Michel Laberge: How synchronized hammer strikes could generate nuclear fusion

388,874 views ใƒป 2014-04-22

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gichung Lee
00:13
Wow, this is bright.
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์™€์šฐ ์ •๋ง ๋ฐ๋„ค์š”.
00:15
It must use a lot of power.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
00:18
Well, flying you all in here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
00:19
must have cost a bit of energy too.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์˜€์Œ์— ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
00:22
So the whole planet needs a lot of energy,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
00:24
and so far we've been running mostly on fossil fuel.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:27
We've been burning gas.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒœ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
It's been a good run.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์ž˜ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It got us to where we are, but we have to stop.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
We can't do that anymore.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
00:36
So we are trying different types of energy now,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€,
00:38
alternative energy,
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:39
but it proved quite difficult to find something
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์„์œ , ๊ฐ€์Šค, ์„ํƒ„๋งŒํผ
00:42
that's as convenient and as cost-effective
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ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
00:45
as oil, gas and coal.
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์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
My personal favorite is nuclear energy.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ต์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Now, it's very energy-dense,
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ํ•ต์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†’์„ ๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:54
it produces solid, reliable power,
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
00:57
and it doesn't make any CO2.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
00:59
Now we know of two ways
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์ž, ํ•ต์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”:
01:00
of making nuclear energy: fission and fusion.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•ต๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์ด์ฃ .
01:06
Now in fission, you take a big nucleus,
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์šฐ์„  ๋ถ„์—ด์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›์ž๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
01:08
you break it in part, in two,
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๋‘˜๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์„œ
01:10
and it makes lots of energy,
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๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
01:11
and this is how the nuclear reactor today works.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์›์ž๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
It works pretty good.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
And then there's fusion.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Now, I like fusion. Fusion's much better.
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์ „ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•ผ์š”.
01:19
So you take two small nuclei,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์„œ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด,
01:21
you put it together, and you make helium,
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ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
01:24
and that's very nice.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ฃ .
01:25
It makes lots of energy.
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์œตํ•ฉ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
This is nature's way of producing energy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
The sun and all the stars in the universe
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ„๋“ค์€
01:31
run on fusion.
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์ด ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Now, a fusion plant
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์ž, ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š”
01:36
would actually be quite cost-effective
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๋น„์šฉ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:38
and it also would be quite safe.
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๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
It only produces short term radioactive waste,
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๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋งŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
01:44
and it cannot melt down.
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์›์ „์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Now, the fuel from fusion comes from the ocean.
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ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ์›๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
In the ocean, you can extract the fuel
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 1ํ‚ค๋กœ์™€ํŠธ๋ฅผ
01:51
for about one thousandth of a cent
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0.001์„ผํŠธ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
01:53
per kilowatt-hour, so that's very, very cheap.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ผ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:55
And if the whole planet would run on fusion,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉด,
01:58
we could extract the fuel from the ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
02:00
It would run for billions and billions of years.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„์€ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Now, if fusion is so great, why don't we have it?
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์ด์ œ, ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์™œ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
02:07
Where is it?
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์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:08
Well, there's always a bit of a catch.
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์Œ, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Fusion is really, really hard to do.
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ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
So the problem is, those two nuclei,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์ธ๋ฐ
02:16
they are both positively charged,
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๋‘˜๋‹ค ์–‘(+)์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ์ฐจ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:17
so they don't want to fuse.
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ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:19
They go like this. They go like that.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ, ์ €๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
02:21
So in order to make them fuse,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ํ•ต์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
02:22
you have to throw them at each other with great speed,
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๊ฐ ํ•ต์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ ธ์„œ,
02:24
and if they have enough speed,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์†๋„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด
02:25
they will go against the repulsion,
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์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์ฒ™๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์„œ
02:27
they will touch, and they will make energy.
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๋‹ฟ๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Now, the particle speed
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์ด์ œ, ์ž…์ž์˜ ์†๋„๋ž€
02:31
is a measure of the temperature.
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์˜จ๋„๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So the temperature required for fusion
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ต ์œตํ•ฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋Š”
02:35
is 150 billion degrees C.
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์„ญ์”จ 1500์–ต๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
This is rather warm,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:40
and this is why fusion is so hard to do.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
02:43
Now, I caught my little fusion bug
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์ด์ œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๊ฑด,
02:45
when I did my Ph.D. here at the University of British Columbia,
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์ด๊ณณ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‹œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜€๊ณ ,
02:49
and then I got a big job in a laser printer place
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์žฅ์„ ์žก์•˜๊ณ 
02:52
making printing for the printing industry.
