Michel Laberge: How synchronized hammer strikes could generate nuclear fusion

388,946 views ใƒป 2014-04-22

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:13
Wow, this is bright.
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ.
00:15
It must use a lot of power.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—.
00:18
Well, flying you all in here
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืคื”
00:19
must have cost a bit of energy too.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:22
So the whole planet needs a lot of energy,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:24
and so far we've been running mostly on fossil fuel.
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ื•ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืขืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
00:27
We've been burning gas.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืจืคื ื• ื’ื–.
00:29
It's been a good run.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:31
It got us to where we are, but we have to stop.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
00:34
We can't do that anymore.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:36
So we are trying different types of energy now,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:38
alternative energy,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช,
00:39
but it proved quite difficult to find something
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
00:42
that's as convenient and as cost-effective
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ืฉื ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:45
as oil, gas and coal.
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ื›ืžื• ื ืคื˜, ื’ื– ื•ืคื—ื.
00:47
My personal favorite is nuclear energy.
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ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
00:52
Now, it's very energy-dense,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช,
00:54
it produces solid, reliable power,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ื•ื— ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ,
00:57
and it doesn't make any CO2.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ืช CO2.
00:59
Now we know of two ways
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:00
of making nuclear energy: fission and fusion.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
01:06
Now in fission, you take a big nucleus,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข, ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:08
you break it in part, in two,
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ืืชื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื,
01:10
and it makes lots of energy,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:11
and this is how the nuclear reactor today works.
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:13
It works pretty good.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:15
And then there's fusion.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
01:17
Now, I like fusion. Fusion's much better.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš. ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:19
So you take two small nuclei,
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ืื– ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:21
you put it together, and you make helium,
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
01:24
and that's very nice.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“.
01:25
It makes lots of energy.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:26
This is nature's way of producing energy.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:29
The sun and all the stars in the universe
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
01:31
run on fusion.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
01:34
Now, a fusion plant
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
01:36
would actually be quite cost-effective
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
01:38
and it also would be quite safe.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
01:40
It only produces short term radioactive waste,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืง ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ,
01:44
and it cannot melt down.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืก.
01:46
Now, the fuel from fusion comes from the ocean.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:49
In the ocean, you can extract the fuel
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง
01:51
for about one thousandth of a cent
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื™ืช ื”ืกื ื˜
01:53
per kilowatt-hour, so that's very, very cheap.
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ืœืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืขื”, ืื– ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืœ.
01:55
And if the whole planet would run on fusion,
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ื•ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš,
01:58
we could extract the fuel from the ocean.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:00
It would run for billions and billions of years.
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ื–ื” ื™ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:03
Now, if fusion is so great, why don't we have it?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื•?
02:07
Where is it?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื?
02:08
Well, there's always a bit of a catch.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืงืื˜ืฅ' ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:10
Fusion is really, really hard to do.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
02:13
So the problem is, those two nuclei,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:16
they are both positively charged,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
02:17
so they don't want to fuse.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’.
02:19
They go like this. They go like that.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ื›ื”. ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
02:21
So in order to make them fuse,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’,
02:22
you have to throw them at each other with great speed,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:24
and if they have enough speed,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:25
they will go against the repulsion,
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ื”ื ื™ืœื›ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื”,
02:27
they will touch, and they will make energy.
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ื”ื ื™ื’ืขื•, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:29
Now, the particle speed
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
02:31
is a measure of the temperature.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
02:33
So the temperature required for fusion
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ืื– ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš
02:35
is 150 billion degrees C.
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ื”ื™ื 150 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
02:38
This is rather warm,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื,
02:40
and this is why fusion is so hard to do.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
02:43
Now, I caught my little fusion bug
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืคืกืชื™ ืืช ื‘ืื’ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™
02:45
when I did my Ph.D. here at the University of British Columbia,
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™, ืคื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”,
02:49
and then I got a big job in a laser printer place
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ื•ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
02:52
making printing for the printing industry.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
02:55
I worked there for 10 years,
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืฉื 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:57
and I got a little bit bored,
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืขืžืžืชื™ ืงืฆืช,
02:59
and then I was 40, and I got a mid-life crisis,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 40, ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:02
you know, the usual thing:
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื:
03:03
Who am I? What should I do?
