Michel Laberge: How synchronized hammer strikes could generate nuclear fusion

388,874 views ・ 2014-04-22

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00:13
Wow, this is bright.
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It must use a lot of power.
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Well, flying you all in here
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must have cost a bit of energy too.
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So the whole planet needs a lot of energy,
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and so far we've been running mostly on fossil fuel.
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We've been burning gas.
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It's been a good run.
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It got us to where we are, but we have to stop.
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We can't do that anymore.
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So we are trying different types of energy now,
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alternative energy,
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but it proved quite difficult to find something
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that's as convenient and as cost-effective
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as oil, gas and coal.
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My personal favorite is nuclear energy.
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Now, it's very energy-dense,
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it produces solid, reliable power,
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and it doesn't make any CO2.
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Now we know of two ways
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of making nuclear energy: fission and fusion.
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Now in fission, you take a big nucleus,
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you break it in part, in two,
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and it makes lots of energy,
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and this is how the nuclear reactor today works.
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It works pretty good.
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And then there's fusion.
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Now, I like fusion. Fusion's much better.
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So you take two small nuclei,
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you put it together, and you make helium,
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and that's very nice.
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It makes lots of energy.
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This is nature's way of producing energy.
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The sun and all the stars in the universe
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run on fusion.
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Now, a fusion plant
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would actually be quite cost-effective
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and it also would be quite safe.
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It only produces short term radioactive waste,
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and it cannot melt down.
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Now, the fuel from fusion comes from the ocean.
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In the ocean, you can extract the fuel
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for about one thousandth of a cent
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per kilowatt-hour, so that's very, very cheap.
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And if the whole planet would run on fusion,
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we could extract the fuel from the ocean.
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It would run for billions and billions of years.
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Now, if fusion is so great, why don't we have it?
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Where is it?
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Well, there's always a bit of a catch.
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Fusion is really, really hard to do.
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So the problem is, those two nuclei,
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they are both positively charged,
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so they don't want to fuse.
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They go like this. They go like that.
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So in order to make them fuse,
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you have to throw them at each other with great speed,
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and if they have enough speed,
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they will go against the repulsion,
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they will touch, and they will make energy.
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Now, the particle speed
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is a measure of the temperature.
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So the temperature required for fusion
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is 150 billion degrees C.
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This is rather warm,
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and this is why fusion is so hard to do.
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Now, I caught my little fusion bug
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when I did my Ph.D. here at the University of British Columbia,
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and then I got a big job in a laser printer place
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making printing for the printing industry.
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I worked there for 10 years,
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and I got a little bit bored,
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and then I was 40, and I got a mid-life crisis,
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you know, the usual thing:
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Who am I? What should I do?
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What should I do? What can I do?
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And then I was looking at my good work,
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and what I was doing is I was cutting the forests
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around here in B.C.
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and burying you, all of you,
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in millions of tons of junk mail.
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Now, that was not very satisfactory.
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So some people buy a Porsche.
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Others get a mistress.
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But I've decided to get my bit
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to solve global warming and make fusion happen.
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Now, so the first thing I did
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is I looked into the literature and I see,
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how does fusion work?
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So the physicists have been working on fusion for a while,
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and one of the ways they do it
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is with something called a tokamak.
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It's a big ring of magnetic coil,
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superconducting coil,
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and it makes a magnetic field
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in a ring like this,
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and the hot gas in the middle,
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which is called a plasma, is trapped.
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The particles go round and round and round
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the circle at the wall.
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Then they throw a huge amount of heat in there
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to try to cook that to fusion temperature.
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So this is the inside of one of those donuts,
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and on the right side you can see
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the fusion plasma in there.
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Now, a second way of doing this
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is by using laser fusion.
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Now in laser fusion, you have a little ping pong ball,
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you put the fusion fuel in the center,
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and you zap that with a whole bunch of laser around it.
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The lasers are very strong, and it squashes
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the ping pong ball really, really quick.
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And if you squeeze something hard enough,
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it gets hotter,
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and if it gets really, really fast,
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and they do that in one billionth of a second,
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it makes enough energy and enough heat
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to make fusion.
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So this is the inside of one such machine.