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์ธ์‡„ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:55
I worked there for 10 years,
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์ „ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:57
and I got a little bit bored,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
02:59
and then I was 40, and I got a mid-life crisis,
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40์‚ด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋“ค ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜์–ด์š”,
03:02
you know, the usual thing:
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ  ๋ญ:
03:03
Who am I? What should I do?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ง€? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ง€?
03:06
What should I do? What can I do?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ง€? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€? ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
03:08
And then I was looking at my good work,
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ €์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์„ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:10
and what I was doing is I was cutting the forests
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‹œ ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ
03:12
around here in B.C.
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์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ณ 
03:14
and burying you, all of you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐํŽธ๋ฌผ๋กœ
03:15
in millions of tons of junk mail.
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ํŒŒ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Now, that was not very satisfactory.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
03:21
So some people buy a Porsche.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํฌ๋ฅด์‰๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Others get a mistress.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์ฃ .
03:26
But I've decided to get my bit
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ž‘์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:27
to solve global warming and make fusion happen.
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์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Now, so the first thing I did
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:33
is I looked into the literature and I see,
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์„œ์ ์„ ๋’ค์ ธ์„œ
03:36
how does fusion work?
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'์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ• ๊นŒ?'๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:38
So the physicists have been working on fusion for a while,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:42
and one of the ways they do it
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
03:43
is with something called a tokamak.
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ํ† ์นด๋ง‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
It's a big ring of magnetic coil,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ์ฝ”์ผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
03:48
superconducting coil,
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ํฐ ๋ง์ด์–ด์„œ,
03:49
and it makes a magnetic field
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ทธ ๋ง์—์„œ,
๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
03:51
in a ring like this,
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03:52
and the hot gas in the middle,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š”
03:54
which is called a plasma, is trapped.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:56
The particles go round and round and round
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๊ทธ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ฒŒ ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ฒŒ
03:58
the circle at the wall.
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์›ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Then they throw a huge amount of heat in there
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์œตํ•ฉ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์—ด ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:01
to try to cook that to fusion temperature.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
So this is the inside of one of those donuts,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋„์šฐ๋„›๋ชจ์–‘ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ชจ์Šต์ด๊ณ ,
04:05
and on the right side you can see
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์œตํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€
04:07
the fusion plasma in there.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:09
Now, a second way of doing this
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์ž, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
04:11
is by using laser fusion.
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์œตํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Now in laser fusion, you have a little ping pong ball,
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๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œตํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ž‘์€ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ณต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
04:16
you put the fusion fuel in the center,
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์œตํ•ฉ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
04:18
and you zap that with a whole bunch of laser around it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
The lasers are very strong, and it squashes
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์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
04:22
the ping pong ball really, really quick.
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์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์••์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And if you squeeze something hard enough,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์••์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด,
04:26
it gets hotter,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์  ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ ์ง€๊ณ ,
04:27
and if it gets really, really fast,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ง ๋นจ๋ผ์ ธ์„œ,
04:29
and they do that in one billionth of a second,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ 10์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ๋งŒ๋กœ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด,
04:31
it makes enough energy and enough heat
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์œตํ•ฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
04:33
to make fusion.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์—ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So this is the inside of one such machine.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
You see the laser beam and the pellet
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”๊ณผ
04:38
in the center.
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์ž‘์€ ์›์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Now, most people think that fusion is going nowhere.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
They always think that the physicists are in their lab
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ํ‹€์–ด๋ฐ•ํ˜€
04:46
and they're working hard, but nothing is happening.
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:48
That's actually not quite true.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
This is a curve of the gain in fusion
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์˜จ
04:51
over the last 30 years or so,
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์œตํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
and you can see that we're making now
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ
04:55
about 10,000 times more fusion than we used to
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1๋งŒ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:58
when we started.
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๋ณด์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
That's a pretty good gain.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ฃ .
05:00
As a matter of fact, it's as fast
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์‹ค์ƒ, ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „์€
์นฉ์— ๋„ฃ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ
05:02
as the fabled Moore's Law
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05:03
that defined the amount of transistors
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋ฒ„๊ธˆ๊ฐˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Moore's law:์นฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘์ด 18๊ฐœ์›”์— 2๋ฐฐ์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•์น™)
05:06
they can put on a chip.
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05:07
Now, this dot here is called JET,
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์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ JET๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
the Joint European Torus.