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ืžื™ ืื ื™? ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:06
What should I do? What can I do?
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:08
And then I was looking at my good work,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™,
03:10
and what I was doing is I was cutting the forests
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืจืชืชื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
03:12
around here in B.C.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœืžื‘ื™ื”
03:14
and burying you, all of you,
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ื•ืงื‘ืจืชื™ ืืชื›ื, ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื,
03:15
in millions of tons of junk mail.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ.
03:19
Now, that was not very satisfactory.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืคืง,
03:21
So some people buy a Porsche.
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื”.
03:23
Others get a mistress.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืื”ื‘ืช.
03:26
But I've decided to get my bit
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช
03:27
to solve global warming and make fusion happen.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช.
03:32
Now, so the first thing I did
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
03:33
is I looked into the literature and I see,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช,
03:36
how does fusion work?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“?
03:38
So the physicists have been working on fusion for a while,
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ืื– ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
03:42
and one of the ways they do it
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
03:43
is with something called a tokamak.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื•ืงืžืง.
03:45
It's a big ring of magnetic coil,
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ื–ื• ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
03:48
superconducting coil,
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ืกืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืขืœ,
03:49
and it makes a magnetic field
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
03:51
in a ring like this,
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื›ื–ื•,
03:52
and the hot gas in the middle,
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ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื—ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
03:54
which is called a plasma, is trapped.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืคืœื–ืžื”, ืœื›ื•ื“.
03:56
The particles go round and round and round
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:58
the circle at the wall.
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ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
03:59
Then they throw a huge amount of heat in there
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ืื– ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื”
04:01
to try to cook that to fusion temperature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
04:03
So this is the inside of one of those donuts,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:05
and on the right side you can see
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
04:07
the fusion plasma in there.
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ืืช ืคืœื–ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉื.
04:09
Now, a second way of doing this
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
04:11
is by using laser fusion.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
04:14
Now in laser fusion, you have a little ping pong ball,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’ ืงื˜ืŸ.
04:16
you put the fusion fuel in the center,
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื“ืœืง ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
04:18
and you zap that with a whole bunch of laser around it.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
04:21
The lasers are very strong, and it squashes
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ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืขื›ื™ื
04:22
the ping pong ball really, really quick.
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ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’ ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
04:24
And if you squeeze something hard enough,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืขื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง,
04:26
it gets hotter,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžื,
04:27
and if it gets really, really fast,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ
04:29
and they do that in one billionth of a second,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
04:31
it makes enough energy and enough heat
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ื
04:33
to make fusion.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
04:34
So this is the inside of one such machine.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
04:36
You see the laser beam and the pellet
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืกืงื”
04:38
in the center.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
04:40
Now, most people think that fusion is going nowhere.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœื ืžืชืงื“ื ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
04:43
They always think that the physicists are in their lab
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:46
and they're working hard, but nothing is happening.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
04:48
That's actually not quite true.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:49
This is a curve of the gain in fusion
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ื–ื• ืขืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
04:51
over the last 30 years or so,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:53
and you can see that we're making now
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
04:55
about 10,000 times more fusion than we used to
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
04:58
when we started.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
04:59
That's a pretty good gain.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ ื™ืคื”.
05:00
As a matter of fact, it's as fast
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ
05:02
as the fabled Moore's Law
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข
05:03
that defined the amount of transistors
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ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื
05:06
they can put on a chip.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
05:07
Now, this dot here is called JET,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืคื” ื ืงืจืืช JET,
05:10
the Joint European Torus.
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ื”ื˜ื•ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
05:12
It's a big tokamak donut in Europe,
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืงื•ืžืืง ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
05:14
and this machine in 1997
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ 1997
05:17
produced 16 megawatts of fusion power
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ื™ืฆืจื” 16 ืžื’ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
05:20
with 17 megawatts of heat.
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ืขื 17 ืžื’ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื.
