Mariana Mazzucato: Government -- investor, risk-taker, innovator

202,653 views ใƒป 2013-10-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:12
Have you ever asked yourselves why it is that
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์™œ
00:15
companies, the really cool companies,
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์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ,
00:17
the innovative ones, the creative,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
00:18
new economy-type companies --
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ธ
00:20
Apple, Google, Facebook --
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์• ํ”Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
00:23
are coming out of one particular country,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ์–ด๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:26
the United States of America?
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
00:28
Usually when I say this, someone says, "Spotify!
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ "์Šคํฌํ‹ฐํŒŒ์ด!
00:30
That's Europe." But, yeah.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด์ฃ ." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It has not had the impact that these other companies have had.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Now what I do is I'm an economist,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
and I actually study the relationship
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š”
00:38
between innovation and economic growth
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ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ
00:40
at the level of the company, the industry and the nation,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
and I work with policymakers worldwide,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค,
00:45
especially in the European Commission,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
but recently also in interesting places like China,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผํ•˜์ฃ .
00:50
and I can tell you that that question
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:52
is on the tip of all of their tongues:
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜€๋์„ ๋งด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Where are the European Googles?
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‹ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:57
What is the secret behind the Silicon Valley growth model,
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:01
which they understand is different
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์ด ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ตฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ๋Š”
01:03
from this old economy growth model?
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:06
And what is interesting is that often,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:08
even if we're in the 21st century,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„
01:10
we kind of come down in the end to these ideas
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์ข…์ข… ์‹œ์žฅ ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณค
01:12
of market versus state.
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
It's talked about in these modern ways,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:16
but the idea is that somehow, behind places like Silicon Valley,
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์€
01:20
the secret have been different types of market-making mechanisms,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜
01:24
the private initiative, whether this be about
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
a dynamic venture capital sector
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค,
01:29
that's actually able to provide that high-risk finance
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:32
to these innovative companies,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ
01:33
the gazelles as we often call them,
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์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ํฐ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:35
which traditional banks are scared of,
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์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฒค์ณ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜
01:37
or different types of really successful
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์ด๋“ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„
01:39
commercialization policies which actually allow these companies
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์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚ด๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:42
to bring these great inventions, their products,
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๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:45
to the market and actually get over this
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
01:47
really scary Death Valley period
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ •์ฑ…
01:49
in which many companies instead fail.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
But what really interests me, especially nowadays
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:54
and because of what's happening politically around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ,
01:57
is the language that's used, the narrative,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ,
02:01
the discourse, the images, the actual words.
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๋‹ด๋ก , ์ธ์ƒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
02:04
So we often are presented
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข…
02:06
with the kind of words like that the private sector
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์›”์”ฌ ๋” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„
02:09
is also much more innovative because it's able to
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๋“ฃ๊ณคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€
02:11
think out of the box.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:13
They are more dynamic.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Think of Steve Jobs' really inspirational speech
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์žก์Šค๊ฐ€ 2005๋…„ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์‹์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜
02:18
to the 2005 graduating class at Stanford,
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:21
where he said to be innovative,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด ๋˜๋ผ๊ณ ,
02:23
you've got to stay hungry, stay foolish.
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๋Š˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋์—†์ด ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Right? So these guys are kind of the hungry
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
02:27
and foolish and colorful guys, right?
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๋ฐ”๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
02:30
And in places like Europe,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ด
02:31
it might be more equitable,
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๋” ๊ณตํ‰ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
02:33
we might even be a bit better dressed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž…๊ณ 
02:35
and eat better than the U.S.,
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋จน์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
but the problem is this damn public sector.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋นŒ์–ด๋จน์„ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
02:41
It's a bit too big, and it hasn't actually allowed
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ณ 
02:45
these things like dynamic venture capital
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์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฒค์ณ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ƒ์—…ํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
02:48
and commercialization to actually be able to really
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
02:50
be as fruitful as it could.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
And even really respectable newspapers,
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์ •๋ง ๊ถŒ์œ„์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
02:54
some that I'm actually subscribed to,
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์ €๋„ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:56
the words they use are, you know,
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์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋„
02:58
the state as this Leviathan. Right?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ดด๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
03:01
This monster with big tentacles.