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Joint European Torus์˜ ์•ฝ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:12
It's a big tokamak donut in Europe,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ† ์นด๋ง‰ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
and this machine in 1997
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” 1997๋…„์—
05:17
produced 16 megawatts of fusion power
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16๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€
05:20
with 17 megawatts of heat.
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17๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์—ด์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:22
Now, you say, that's not much use,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ . '๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋„ค.'
05:24
but it's actually pretty close,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ ๋งŒ๋ฐฐ ๋”
05:26
considering we can get
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:27
about 10,000 times more than we started.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
The second dot here is the NIF.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ์€ NIF ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
It's the National Ignition Facility.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ ํ™”์‹œ์„ค (National Ignition Facility)์˜ ์•ฝ์–ด์ฃ .
05:34
It's a big laser machine in the U.S.,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ,
05:37
and last month they announced
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NIF์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ฌ
05:38
with quite a bit of noise
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์†Œ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ
05:40
that they had managed to make more fusion energy
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ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ณผ ์ค‘์•™์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค
05:42
from the fusion
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์œตํ•ฉ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
05:44
than the energy that they put in the center of the ping pong ball.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Now, that's not quite good enough,
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์ž, ์‹ค์ œ๋ก  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:48
because the laser to put that energy in
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ๋” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:50
was more energy than that,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
05:52
but it was pretty good.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ํŽธ์ด์ฃ .
05:54
Now this is ITER,
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์ด์ œ ITER์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
pronounced in French: EE-tairh.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ EE-tairh๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:58
So this is a big collaboration of different countries
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ
06:01
that are building a huge magnetic donut
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ
06:03
in the south of France,
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๋„์šฐ๋„›๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
06:05
and this machine, when it's finished,
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์™„์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š”
06:07
will produce 500 megawatts of fusion power
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500๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:09
with only 50 megawatts to make it.
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๋‹จ 50๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ๋งŒ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
So this one is the real one.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ง„์งœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:13
It's going to work.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
That's the kind of machine that makes energy.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Now if you look at the graph, you will notice
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:18
that those two dots are a little bit
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์ด ๋‘์ (NIF, ITER)์ด ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑธ
06:19
on the right of the curve.
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06:20
We kind of have fallen off the progress.
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์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋’ค์ณ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:22
Actually, the science to make those machines
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์€
06:24
was really in time
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณก์„ ์ธ ๋™์•ˆ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
06:26
to produce fusion during that curve.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
However, there has been a bit of politics going on,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์น˜๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:31
and the will to do it was not there,
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ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:33
so it drifted to the right.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
ITER, for example, could have been built
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์‹ค์ƒ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ITER๋Š” 2000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 2005๋…„์—
06:37
in 2000 or 2005,
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๊ฑด์„ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ,
06:39
but because it's a big international collaboration,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ณต์กฐ์˜€๊ณ 
06:41
the politics got in and it delayed it a bit.
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
For example, it took them about three years
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๊ณณ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:45
to decide where to put it.
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3๋…„์ด๋ž€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ—ˆ๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Now, fusion is often criticized
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์ž, ์œตํ•ฉ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:49
for being a little too expensive.
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๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Yes, it did cost
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์ฃ ,
06:53
a billion dollars or two billion dollars a year
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋…„๊ฐ„ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋˜๋Š”
06:55
to make this progress.
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20์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
But you have to compare that to the cost
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ
06:57
of making Moore's Law.
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๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
That cost way more than that.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์œตํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
The result of Moore's Law
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๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
07:02
is this cell phone here in my pocket.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
This cell phone, and the Internet behind it,
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋’ท๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š”,
07:06
cost about one trillion dollars,
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์•ฝ 1์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
just so I can take a selfie
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์…€์นด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ 
07:12
and put it on Facebook.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์—๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
Then when my dad sees that,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ,
07:16
he'll be very proud.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
We also spend about 650 billion dollars a year
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๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์—
07:23
in subsidies for oil and gas
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๋…„๊ฐ„ 6์ฒœ500์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
and renewable energy.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 0.5%๋ฅผ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์“ฐ๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
Now, we spend one half of a percent of that on fusion.
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07:31
So me, personally, I don't think it's too expensive.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
I think it's actually been shortchanged,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
07:36
considering it can solve all our energy problems
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๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
07:38
cleanly for the next couple of billions of years.
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์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
07:41
Now I can say that, but I'm a little bit biased,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ํŽธํ–ฅ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
because I started a fusion company
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„คํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:45
and I don't even have a Facebook account.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ๊ณ„์ •๋„ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:48
So when I started this fusion company in 2002,
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2002๋…„์— ์œตํ•ฉํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ
07:53
I knew I couldn't fight with the big lads.
