보듯
07:04
was doing so much more than just fixing market failures.
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” μ‹œμž₯의 μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό λ§‰λŠ” 것보닀 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ 일을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
It was actually shaping and creating markets.
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹œμž₯을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³  λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:11
It was funding not only the basic research,
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” 기초 과학에 μž¬μ •μ§€μ›μ„ ν–ˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
07:13
which again is a typical public good,
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이건 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 곡곡재이긴 ν•˜μ£ .
07:16
but even the applied research.
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μ‘μš© 연ꡬ에도 μž¬μ •μ„ μ§€μ›ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
It was even, God forbid, being a venture capitalist.
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” 심지어, λ§™μ†Œμ‚¬, 벀쳐 μžλ³Έκ°€κ°€ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
So these SBIR and SDTR programs,
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μž‘μ€ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€ν•œν…Œ 초기 μž¬μ •μ„ μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ”
07:24
which give small companies early-stage finance
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SBIRκ³Ό SDTR ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€
07:28
have not only been extremely important
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λ―Όκ°„ 벀쳐 μžλ³Έμ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ
07:30
compared to private venture capital,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν–ˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:32
but also have become increasingly important.
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점점 더 μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
Why? Because, as many of us know,
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μ™œλƒκ΅¬μš”? λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
07:38
V.C. is actually quite short-term.
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λ²€μ³μžκΈˆμ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 단기 μžκΈˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
They want their returns in three to five years.
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이듀은 3λ…„μ—μ„œ 5λ…„μ•ˆμ— νˆ¬μžμˆ˜μ΅μ„ μ–»κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
Innovation takes a much longer time than that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜μ‹ μ€ 그보닀 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„,
07:45
15 to 20 years.
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15λ…„μ—μ„œ 20년은 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
And so this whole notion -- I mean, this is the point, right?
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제 말씀은 λ°”λ‘œ 이것이 μš”μ μ΄μ—μš”.
07:49
Who's actually funding the hard stuff?
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λˆ„κ°€ 정말 νž˜λ“  곳에 νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
07:51
Of course, it's not just the state.
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λ¬Όλ‘  κ΅­κ°€λ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”.
07:53
The private sector does a lot.
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λ―Όκ°„ λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œλ„ 많이 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
But the narrative that we've always been told
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ“£κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ”
07:56
is the state is important for the basics,
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” 기초 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
07:59
but not really providing that sort of high-risk,
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μœ„ν—˜λΆ€λ‹΄μ΄ 크고
08:01
revolutionary thinking out of the box.
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ν˜μ‹ μ μœΌλ‘œ 창의적인 것은 μ§€μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
08:04
In all these sectors, from funding the Internet
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ€λ¬Έ, 인터넷 μž¬μ • μ§€μ›μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°
08:06
to doing the spending, but also the envisioning,
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μ§€μΆœκΉŒμ§€ κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 미래의 κ³„νšμ„ μ„Έμš°λŠ” 일,
08:09
the strategic vision, for these investments,
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μ „λž΅μ μΈ κ³„νšκ³Ό νˆ¬μžλŠ”
08:11
it was actually coming within the state.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ μ§€μ›λ˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:13
The nanotechnology sector is actually fascinating
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λ‚˜λ…Έ 기술 λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” 이런 것을
08:15
to study this, because the word itself, nanotechnology,
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연ꡬ해보기에 μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μš”. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‚˜λ…Έ κΈ°μˆ μ΄λž€ 단어 μžμ²΄κ°€
08:18
came from within government.
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μ •λΆ€μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 말이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:20
And so there's huge implications of this.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ꡉμž₯ν•œ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
First of all, of course I'm not someone,
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μš°μ„  μ €λŠ” μ‹œμž₯ λŒ€ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό μ™ΈμΉ˜λŠ”
08:25
this old-fashioned person, market versus state.
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ꡬ식 사고방식을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
What we all know in dynamic capitalism
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 역동적인 μžλ³Έμ£Όμ˜μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
08:29
is that what we actually need are public-private partnerships.
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곡곡-λ―Όκ°„ ν˜‘λ ₯관계가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
But the point is, by constantly depicting
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ κ΅­κ°€ 뢀문을
08:35
the state part as necessary
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ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°λŠ”λ°
08:37
but actually -- pffff -- a bit boring
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사싀, 휴, μ•½κ°„ μ§€λ£¨ν•˜μ£ .
08:40
and often a bit dangerous kind of Leviathan,
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그리고 약간은 μœ„ν—˜μŠ€λŸ° 괴물쯀으둜 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ”λ°
08:43
I think we've actually really stunted the possibility
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제 μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
08:46
to build these public-private partnerships
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곡곡-λ―Όκ°„ ν˜‘λ ₯관계λ₯Ό 정말 역동적인 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
08:47
in a really dynamic way.