05:22
Now, you say, that's not much use,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœ,
05:24
but it's actually pretty close,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘,
05:26
considering we can get
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ
05:27
about 10,000 times more than we started.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
05:29
The second dot here is the NIF.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื NIF.
05:32
It's the National Ignition Facility.
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
05:34
It's a big laser machine in the U.S.,
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ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:37
and last month they announced
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•
05:38
with quite a bit of noise
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ืขื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขืฉ
05:40
that they had managed to make more fusion energy
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
05:42
from the fusion
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ืžื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
05:44
than the energy that they put in the center of the ping pong ball.
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ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืœื™ื‘ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื’.
05:46
Now, that's not quite good enough,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
05:48
because the laser to put that energy in
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
05:50
was more energy than that,
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ืฆืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื–ื”,
05:52
but it was pretty good.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:54
Now this is ITER,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” IETR,
05:56
pronounced in French: EE-tairh.
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืื™ื™-ื˜ืจ,
05:58
So this is a big collaboration of different countries
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:01
that are building a huge magnetic donut
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ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
06:03
in the south of France,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช,
06:05
and this machine, when it's finished,
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”,
06:07
will produce 500 megawatts of fusion power
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ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ 500 ืžื’ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
06:09
with only 50 megawatts to make it.
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ืขื ืจืง 50 ืžื’ืื•ื•ืื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
06:12
So this one is the real one.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
06:13
It's going to work.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:14
That's the kind of machine that makes energy.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:16
Now if you look at the graph, you will notice
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื’ืจืฃ, ืืชื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
06:18
that those two dots are a little bit
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ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืขื˜
06:19
on the right of the curve.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืžื”.
06:20
We kind of have fallen off the progress.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืคืœื ื• ืžื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
06:22
Actually, the science to make those machines
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
06:24
was really in time
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
06:26
to produce fusion during that curve.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
06:28
However, there has been a bit of politics going on,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”,
06:31
and the will to do it was not there,
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ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื,
06:33
so it drifted to the right.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืกื—ืฃ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
06:35
ITER, for example, could have been built
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ITER, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
06:37
in 2000 or 2005,
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ื‘ 2000 ืื• ื‘ 2005,
06:39
but because it's a big international collaboration,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
06:41
the politics got in and it delayed it a bit.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื–ื” ืขื™ื›ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขื˜.
06:44
For example, it took them about three years
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
06:45
to decide where to put it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืคื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:47
Now, fusion is often criticized
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
06:49
for being a little too expensive.
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
06:51
Yes, it did cost
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœื”
06:53
a billion dollars or two billion dollars a year
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”
06:55
to make this progress.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:56
But you have to compare that to the cost
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช
06:57
of making Moore's Law.
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ืฉืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ.
06:59
That cost way more than that.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
07:01
The result of Moore's Law
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ
07:02
is this cell phone here in my pocket.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืคื” ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื™.
07:04
This cell phone, and the Internet behind it,
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ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•,
07:06
cost about one trillion dollars,
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ืขืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:09
just so I can take a selfie
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืœื ืกืœืคื™
07:12
and put it on Facebook.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
07:15
Then when my dad sees that,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”,
07:16
he'll be very proud.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื”.
07:19
We also spend about 650 billion dollars a year
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• 650 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
07:23
in subsidies for oil and gas
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ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื–
07:26
and renewable energy.
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
07:27
Now, we spend one half of a percent of that on fusion.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
07:31
So me, personally, I don't think it's too expensive.
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ืื– ืื ื™, ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
07:34
I think it's actually been shortchanged,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืกืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:36
considering it can solve all our energy problems
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:38
cleanly for the next couple of billions of years.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืงื™ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:41
Now I can say that, but I'm a little bit biased,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“,
07:44
because I started a fusion company
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
07:45
and I don't even have a Facebook account.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
07:48
So when I started this fusion company in 2002,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื• ื‘ 2002,
07:53
I knew I couldn't fight with the big lads.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
07:56
They had much more resources than me.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืœื™.
07:58
So I decided I would need to find a solution
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
08:00
that is cheaper and faster.
