Michel Laberge: How synchronized hammer strikes could generate nuclear fusion

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Ivana Gole

Wow, this is bright.

Uh, ovo bliješti.

It must use a lot of power.

Zasigurno troši puno energije.

Well, flying you all in here

Za sve je vaše letove ovamo

must have cost a bit of energy too.

trebalo utrošiti ponešto energije.

So the whole planet needs a lot of energy,

Cijeli planet, dakle, treba puno energije

and so far we've been running mostly on fossil fuel.

i do sad su nas uglavnom pokretala fosilna goriva.

We've been burning gas.

Palili smo benzin.

It's been a good run.

Bilo je to dobro.

It got us to where we are, but we have to stop.

Dovelo nas je do tu gdje jesmo, no moramo prestati.

We can't do that anymore.

Ne možemo to više činiti.

So we are trying different types of energy now,

Zato danas isprobavamo razne vrste energije,

alternative energy,

alternativne energije,

but it proved quite difficult to find something

no pokazalo se vrlo teško pronaći nešto

that's as convenient and as cost-effective

što je jednako praktično i isplativo

as oil, gas and coal.

kao nafta, plin i ugljen.

My personal favorite is nuclear energy.

Meni je osobno omiljena nuklearna energija.

Now, it's very energy-dense,

Gustoća energije je vrlo velika,

it produces solid, reliable power,

izvor je stalne i pouzdane energije,

and it doesn't make any CO2.

i ne stvara nimalo CO2.

Now we know of two ways

Sad, znamo za dva načina

of making nuclear energy: fission and fusion.

proizvodnje nuklearne energije: fisiju i fuziju.

Now in fission, you take a big nucleus,

U fisiji uzmete veliku jezgru

you break it in part, in two,

i rastavite je na dijelove, prepolovite,

and it makes lots of energy,

tako nastane puno energije.

and this is how the nuclear reactor today works.

Tako današnji nuklearni reaktori rade.

It works pretty good.

To radi prilično dobro.

And then there's fusion.

A onda imamo fuziju.

Now, I like fusion. Fusion's much better.

Ja volim fuziju. Fuzija je mnogo bolja.

So you take two small nuclei,

Dakle uzmete dvije male jezgre

you put it together, and you make helium,

i spojite ih zajedno, stvorite helij,

and that's very nice.

to je jako dobro.

It makes lots of energy.

To stvara mnogo energije.

This is nature's way of producing energy.

Tako priroda stvara energiju.

The sun and all the stars in the universe

Sunce i sve zvijezde u svemiru

run on fusion.

pokreće fuzija.

Now, a fusion plant

Sad, fuzijska bi elektrana

would actually be quite cost-effective

bila zapravo prilično isplativa

and it also would be quite safe.

i također prilično sigurna.

It only produces short term radioactive waste,

Stvarala bi samo kratkoživući radioaktivni otpad

and it cannot melt down.

i ne bi se mogla pregrijati.

Now, the fuel from fusion comes from the ocean.

Gorivo za fuziju dolazi iz oceana.

In the ocean, you can extract the fuel

Iz oceana možete izvući gorivo

for about one thousandth of a cent

za otprilike jednu tisućinu centa

per kilowatt-hour, so that's very, very cheap.

po kilowatt satu, dakle vrlo jeftino.

And if the whole planet would run on fusion,

Kad bi cijeli planet pokretala fuzija

we could extract the fuel from the ocean.

mogli bismo vaditi gorivo iz oceana.

It would run for billions and billions of years.

Pokretala bi nas miljardama godina.

Now, if fusion is so great, why don't we have it?

Ali, ako je fuzija tako dobra, zašto ju ne koristimo?

Where is it?

Gdje je?

Well, there's always a bit of a catch.

Ah, uvijek postoji mala kvaka.

Fusion is really, really hard to do.

Fuziju je stvarno teško dobiti.

So the problem is, those two nuclei,

Problem je što su te dvije jezgre

they are both positively charged,

obje pozitivno nabijene,

so they don't want to fuse.

pa se ne žele spojiti.

They go like this. They go like that.

Idu ovako. Idu onako.