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You see the laser beam and the pellet
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in the center.
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Now, most people think that fusion is going nowhere.
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They always think that the physicists are in their lab
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and they're working hard, but nothing is happening.
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That's actually not quite true.
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This is a curve of the gain in fusion
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over the last 30 years or so,
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and you can see that we're making now
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about 10,000 times more fusion than we used to
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when we started.
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That's a pretty good gain.
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As a matter of fact, it's as fast
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as the fabled Moore's Law
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that defined the amount of transistors
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they can put on a chip.
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Now, this dot here is called JET,
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the Joint European Torus.
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It's a big tokamak donut in Europe,
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and this machine in 1997
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produced 16 megawatts of fusion power
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with 17 megawatts of heat.
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Now, you say, that's not much use,
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but it's actually pretty close,
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considering we can get
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about 10,000 times more than we started.
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The second dot here is the NIF.
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It's the National Ignition Facility.
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It's a big laser machine in the U.S.,
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and last month they announced
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with quite a bit of noise
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that they had managed to make more fusion energy
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from the fusion
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than the energy that they put in the center of the ping pong ball.
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Now, that's not quite good enough,
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because the laser to put that energy in
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was more energy than that,
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but it was pretty good.
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Now this is ITER,
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pronounced in French: EE-tairh.
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So this is a big collaboration of different countries
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that are building a huge magnetic donut
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in the south of France,
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and this machine, when it's finished,
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will produce 500 megawatts of fusion power
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with only 50 megawatts to make it.
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So this one is the real one.
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It's going to work.
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That's the kind of machine that makes energy.
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Now if you look at the graph, you will notice
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that those two dots are a little bit
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on the right of the curve.
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We kind of have fallen off the progress.
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Actually, the science to make those machines
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was really in time
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to produce fusion during that curve.
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However, there has been a bit of politics going on,
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and the will to do it was not there,
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so it drifted to the right.
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ITER, for example, could have been built
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in 2000 or 2005,
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but because it's a big international collaboration,
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the politics got in and it delayed it a bit.
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For example, it took them about three years
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to decide where to put it.
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Now, fusion is often criticized
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for being a little too expensive.
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Yes, it did cost
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a billion dollars or two billion dollars a year
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to make this progress.
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But you have to compare that to the cost
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of making Moore's Law.
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That cost way more than that.
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The result of Moore's Law
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is this cell phone here in my pocket.
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This cell phone, and the Internet behind it,
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cost about one trillion dollars,
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just so I can take a selfie
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and put it on Facebook.
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Then when my dad sees that,
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he'll be very proud.
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We also spend about 650 billion dollars a year
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in subsidies for oil and gas
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and renewable energy.
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Now, we spend one half of a percent of that on fusion.
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So me, personally, I don't think it's too expensive.
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I think it's actually been shortchanged,
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considering it can solve all our energy problems
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cleanly for the next couple of billions of years.
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Now I can say that, but I'm a little bit biased,
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because I started a fusion company
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and I don't even have a Facebook account.
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So when I started this fusion company in 2002,
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I knew I couldn't fight with the big lads.
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They had much more resources than me.
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So I decided I would need to find a solution
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that is cheaper and faster.
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Now magnetic and laser fusion
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are pretty good machines.
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They are awesome pieces of technology,
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wonderful machines, and they have shown
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that fusion can be done.
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However, as a power plant,
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I don't think they're very good.
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They're way too big, way too complicated,
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way too expensive,
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and also, they don't deal very much
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with the fusion energy.
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When you make fusion, the energy comes out
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as neutrons, fast neutrons comes out of the plasma.
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Those neutrons hit the wall of the machine.
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It damages it.
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And also, you have to catch the heat from those neutrons
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and run some steam to spin a turbine somewhere,
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and on those machines,
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it was all a bit of an afterthought.
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So I decided that surely there is a better way of doing that.
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So back to the literature,
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and I read about the fusion everywhere.
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One way in particular attracted my attention,
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and it's called magnetized target fusion,
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or MTF for short.
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Now, in MTF, what you want to do
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is you take a big vat
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and you fill that with liquid metal,
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and you spin the liquid metal
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to open a vortex in the center,
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a bit like your sink.