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ืฉื–ื•ืœ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:02
Now magnetic and laser fusion
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
08:04
are pretty good machines.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:05
They are awesome pieces of technology,
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ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
08:07
wonderful machines, and they have shown
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืื•
08:09
that fusion can be done.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
08:10
However, as a power plant,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื—,
08:12
I don't think they're very good.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:14
They're way too big, way too complicated,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
08:16
way too expensive,
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ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
08:17
and also, they don't deal very much
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘
08:19
with the fusion energy.
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
08:20
When you make fusion, the energy comes out
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืš, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช
08:22
as neutrons, fast neutrons comes out of the plasma.
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ื›ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืคืœืกืžื”.
08:25
Those neutrons hit the wall of the machine.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
08:27
It damages it.
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ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”.
08:28
And also, you have to catch the heat from those neutrons
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ื•ื’ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:30
and run some steam to spin a turbine somewhere,
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ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ืคื• ืฉื”ื•ื,
08:33
and on those machines,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
08:34
it was all a bit of an afterthought.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
08:37
So I decided that surely there is a better way of doing that.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:40
So back to the literature,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช,
08:41
and I read about the fusion everywhere.
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ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
08:43
One way in particular attracted my attention,
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™,
08:46
and it's called magnetized target fusion,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืžื•ื’ื ื˜ืช,
08:48
or MTF for short.
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ืื• MTF ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ.
08:50
Now, in MTF, what you want to do
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ MTF, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:53
is you take a big vat
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ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
08:55
and you fill that with liquid metal,
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ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
08:57
and you spin the liquid metal
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ื•ืืชื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช
08:58
to open a vortex in the center,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
09:00
a bit like your sink.
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ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:01
When you pull the plug on a sink, it makes a vortex.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช.
09:03
And then you have some pistons driven by pressure
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื•ื›ื ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฅ
09:06
that goes on the outside,
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
09:07
and this compresses the liquid metal
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช
09:09
around the plasma, and it compresses it,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืœื–ืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ืื•ืชื”,
09:11
it gets hotter, like a laser,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ,
09:12
and then it makes fusion.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš.
09:14
So it's a bit of a mix
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘
09:15
between a magnetized fusion
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
09:16
and the laser fusion.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
09:18
So those have a couple of very good advantages.
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ืื– ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:21
The liquid metal absorbs all the neutrons
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ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
09:23
and no neutrons hit the wall,
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ื•ืืฃ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ืจ,
09:25
and therefore there's no damage to the machine.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืœืžื›ื•ื ื”.
09:27
The liquid metal gets hot,
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ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ืžืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
09:29
so you can pump that in a heat exchanger,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื,
09:31
make some steam, spin a turbine.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”.
09:33
So that's a very convenient way of doing
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ืื– ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:34
this part of the process.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
09:35
And finally, all the energy to make the fusion happen
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
09:39
comes from steam-powered pistons,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
09:41
which is way cheaper than lasers
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
09:42
or superconducting coils.
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ืื• ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขืœ.
09:44
Now, this was all very good
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”
09:46
except for the problem that it didn't quite work.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:50
There's always a catch.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืงืื˜ืฅ'.
09:51
So when you compress that,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
09:53
the plasma cools down
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ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืชืงืจืจืช
09:55
faster than the compression speed,
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ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื”,
09:56
so you're trying to compress it,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื–ื”,
09:58
but the plasma cooled down and cooled down and cooled down
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ืชืงืจืจื” ื•ื”ืชืงืจืจื” ื•ื”ืชืงืจืจื”
10:00
and then it did absolutely nothing.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœื•ื.
10:02
So when I saw that, I said, well, this is such a shame,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืžืจืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืœ,
10:04
because it's a very, very good idea.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:06
So hopefully I can improve on that.
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ืื– ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
10:08
So I thought about it for a minute,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœื“ืงื”,
10:09
and I said, okay, how can we make that work better?
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
10:11
So then I thought about impact.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
10:13
What about if we use a big hammer
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:15
and we swing it and we hit the nail like this,
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ื•ืžื ื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืจ ื›ื›ื”,
10:18
in the place of putting the hammer on the nail
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ื‘ืžื•ืงื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืจ
10:20
and pushing and try to put it in? That won't work.