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์ „ ์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
07:56
They had much more resources than me.
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ํฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
So I decided I would need to find a solution
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๋” ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
08:00
that is cheaper and faster.
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
Now magnetic and laser fusion
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œตํ•ฉ์€
08:04
are pretty good machines.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
They are awesome pieces of technology,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ฒด์ด๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์žฅ์น˜์ด์ฃ .
08:07
wonderful machines, and they have shown
219
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
08:09
that fusion can be done.
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
However, as a power plant,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋กœ์จ๋Š”
08:12
I don't think they're very good.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
08:14
They're way too big, way too complicated,
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:16
way too expensive,
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ ,
08:17
and also, they don't deal very much
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์œตํ•ฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
08:19
with the fusion energy.
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์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
When you make fusion, the energy comes out
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์œตํ•ฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
as neutrons, fast neutrons comes out of the plasma.
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๋น ๋ฅธ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:25
Those neutrons hit the wall of the machine.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค์„œ
08:27
It damages it.
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์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
And also, you have to catch the heat from those neutrons
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์—ด์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
08:30
and run some steam to spin a turbine somewhere,
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ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์™€
08:33
and on those machines,
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ŠคํŒ€์„ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:34
it was all a bit of an afterthought.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—์„œ์•ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
So I decided that surely there is a better way of doing that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž‘์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:40
So back to the literature,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:41
and I read about the fusion everywhere.
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์œตํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ฝ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:43
One way in particular attracted my attention,
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์ œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ˆ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€,
08:46
and it's called magnetized target fusion,
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2090
์ž๊ธฐํ™”ํ‘œ์ ์œตํ•ฉ (Magnetized Target Fusion)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
08:48
or MTF for short.
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์ค„์—ฌ์„œ MTF๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Now, in MTF, what you want to do
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์ด์ œ MTF์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ• ์ผ์€
08:53
is you take a big vat
242
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1970
๋Œ€ํ˜• ์šฉ๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค
08:55
and you fill that with liquid metal,
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2016
์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ 
๊ทธ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†์„ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์„œ์„œ
08:57
and you spin the liquid metal
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1520
08:58
to open a vortex in the center,
245
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์™€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
a bit like your sink.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ฑํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:01
When you pull the plug on a sink, it makes a vortex.
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์‹ฑํฌ๋Œ€ ๋šœ๊ป‘์„ ์—ด๋ฉด, ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ฃ .
09:03
And then you have some pistons driven by pressure
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ
09:06
that goes on the outside,
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ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
09:07
and this compresses the liquid metal
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜
09:09
around the plasma, and it compresses it,
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ์••์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
09:11
it gets hotter, like a laser,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
09:12
and then it makes fusion.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
So it's a bit of a mix
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๊ทธ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜
09:15
between a magnetized fusion
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์ž๊ธฐ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผ
09:16
and the laser fusion.
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฒ„์ ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
So those have a couple of very good advantages.
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๊ทธ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
The liquid metal absorbs all the neutrons
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์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ
09:23
and no neutrons hit the wall,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
09:25
and therefore there's no damage to the machine.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ฃ .
09:27
The liquid metal gets hot,
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์ด ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
09:29
so you can pump that in a heat exchanger,
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์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ์—ด์„ ํŽŒํ”„์งˆํ•ด์„œ,
09:31
make some steam, spin a turbine.
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์ŠคํŒ€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
So that's a very convenient way of doing
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ด๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ
09:34
this part of the process.
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ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
09:35
And finally, all the energy to make the fusion happen
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š”
09:39
comes from steam-powered pistons,
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์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ,
09:41
which is way cheaper than lasers
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋‚˜
09:42
or superconducting coils.
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์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ฝ”์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Now, this was all very good
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
except for the problem that it didn't quite work.
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์ž‘๋™์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:50
There's always a catch.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:51
So when you compress that,
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์••์ถ•์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€
09:53
the plasma cools down
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์••์ถ•์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
09:55
faster than the compression speed,
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๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
so you're trying to compress it,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์••์ถ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:58
but the plasma cooled down and cooled down and cooled down
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
10:00
and then it did absolutely nothing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
10:02
So when I saw that, I said, well, this is such a shame,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ , '์Œ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ธ๊ฑธ,
10:04
because it's a very, very good idea.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
10:06
So hopefully I can improve on that.
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ํฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.'
10:08
So I thought about it for a minute,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž ์‹œ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:09
and I said, okay, how can we make that work better?