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κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ•½ν™”μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
Even the words that we often use to justify the "P" part,
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곡곡-λ―Όκ°„ ν˜‘λ ₯κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ P 뢀문을
08:52
the public part -- well, they're both P's --
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곡곡 뢀문을, μ•„, λ‘˜λ‹€ P μ΄κ΅°μš”.
08:54
with public-private partnerships
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μ •λ‹Ήν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
08:56
is in terms of de-risking.
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μ‚¬μš©ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ 제거 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
What the public sector did in all these examples
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 이런 λͺ¨λ“  μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ
09:00
I just gave you, and there's many more,
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곡곡 뢀문이 ν•œ 일은 훨씬 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
which myself and other colleagues have been looking at,
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저와 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ λ°”λ‘œλŠ”
09:06
is doing much more than de-risking.
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곡곡 뢀문은 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ 일을 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
09:07
It's kind of been taking on that risk. Bring it on.
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μœ„ν—˜μ„ λ– μ•ˆκ³  있고 μœ„ν—˜μ— λ§žμ„€ μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:10
It's actually been the one thinking out of the box.
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곡곡 뢀문이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 창의적인 사고λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
But also, I'm sure you all have had experience
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그런데 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
09:15
with local, regional, national governments,
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지방, 지역, 쀑앙 정뢀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 이런 κ²½ν—˜μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
and you're kind of like, "You know what, that Kafka-ian bureaucrat, I've met him."
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ΄λŸ¬μ‹€κ±°μ—μš”. "λ”°λΆ„ν•œ κ΄€λ£Œ μ•Œμ£ ? μ œκ°€ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ‚¬μ–΄μš”."
09:20
That whole juxtaposition thing, it's kind of there.
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그런 λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μš”. 그런게 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
Well, there's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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자기만쑱적인 μ˜ˆμ–Έμ΄ κ±°κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
By talking about the state as kind of irrelevant,
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κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μƒκ΄€μ—†λŠ”,
09:28
boring, it's sometimes
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μ§€λ£¨ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
09:30
that we actually create those organizations in that way.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 기관듀을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
So what we have to actually do is build
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은
09:35
these entrepreneurial state organizations.
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이런 기업적인 κ΅­κ°€ 기관을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
DARPA, that funded the Internet and Siri,
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인터넷과 μ‹œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μž¬μ • μ§€μ›ν–ˆλ˜ PARPAλŠ”
09:39
actually thought really hard about this,
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사싀 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 고심을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
how to welcome failure, because you will fail.
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μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό λ°˜κ²¨μ£ΌλŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
09:44
You will fail when you innovative.
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ν˜μ‹ μ—λŠ” μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
One out of 10 experiments has any success.
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10개 쀑에 ν•œκ°œμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜λ§Œμ΄ μ„±κ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
And the V.C. guys know this,
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벀쳐 자금 κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€λ„ 그런 사싀을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
and they're able to actually fund the other losses
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그듀은 ν•œλ²ˆμ˜ μ„±κ³΅μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 돈으둜
09:53
from that one success.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 손싀듀을 μž¬μ • 지원할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
And this brings me, actually, probably,
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이것이 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
09:56
to the biggest implication,
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 영ν–₯을 쀄지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
and this has huge implications beyond innovation.
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μ΄λŠ” ν˜μ‹ μ„ λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 의미λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
If the state is more than just a market fixer,
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ‹œμž₯의 문제 ν•΄κ²° μ—­ν•  이상을 ν•˜κ³  있고,
10:05
if it actually is a market shaper,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹œμž₯을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜κ³ ,
10:07
and in doing that has had to take on this massive risk,
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그런 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 이런 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:10
what happened to the reward?
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κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
10:12
We all know, if you've ever taken a finance course,
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금육 κ³Όλͺ©μ„ κ³΅λΆ€ν•œ 적이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:14
the first thing you're taught is sort of the risk-reward relationship,
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맨먼저 λ°°μš°λŠ” 것이 μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
and so some people are foolish enough
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ©μ²­ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
10:19
or probably smart enough if they have time to wait,
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맀우 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄μ„œ 기닀릴 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:22
to actually invest in stocks, because they're higher risk
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주식에 νˆ¬μžν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 클수둝
10:24
which over time will make a greater reward than bonds,
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 수읡이 μ±„κΆŒλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 더 ν¬κ±°λ“ μš”.
10:27
that whole risk-reward thing.
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그건 λͺ¨λ‘ μœ„ν—˜κ³Ό κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€μ˜ 관계죠.
10:28
Well, where's the reward for the state
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이런 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•œ
10:30
of having taken on these massive risks
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ꡭ가에 λŒ€ν•œ 보상은 μ–΄λ”” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
10:33
and actually been foolish enough to have done the Internet?