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื•? ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
10:22
So what the idea is
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
10:24
is to use the idea of an impact.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื”.
10:25
So we accelerate the pistons with steam,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
10:28
that takes a little bit of time,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ,
10:29
but then, bang! you hit the piston,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืื ื’! ืืชื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื›ื ื”,
10:31
and, baff!, all the energy is done instantly,
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ื•ื‘ืืคืฃ! ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
10:33
down instantly to the liquid,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื•ื–ืœ,
10:35
and that compresses the plasma much faster.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:37
So I decided, okay, this is good, let's make that.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:39
So we built this machine in this garage here.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืš ื”ื–ื” ืคื”.
10:43
We made a small machine
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
10:44
that we managed to squeeze
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืก
10:46
a little bit of neutrons out of that,
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ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื”,
10:48
and those are my marketing neutrons,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
10:50
and with those marketing neutrons,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:52
then I raised about 50 million dollars,
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ื’ื™ื™ืกืชื™ 50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
10:54
and I hired 65 people. That's my team here.
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ื•ืฉื›ืจืชื™ 65 ืื ืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืคื”.
10:57
And this is what we want to build.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
10:59
So it's going to be a big machine,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
11:00
about three meters in diameter,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจ,
11:02
liquid lead spinning around,
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ืขื•ืคืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืžืกืชื—ืจืจืช,
11:03
big vortex in the center,
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ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
11:05
put the plasma on the top and on the bottom,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืชื—ืช,
11:07
piston hits on the side,
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ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
11:09
bang!, it compresses it,
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ื‘ืื ื’!, ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืก ืื•ืชื”,
11:10
and it will make some energy,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
11:11
and the neutron will come out in the liquid metal,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
11:14
going to go in a steam engine and make the turbine,
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ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”,
11:16
and some of the steam will go back
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ
11:18
to fire the piston.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื”.
11:19
We're going to run that about one time per second,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
11:21
and it will produce 100 megawatts of electricity.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ 100 ืžื’ื”ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
11:26
Okay, we also built this injector,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจืง,
11:28
so this injector makes the plasma to start with.
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ืื– ื”ืžื–ืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:30
It makes the plasma at about
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืœื–ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
11:32
a lukewarm temperature of three million degrees C.
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ื—ืžื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
11:36
Unfortunately, it doesn't last quite long enough,
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
11:38
so we need to extend the life of the plasma a little bit,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืขื˜,
11:41
but last month it got a lot better,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืคืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
11:43
so I think we have the plasma compressing now.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ื ื“ื—ืกืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:45
Then we built a small sphere, about this big,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืกืคื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”,
11:48
14 pistons around it,
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14 ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
11:50
and this will compress the liquid.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ.
11:52
However, plasma is difficult to compress.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื™ืกื”.
11:54
When you compress it,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื,
11:55
it tends to go a little bit crooked like that,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืขืงื•ืžื” ื›ื›ื”,
11:57
so you need the timing of the piston
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื”
11:59
to be very good,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
12:00
and for that we use several control systems,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
12:03
which was not possible in 1970,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ 1970,
12:05
but we now can do that
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
12:06
with nice, new electronics.
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ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื”.
12:10
So finally, most people think that fusion
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš
12:12
is in the future and will never happen,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื”,
12:14
but as a matter of fact, fusion is getting very close.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
12:17
We are almost there.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื.
12:18
The big labs have shown that fusion is doable,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื™ื”,
12:21
and now there are small companies that are thinking about that,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
12:23
and they say, it's not that it cannot be done,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
12:26
but it's how to make it cost-effectively.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
12:28
General Fusion is one of those small companies,
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ื’'ื ืจืœ ืคื™ื•ื–'ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
12:30
and hopefully, very soon, somebody, someone,
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
12:33
will crack that nut,
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ื™ืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื– ื”ื–ื”,
12:35
and perhaps it will be General Fusion.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื ืจืœ ืคื™ื•ื–'ืŸ.
12:36
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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