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๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ , "์ข‹์•„, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
10:11
So then I thought about impact.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋‹ค์Œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:13
What about if we use a big hammer
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'๋งŒ์•ฝ ํฐ ๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
10:15
and we swing it and we hit the nail like this,
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ํœ˜๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชป์„ ๋ฐ•๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€,
๋ชป์œ„์— ๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ
10:18
in the place of putting the hammer on the nail
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10:20
and pushing and try to put it in? That won't work.
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๊พธ์—ญ๊พธ์—ญ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ? ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ.'
10:22
So what the idea is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
10:24
is to use the idea of an impact.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
10:25
So we accelerate the pistons with steam,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๊ฐ€์†์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
that takes a little bit of time,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ,
10:29
but then, bang! you hit the piston,
294
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ฝ! ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
and, baff!, all the energy is done instantly,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๋นต! ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ ,
10:33
down instantly to the liquid,
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์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
and that compresses the plasma much faster.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์••์ถ•์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So I decided, okay, this is good, let's make that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ „ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ข‹์•„, ์ด๊ฑด ์ข‹์€๋ฐ. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž.
10:39
So we built this machine in this garage here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
We made a small machine
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์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:44
that we managed to squeeze
301
644737
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ
10:46
a little bit of neutrons out of that,
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์ฅ์–ด ์งœ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:48
and those are my marketing neutrons,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ํ™๋ณด์šฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
10:50
and with those marketing neutrons,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ํ™๋ณด์šฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋กœ,
10:52
then I raised about 50 million dollars,
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5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ,
10:54
and I hired 65 people. That's my team here.
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65๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €์˜ ํŒ€์›๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
And this is what we want to build.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
So it's going to be a big machine,
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๋Œ€๋žต ์ง๊ฒฝ 3๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜
11:00
about three meters in diameter,
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ํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
11:02
liquid lead spinning around,
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11:03
big vortex in the center,
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์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ
์ค‘์•™์— ํฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ,
11:05
put the plasma on the top and on the bottom,
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์•„๋ž˜์™€ ์œ„์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋†“์•„,
11:07
piston hits on the side,
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ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์ด ์–‘์ชฝ์„ ์น˜๊ณ ,
11:09
bang!, it compresses it,
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๋นต! ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์••์ถ•์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด,
11:10
and it will make some energy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
and the neutron will come out in the liquid metal,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:14
going to go in a steam engine and make the turbine,
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์ฆ๊ธฐ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:16
and some of the steam will go back
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
11:18
to fire the piston.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
We're going to run that about one time per second,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต ์ดˆ๋‹น ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•  ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:21
and it will produce 100 megawatts of electricity.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” 100๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Okay, we also built this injector,
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์ž…๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:28
so this injector makes the plasma to start with.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ž…๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
It makes the plasma at about
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์ด๊ฑด ์„ญ์”จ 300๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋„ ์ •๋„์˜
11:32
a lukewarm temperature of three million degrees C.
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๋ฏธ์ ์ง€๊ทผํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ,
11:36
Unfortunately, it doesn't last quite long enough,
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11:38
so we need to extend the life of the plasma a little bit,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
but last month it got a lot better,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ฌ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:43
so I think we have the plasma compressing now.
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์ด์ œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Then we built a small sphere, about this big,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค 14๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ
11:48
14 pistons around it,
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์ด์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜, ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ(็ƒ)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
11:50
and this will compress the liquid.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์••์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
However, plasma is difficult to compress.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
11:54
When you compress it,
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์••์ถ•์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
11:55
it tends to go a little bit crooked like that,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
11:57
so you need the timing of the piston
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
11:59
to be very good,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
and for that we use several control systems,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ œ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
12:03
which was not possible in 1970,
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
12:05
but we now can do that
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‹  ์ „์ž์žฅ๋น„๋“ค๋กœ
12:06
with nice, new electronics.
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์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
So finally, most people think that fusion
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์ด์ œ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด
12:12
is in the future and will never happen,
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๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
but as a matter of fact, fusion is getting very close.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
We are almost there.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
The big labs have shown that fusion is doable,
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๋Œ€ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
12:21
and now there are small companies that are thinking about that,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋ คํ•˜์ฃ .
12:23
and they say, it's not that it cannot be done,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ˜„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
but it's how to make it cost-effectively.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š๋ƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
General Fusion is one of those small companies,
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General Fusion์€ ์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
and hopefully, very soon, somebody, someone,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ง์ปจ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€
12:33
will crack that nut,
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์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ฌ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
and perhaps it will be General Fusion.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑด General Fusion์ด ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Thank you very much.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:38
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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