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인터넷을 μ‹œλ„ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ 무λͺ¨ν–ˆλ˜ 것에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ“κ°€λŠ” μ–΄λ””μžˆμ£ ?
10:35
The Internet was crazy.
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인터넷은 μ •μ‹  λ‚˜κ°„ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:37
It really was. I mean, the probability of failure was massive.
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정말 κ·Έλž«μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제 말은 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•  ν™•λ₯ μ΄ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:40
You had to be completely nuts to do it,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μ •μ‹  λ‚˜κ°„ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ μ‹œλ„ν•  μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:43
and luckily, they were.
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μš΄μ’‹κ²Œλ„ 그듀이 그랬죠.
10:45
Now, we don't even get to this question about rewards
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
unless you actually depict the state as this risk-taker.
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κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό 이런 μœ„ν—˜ 감수자둜 κ·Έλ €λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šλ”λΌλ„μš”.
10:51
And the problem is that economists often think,
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ’…μ’…,
10:54
well, there is a reward back to the state. It's tax.
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ꡭ가에 λŒ“κ°€κ°€ λŒμ•„κ°„λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ°”λ‘œ μ„ΈκΈˆμ΄μ§€μš”.
10:57
You know, the companies will pay tax,
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기업은 μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
the jobs they create will create growth
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기업이 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μΌμžλ¦¬λŠ” μ„±μž₯을 μΌμœΌν‚€μ£ .
11:00
so people who get those jobs and their incomes rise
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그런 직μž₯을 μ–»κ³  μˆ˜μž…μ΄ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
11:04
will come back to the state through the tax mechanism.
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μ„ΈκΈˆ μ œλ„λ₯Ό 톡해 ꡭ가에 κ³΅ν—Œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
11:07
Well, unfortunately, that's not true.
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그런데 λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 그렇지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
11:09
Okay, it's not true because many of the jobs that are created go abroad.
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그건 사싀이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μΌμžλ¦¬κ°€ μ™Έκ΅­μœΌλ‘œ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
Globalization, and that's fine. We shouldn't be nationalistic.
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κ΅­μ œν™”μš”. μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Όμ‘±μ£Όμ˜μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ„  μ•ˆλ˜κ² μ£ .
11:15
Let the jobs go where they have to go, perhaps.
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μΌμžλ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μ•Ό ν•  곳으둜 κ°€κ²Œ λ‚΄λ²„λ €λ‘‘μ‹œλ‹€.
11:17
I mean, one can take a position on that.
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제 λœ»μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 그런 μž…μž₯을 택할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
But also these companies
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 기업듀은
11:21
that have actually had this massive benefit from the state --
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κ΅­κ°€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 이런 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 이득을 μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
Apple's a great example.
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μ• ν”Œμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ 그런 μ˜ˆμ—μš”.
11:26
They even got the first -- well, not the first,
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μ• ν”Œμ€ 졜초둜, μ•„, μ΅œμ΄ˆκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ΅°μš”.
11:28
but 500,000 dollars actually went to Apple, the company,
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50만 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ• ν”Œ νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
through this SBIC program,
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SBIC ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
11:35
which predated the SBIR program,
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SBIR ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 이전에 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μ œλ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
as well as, as I said before, all the technologies behind the iPhone.
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μ•žμ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ“―μ΄ 아이폰에 λ“  λͺ¨λ“  κΈ°μˆ μ— 이 돈이 λ“€μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
And yet we know they legally,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ
11:43
as many other companies, pay very little tax back.
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그듀이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ κΈ°μ—…λ“€κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ μ•„μ£Ό 쑰금만 λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
11:47
So what we really need to actually rethink
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ 생각해봐야 ν•˜λŠ” 것은
11:50
is should there perhaps be a return-generating mechanism
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μ„ΈκΈˆλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 더 직접적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
11:54
that's much more direct than tax. Why not?
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κ·Έ λŒ“κ°€λ₯Ό λ˜κ°šλŠ” μ œλ„κ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•ˆλ  것도 μ—†μ£ .
11:57
It could happen perhaps through equity.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 지뢄 같은 것을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:59
This, by the way, in the countries
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어쨋든 이런 것에 λŒ€ν•΄
12:01
that are actually thinking about this strategically,
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μ „λž΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
countries like Finland in Scandinavia,
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μŠ€μΉΈλ””λ‚˜λΉ„μ•„μ˜ ν•€λž€λ“œ,
12:06
but also in China and Brazil,
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 쀑ꡭ과 λΈŒλΌμ§ˆλ„ 그런데,
12:08
they're retaining equity in these investments.
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이런 ꡭ가듀은 νˆ¬μžμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ 지뢄을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
Sitra funded Nokia, kept equity, made a lot of money,
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μ‹œνŠΈλΌλŠ” λ…Έν‚€μ•„λ₯Ό μž¬μ • μ§€μ›ν•˜λ©° 지뢄을 μ†Œμœ ν•΄μ„œ λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ λ²Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
12:14
it's a public funding agency in Finland,
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μ‹œνŠΈλΌλŠ” ν•€λž€λ“œμ˜ 곡곡 μž¬μ› λ‹¨μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
which then funded the next round of Nokias.