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์ด‰์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ดด๋ฌผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
They're very explicit in these editorials.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ๋…ผํ‰์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
They say, "You know, the state, it's necessary
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"๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”
03:08
to fix these little market failures
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๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:10
when you have public goods
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์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ์‹คํŒจ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค."
03:11
or different types of negative externalities like pollution,
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๊ณตํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:14
but you know what, what is the next big revolution
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑฐ ์•„์„ธ์š”? ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ดํ›„์˜
03:17
going to be after the Internet?
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์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
We all hope it might be something green,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:21
or all of this nanotech stuff, and in order for that stuff to happen," they say --
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
this was a special issue on the next industrial revolution --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ์ด์—์š”.
03:28
they say, "the state, just stick to the basics, right?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งž์ฃ ?
03:30
Fund the infrastructure. Fund the schools.
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ํ•™๊ต์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ 
03:33
Even fund the basic research, because this is
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ณผํ•™์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
03:35
popularly recognized, in fact, as a big public good
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋กœ์จ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
03:38
which private companies don't want to invest in,
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
03:40
do that, but you know what?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:41
Leave the rest to the revolutionaries."
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ๋ผ." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Those colorful, out-of-the-box kind of thinkers.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กญ๊ณ  ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:47
They're often called garage tinkerers,
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์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ฐจ๊ณ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋•œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
because some of them actually did some things in garages,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฐจ๊ณ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
03:51
even though that's partly a myth.
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๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ ํ™”์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
03:54
And so what I want to do with you in, oh God,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ,
03:56
only 10 minutes,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 10๋ถ„ ๋‚จ์•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
03:57
is to really think again this juxtaposition,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
because it actually has massive, massive implications
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
04:03
beyond innovation policy,
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์ •๋ง ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
04:04
which just happens to be the area
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ํ˜์‹ ์  ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€
04:06
that I often talk with with policymakers.
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์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:09
It has huge implications, even with this whole notion
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€
04:13
that we have on where, when and why
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ, ์™œ,
04:16
we should actually be cutting back on public spending
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
and different types of public services which,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต์ต์‚ฌ์—…์€
04:21
of course, as we know, are increasingly being
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ ์  ์œ„ํƒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:23
outsourced because of this juxtaposition.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Right? I mean, the reason that we need to maybe have free schools or charter schools
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ œ ๋ง์€ ์ž์œ  ํ•™๊ต๋‚˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:28
is in order to make them more innovative without being emburdened
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ตฌ์• ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:32
by this heavy hand of the state curriculum, or something.
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ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
So these kind of words are constantly,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:37
these juxtapositions come up everywhere,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
not just with innovation policy.
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ํ˜์‹  ์ •์ฑ…๋งŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
And so to think again,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
04:43
there's no reason that you should believe me,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
so just think of some of the smartest
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:47
revolutionary things that you have in your pockets
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
04:50
and do not turn it on, but you might want to take it out, your iPhone.
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์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์•„์ดํฐ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
04:52
Ask who actually funded the really cool,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ดํฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:55
revolutionary thinking-out-of-the-box
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—
04:57
things in the iPhone.
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์žฌ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:59
What actually makes your phone
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ
05:01
a smartphone, basically, instead of a stupid phone?
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๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:03
So the Internet, which you can surf the web
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
05:05
anywhere you are in the world;
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์›น์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:06
GPS, where you can actually know where you are
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GPS๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋“ 
05:09
anywhere in the world;
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
the touchscreen display, which makes it also
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ํ„ฐ์น˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ
05:13
a really easy-to-use phone for anybody.
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์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
These are the very smart, revolutionary bits about the iPhone,
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์•„์ดํฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
05:19
and they're all government-funded.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
And the point is that the Internet
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์š”์ ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜
05:26
was funded by DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense.
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๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํš์ฒญ์ด ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
GPS was funded by the military's Navstar program.
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GPS๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ธŒ์Šคํƒ€(Navstar) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
05:32
Even Siri was actually funded by DARPA.