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When you pull the plug on a sink, it makes a vortex.
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And then you have some pistons driven by pressure
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that goes on the outside,
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and this compresses the liquid metal
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around the plasma, and it compresses it,
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it gets hotter, like a laser,
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and then it makes fusion.
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So it's a bit of a mix
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between a magnetized fusion
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and the laser fusion.
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So those have a couple of very good advantages.
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The liquid metal absorbs all the neutrons
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and no neutrons hit the wall,
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and therefore there's no damage to the machine.
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The liquid metal gets hot,
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so you can pump that in a heat exchanger,
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make some steam, spin a turbine.
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So that's a very convenient way of doing
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this part of the process.
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And finally, all the energy to make the fusion happen
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comes from steam-powered pistons,
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which is way cheaper than lasers
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or superconducting coils.
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Now, this was all very good
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except for the problem that it didn't quite work.
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(Laughter)
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There's always a catch.
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So when you compress that,
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the plasma cools down
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faster than the compression speed,
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so you're trying to compress it,
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but the plasma cooled down and cooled down and cooled down
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and then it did absolutely nothing.
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So when I saw that, I said, well, this is such a shame,
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because it's a very, very good idea.
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So hopefully I can improve on that.
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So I thought about it for a minute,
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and I said, okay, how can we make that work better?
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So then I thought about impact.
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What about if we use a big hammer
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and we swing it and we hit the nail like this,
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in the place of putting the hammer on the nail
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and pushing and try to put it in? That won't work.
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So what the idea is
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is to use the idea of an impact.
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So we accelerate the pistons with steam,
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that takes a little bit of time,
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but then, bang! you hit the piston,
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and, baff!, all the energy is done instantly,
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down instantly to the liquid,
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and that compresses the plasma much faster.
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So I decided, okay, this is good, let's make that.
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So we built this machine in this garage here.
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We made a small machine
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that we managed to squeeze
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a little bit of neutrons out of that,
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and those are my marketing neutrons,
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and with those marketing neutrons,
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then I raised about 50 million dollars,
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and I hired 65 people. That's my team here.
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And this is what we want to build.
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So it's going to be a big machine,
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11:00
about three meters in diameter,
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liquid lead spinning around,
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big vortex in the center,
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11:05
put the plasma on the top and on the bottom,
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11:07
piston hits on the side,
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bang!, it compresses it,
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11:10
and it will make some energy,
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11:11
and the neutron will come out in the liquid metal,
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11:14
going to go in a steam engine and make the turbine,
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11:16
and some of the steam will go back
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11:18
to fire the piston.
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11:19
We're going to run that about one time per second,
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11:21
and it will produce 100 megawatts of electricity.
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Okay, we also built this injector,
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11:28
so this injector makes the plasma to start with.
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11:30
It makes the plasma at about
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11:32
a lukewarm temperature of three million degrees C.
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11:36
Unfortunately, it doesn't last quite long enough,
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11:38
so we need to extend the life of the plasma a little bit,
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11:41
but last month it got a lot better,
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11:43
so I think we have the plasma compressing now.
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11:45
Then we built a small sphere, about this big,
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11:48
14 pistons around it,
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11:50
and this will compress the liquid.
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11:52
However, plasma is difficult to compress.
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11:54
When you compress it,
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11:55
it tends to go a little bit crooked like that,
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11:57
so you need the timing of the piston
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11:59
to be very good,
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12:00
and for that we use several control systems,
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12:03
which was not possible in 1970,
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12:05
but we now can do that
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12:06
with nice, new electronics.
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12:10
So finally, most people think that fusion
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12:12
is in the future and will never happen,
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12:14
but as a matter of fact, fusion is getting very close.
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12:17
We are almost there.
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12:18
The big labs have shown that fusion is doable,
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12:21
and now there are small companies that are thinking about that,
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12:23
and they say, it's not that it cannot be done,
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12:26
but it's how to make it cost-effectively.
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12:28
General Fusion is one of those small companies,
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12:30
and hopefully, very soon, somebody, someone,
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12:33
will crack that nut,
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12:35
and perhaps it will be General Fusion.
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12:36
Thank you very much.
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12:38
(Applause)
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