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그러고 λ‚œ ν›„, λ…Έν‚€μ•„μ˜ λ‹€μŒ 단계λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν–ˆμ£ .
12:19
The Brazilian Development Bank,
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브라질 개발 은행은
12:21
which is providing huge amounts of funds today
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„
12:24
to clean technology, they just announced
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ν™˜κ²½ κ΄€λ ¨ κΈ°μˆ μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜λŠ”λ°
12:26
a $56 billion program for the future on this,
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이 은행은 이런 기술의 미래λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— 560μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
12:30
is retaining equity in these investments.
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이 νˆ¬μžμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ 지뢄을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
So to put it provocatively,
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자극적으둜 λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄
12:35
had the U.S. government thought about this,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보고
12:38
and maybe just brought back
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ν˜μ‹  κΈ°κΈˆμ΄λž€ 것을
12:40
just something called an innovation fund,
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λ˜μ‚΄λ¦°λ‹€λ©΄,
12:42
you can bet that, you know, if even just .05 percent
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인터넷이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 수읡의
12:46
of the profits from what the Internet produced
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0.05%λ§Œμ΄λΌλ„
12:47
had come back to that innovation fund,
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κ·Έ ν˜μ‹  κΈ°κΈˆμ— λ˜λŒμ•„μ˜€κ²Œλ” ν–ˆλ”λΌλ©΄,
12:49
there would be so much more money
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  ν™˜κ²½ κ΄€λ ¨ 기술 뢄야에
12:51
to spend today on green technology.
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νˆ¬μžν•  돈이 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ•˜μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
Instead, many of the state budgets
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹  λ§Žμ€ κ΅­κ°€ μ˜ˆμ‚°μ΄
12:55
which in theory are trying to do that
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μ΄λ‘ μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”λ°
12:57
are being constrained.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
But perhaps even more important,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그보닀 훨씬 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
13:01
we heard before about the one percent,
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μ•žμ„œμ„œ 1% λŒ€
13:03
the 99 percent.
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99%의 이야기λ₯Ό 듀어보셨겠죠.
13:04
If the state is thought about in this more strategic way,
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 이런 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 보닀 더 μ „λž΅μ μœΌλ‘œ,
13:08
as one of the lead players in the value creation mechanism,
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κ°€μΉ˜ μ°½μ‘° μ²΄μ œμ—μ„œ 선두 μ£Όμžλ‘œμ„œ μƒκ°ν–ˆλ”λΌλ©΄ μ–΄λ• μ„κΉŒμš”?
13:11
because that's what we're talking about, right?
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그런 것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μž–μ•„μš”?
13:13
Who are the different players in creating value
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κ²½μ œμ—μ„œ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€μš”?
13:15
in the economy, and is the state's role,
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그건 κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 역할인데
13:17
has it been sort of dismissed as being a backseat player?
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κ΅­κ°€λŠ” λ’·μ§μ΄λ‚˜ 지고 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것은 μ•„λ‹κΉŒμš”?
13:21
If we can actually have a broader theory
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 더넓은 의미의 κ°€μΉ˜ 창쑰둠이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
13:23
of value creation and allow us to actually admit
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κ΅­κ°€κ°€ ν•΄μ˜¨λ˜ 일을 μΈμ •ν•˜κ³ 
13:25
what the state has been doing and reap something back,
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μ–΄λ–€ λŒ“κ°€λ₯Ό λ˜λŒλ €μ€€λ‹€λ©΄
13:28
it might just be that in the next round,
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λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„μ—λŠ”
13:31
and I hope that we all hope that the next big revolution
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μ € 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ°”λΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ μ»€λ‹€λž€ 혁λͺ…은
13:34
will in fact be green,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν™˜κ²½ 관련이기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:35
that that period of growth
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그런 μ„±μž₯ μ‹œκΈ°κ°€
13:37
will not only be smart, innovation-led,
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μ˜λ¦¬ν•  뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν˜μ‹ μ΄ 주도해야 ν•˜λ©°
13:40
not only green, but also more inclusive,
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ν™˜κ²½μ„ 생각할 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 더 λ§Žμ€ 것을 κ°μ‹Έμ•ˆμ•„μ„œ
13:43
so that the public schools in places like Silicon Valley
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 밸리와 같은 곳의 곡곡 학ꡐ도
13:46
can actually also benefit from that growth,
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그런 μ„±μž₯의 ν˜œνƒμ„ λ°›κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:49
because they have not.
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μ΄μ œκΉŒμ§€λŠ” 그렇지 μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
13:50
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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