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์‹œ๋ฆฌ(Siri)๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํš์ฒญ์ด ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
The touchscreen display was funded
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ํ„ฐ์น˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์€
05:37
by two public grants by the CIA and the NSF
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ณด๋ถ€(CIA)์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™ ์žฌ๋‹จ (NSF)์ด ์ค€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ
05:41
to two public university researchers at the University of Delaware.
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๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:46
Now, you might be thinking, "Well, she's just said
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
the word 'defense' and 'military' an awful lot,"
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"์ € ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” '๊ตญ๋ฐฉ'๊ณผ '๊ตฐ๋Œ€'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ฐธ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฐ."
05:50
but what's really interesting is that this is actually true
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:53
in sector after sector and department after department.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ–‰์ • ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
So the pharmaceutical industry, which I am personally
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์˜์•ฝ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:58
very interested in because I've actually had the fortune
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์šด์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„
06:00
to study it in quite some depth,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฝค ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
06:02
is wonderful to be asking this question
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์˜์•ฝ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ํ˜์‹  ๋Œ€ ๋น„ํ˜์‹ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
06:05
about the revolutionary versus non-revolutionary bits,
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์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
because each and every medicine can actually be
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
06:09
divided up on whether it really is revolutionary or incremental.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
So the new molecular entities with priority rating
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์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
06:16
are the revolutionary new drugs,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝํ’ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—
06:18
whereas the slight variations of existing drugs --
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค,
06:21
Viagra, different color, different dosage --
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๋น„์•„๊ทธ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๊น”, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:23
are the less revolutionary ones.
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๋œ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
06:26
And it turns out that a full 75 percent
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:28
of the new molecular entities with priority rating
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์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ 75%๊ฐ€
06:31
are actually funded in boring, Kafka-ian public sector labs.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
This doesn't mean that Big Pharma is not spending on innovation.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ˜์‹ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
They do. They spend on the marketing part.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
They spend on the D part of R&D.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ˆ์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
They spend an awful lot on buying back their stock,
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๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:46
which is quite problematic.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
In fact, companies like Pfizer and Amgen recently
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ํŒŒ์ด์ž(Pfizer)๋‚˜ ์•”์  (Amgen) ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—
06:50
have spent more money in buying back their shares
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:52
to boost their stock price than on R&D,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
but that's a whole different TED Talk which one day
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ TED ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ๋ ํ…๋ฐ
06:57
I'd be fascinated to tell you about.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
07:00
Now, what's interesting in all of this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
07:02
is the state, in all these examples,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง€์š”. ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ
07:04
was doing so much more than just fixing market failures.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
It was actually shaping and creating markets.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:11
It was funding not only the basic research,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ณผํ•™์— ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
07:13
which again is a typical public good,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:16
but even the applied research.
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์‘์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ์žฌ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
It was even, God forbid, being a venture capitalist.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด, ๋ง™์†Œ์‚ฌ, ๋ฒค์ณ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So these SBIR and SDTR programs,
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์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์žฌ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š”
07:24
which give small companies early-stage finance
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SBIR๊ณผ SDTR ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€
07:28
have not only been extremely important
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒค์ณ ์ž๋ณธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
07:30
compared to private venture capital,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:32
but also have become increasingly important.
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์ ์  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Why? Because, as many of us know,
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
07:38
V.C. is actually quite short-term.
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๋ฒค์ณ์ž๊ธˆ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
They want their returns in three to five years.
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์ด๋“ค์€ 3๋…„์—์„œ 5๋…„์•ˆ์— ํˆฌ์ž์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Innovation takes a much longer time than that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„,
07:45
15 to 20 years.
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15๋…„์—์„œ 20๋…„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
And so this whole notion -- I mean, this is the point, right?
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์ œ ๋ง์”€์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์š”์ ์ด์—์š”.
07:49
Who's actually funding the hard stuff?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“  ๊ณณ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:51
Of course, it's not just the state.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:53
The private sector does a lot.
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
But the narrative that we've always been told
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:56
is the state is important for the basics,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:59
but not really providing that sort of high-risk,
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์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ํฌ๊ณ 
08:01
revolutionary thinking out of the box.
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:04
In all these sectors, from funding the Internet
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:06
to doing the spending, but also the envisioning,
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์ง€์ถœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ,
08:09
the strategic vision, for these investments,
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์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š”
08:11
it was actually coming within the state.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ง€์›๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:13
The nanotechnology sector is actually fascinating
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„
08:15
to study this, because the word itself, nanotechnology,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
08:18
came from within government.
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์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:20
And so there's huge implications of this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
First of all, of course I'm not someone,
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์šฐ์„  ์ €๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์™ธ์น˜๋Š”
08:25
this old-fashioned person, market versus state.
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๊ตฌ์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
What we all know in dynamic capitalism
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์•ˆ์—์„œ
08:29
is that what we actually need are public-private partnerships.
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๊ณต๊ณต-๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
But the point is, by constantly depicting
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„
08:35
the state part as necessary
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:37
but actually -- pffff -- a bit boring
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํœด, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜์ฃ .
08:40
and often a bit dangerous kind of Leviathan,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:43
I think we've actually really stunted the possibility
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:46
to build these public-private partnerships
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๊ณต๊ณต-๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:47
in a really dynamic way.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Even the words that we often use to justify the "P" part,
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๊ณต๊ณต-๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ P ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„
08:52
the public part -- well, they're both P's --
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„, ์•„, ๋‘˜๋‹ค P ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
08:54
with public-private partnerships
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์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
08:56
is in terms of de-risking.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
What the public sector did in all these examples
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ์—์„œ
09:00
I just gave you, and there's many more,
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
which myself and other colleagues have been looking at,
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์ €์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
09:06
is doing much more than de-risking.
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:07
It's kind of been taking on that risk. Bring it on.
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋– ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋งž์„ค ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:10
It's actually been the one thinking out of the box.
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๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
But also, I'm sure you all have had experience
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
09:15
with local, regional, national governments,
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์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์ง€์—ญ, ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
and you're kind of like, "You know what, that Kafka-ian bureaucrat, I've met him."
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌ์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”. "๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ์•Œ์ฃ ? ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”."
09:20
That whole juxtaposition thing, it's kind of there.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Well, there's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์กฑ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
By talking about the state as kind of irrelevant,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋Š”,
09:28
boring, it's sometimes
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:30
that we actually create those organizations in that way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
So what we have to actually do is build
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€
09:35
these entrepreneurial state organizations.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
DARPA, that funded the Internet and Siri,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ PARPA๋Š”
09:39
actually thought really hard about this,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
how to welcome failure, because you will fail.
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์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
09:44
You will fail when you innovative.
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ํ˜์‹ ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
One out of 10 experiments has any success.
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10๊ฐœ ์ค‘์— ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๋งŒ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
And the V.C. guys know this,
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๋ฒค์ณ ์ž๊ธˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
and they're able to actually fund the other losses
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ
09:53
from that one success.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And this brings me, actually, probably,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
09:56
to the biggest implication,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
and this has huge implications beyond innovation.
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์ด๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
If the state is more than just a market fixer,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์—ญํ•  ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:05
if it actually is a market shaper,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:07
and in doing that has had to take on this massive risk,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:10
what happened to the reward?
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๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
10:12
We all know, if you've ever taken a finance course,
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๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:14
the first thing you're taught is sort of the risk-reward relationship,
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๋งจ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
and so some people are foolish enough
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:19
or probably smart enough if they have time to wait,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:22
to actually invest in stocks, because they're higher risk
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์ฃผ์‹์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก
10:24
which over time will make a greater reward than bonds,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:27
that whole risk-reward thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ฃ .
10:28
Well, where's the reward for the state
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ
10:30
of having taken on these massive risks
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:33
and actually been foolish enough to have done the Internet?
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ชจํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ด๋””์žˆ์ฃ ?
10:35
The Internet was crazy.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ •์‹  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:37
It really was. I mean, the probability of failure was massive.
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์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋žซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๋ง์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:40
You had to be completely nuts to do it,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์‹  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:43
and luckily, they were.
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์šด์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ .
10:45
Now, we don't even get to this question about rewards
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
unless you actually depict the state as this risk-taker.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์ž๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„์š”.
10:51
And the problem is that economists often think,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข…,
10:54
well, there is a reward back to the state. It's tax.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:57
You know, the companies will pay tax,
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๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
the jobs they create will create growth
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๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ฃ .
11:00
so people who get those jobs and their incomes rise
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง์žฅ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:04
will come back to the state through the tax mechanism.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:07
Well, unfortunately, that's not true.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:09
Okay, it's not true because many of the jobs that are created go abroad.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
Globalization, and that's fine. We shouldn't be nationalistic.
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๊ตญ์ œํ™”์š”. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„  ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:15
Let the jobs go where they have to go, perhaps.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘ก์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:17
I mean, one can take a position on that.
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์ œ ๋œป์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
But also these companies
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€
11:21
that have actually had this massive benefit from the state --
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Apple's a great example.
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์• ํ”Œ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์—์š”.
11:26
They even got the first -- well, not the first,
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์• ํ”Œ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ, ์•„, ์ตœ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
11:28
but 500,000 dollars actually went to Apple, the company,
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50๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์• ํ”Œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
through this SBIC program,
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SBIC ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
11:35
which predated the SBIR program,
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SBIR ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
as well as, as I said before, all the technologies behind the iPhone.
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์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ์•„์ดํฐ์— ๋“  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ด ๋ˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
And yet we know they legally,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:43
as many other companies, pay very little tax back.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
11:47
So what we really need to actually rethink
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:50
is should there perhaps be a return-generating mechanism
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์„ธ๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
11:54
that's much more direct than tax. Why not?
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๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜๊ฐš๋Š” ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
11:57
It could happen perhaps through equity.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
This, by the way, in the countries
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์–ด์จ‹๋“  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:01
that are actually thinking about this strategically,
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์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
countries like Finland in Scandinavia,
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์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์˜ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ,
12:06
but also in China and Brazil,
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ,
12:08
they're retaining equity in these investments.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
Sitra funded Nokia, kept equity, made a lot of money,
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์‹œํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:14
it's a public funding agency in Finland,
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์‹œํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ์žฌ์› ๋‹จ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
which then funded the next round of Nokias.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„, ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:19
The Brazilian Development Bank,
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์€ํ–‰์€
12:21
which is providing huge amounts of funds today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„
12:24
to clean technology, they just announced
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:26
a $56 billion program for the future on this,
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์ด ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— 560์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:30
is retaining equity in these investments.
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์ด ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
So to put it provocatively,
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์ž๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
12:35
had the U.S. government thought about this,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
12:38
and maybe just brought back
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ํ˜์‹  ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„
12:40
just something called an innovation fund,
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๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:42
you can bet that, you know, if even just .05 percent
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์˜
12:46
of the profits from what the Internet produced
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0.05%๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„
12:47
had come back to that innovation fund,
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๊ทธ ํ˜์‹  ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒŒ๋” ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด,
12:49
there would be so much more money
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—
12:51
to spend today on green technology.
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ํˆฌ์žํ•  ๋ˆ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Instead, many of the state budgets
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด
12:55
which in theory are trying to do that
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:57
are being constrained.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
But perhaps even more important,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:01
we heard before about the one percent,
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์•ž์„œ์„œ 1% ๋Œ€
13:03
the 99 percent.
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99%์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:04
If the state is thought about in this more strategic way,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ,
13:08
as one of the lead players in the value creation mechanism,
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ์„ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:11
because that's what we're talking about, right?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„์š”?
13:13
Who are the different players in creating value
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
13:15
in the economy, and is the state's role,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ธ๋ฐ
13:17
has it been sort of dismissed as being a backseat player?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋’ท์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
13:21
If we can actually have a broader theory
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋”๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
13:23
of value creation and allow us to actually admit
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์˜จ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:25
what the state has been doing and reap something back,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:28
it might just be that in the next round,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—๋Š”
13:31
and I hope that we all hope that the next big revolution
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์ € ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ˜๋ช…์€
13:34
will in fact be green,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
that that period of growth
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
13:37
will not only be smart, innovation-led,
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์˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:40
not only green, but also more inclusive,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์•ˆ์•„์„œ
13:43
so that the public schools in places like Silicon Valley
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ํ•™๊ต๋„
13:46
can actually also benefit from that growth,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
because they have not.
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์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:50
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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