So in order to make them fuse,

Pa kako biste ih natjerali na fuziju,

you have to throw them at each other with great speed,

morate ih baciti jednu na drugu velikom brzinom

and if they have enough speed,

i ako su dovoljno brze,

they will go against the repulsion,

oduprijet će se odbijanju,

they will touch, and they will make energy.

dotaknut će se i stvorit će energiju.

Now, the particle speed

Sad, brzina čestice

is a measure of the temperature.

je mjera temperature.

So the temperature required for fusion

Pa je tako temperatura potrebna za fuziju

is 150 billion degrees C.

150 milijardi Celzijevih stupnjeva.

This is rather warm,

To je poprilično toplo

and this is why fusion is so hard to do.

i zato je fuziju tako teško dobiti.

Now, I caught my little fusion bug

Ja sam se zarazio fuzijom

when I did my Ph.D. here at the University of British Columbia,

dok sam radio doktorat ovdje na Sveučilištu British Columbia,

and then I got a big job in a laser printer place

a onda sam dobio veliki posao u laserskoj tiskari

making printing for the printing industry.

gdje sam se bavio tiskom za tiskarsku industriju.

I worked there for 10 years,

Radio sam tamo deset godina,

and I got a little bit bored,

pa mi je postalo dosadno,

and then I was 40, and I got a mid-life crisis,

a onda sam navršio 40 i ušao u krizu srednjih godina

you know, the usual thing:

znate već, ono uobičajeno:

Who am I? What should I do?

Tko sam ja? Što mi je činiti?

What should I do? What can I do?

Što mi je činiti? Što mogu učiniti?

And then I was looking at my good work,

A onda sam sagledao svoj lijepi posao

and what I was doing is I was cutting the forests

i ono što sam radio je bila sječa šuma

around here in B.C.

ovdje negdje u B. C.

and burying you, all of you,

i zakopavao vas, sve vas

in millions of tons of junk mail.

u milijunima tona neželjene pošte.

Now, that was not very satisfactory.

Sad, to me nije previše zadovoljavalo.

So some people buy a Porsche.

Neki ljudi kupe Porsche.

Others get a mistress.

Drugi nađu ljubavnicu.

But I've decided to get my bit

No ja sam odlučio napraviti svoj dio

to solve global warming and make fusion happen.

prema rješenju globalnog zatopljenja i ostvarenju fuzije

Now, so the first thing I did

Sad, prva stvar koju sam napravio,

is I looked into the literature and I see,

zavirio sam u literaturu da vidim

how does fusion work?

kako fuzija radi.

So the physicists have been working on fusion for a while,

Fizičari se dakle već neko vrijeme bave fuzijom

and one of the ways they do it

i jedan od načina kako ju dobivaju

is with something called a tokamak.

je uz pomoć nečega zvanog tokamak.

It's a big ring of magnetic coil,

To je velika prstenasta magnetska zavojnica,

superconducting coil,

supravodljiva zavojnica

and it makes a magnetic field

koja stvara magnetsko polje

in a ring like this,

u ovakvom prstenu,

and the hot gas in the middle,

a vrući plin u sredini

which is called a plasma, is trapped.

zvan plazma je zarobljen u prstenu.

The particles go round and round and round

Čestice kruže i kruže

the circle at the wall.

oko stijenki.

Then they throw a huge amount of heat in there

Potom unutra dodaju veliku količinu topline

to try to cook that to fusion temperature.

kako bi pokušali to zagrijati fuzijskih temperatura.

So this is the inside of one of those donuts,

Ovo je dakle unutrašnjost jednog takvog torusa.

and on the right side you can see

Na desnoj strani možete vidjeti

the fusion plasma in there.

fuzijsku plazmu unutra.

Now, a second way of doing this

Sad, drugi način da se dobije to isto

is by using laser fusion.

je uz pomoć laserske fuzije.

Now in laser fusion, you have a little ping pong ball,

U laserskoj fuziji imate malu lopticu za stolni tenis

you put the fusion fuel in the center,

u čije središte stavite fuzijsko gorivo,

and you zap that with a whole bunch of laser around it.

a onda u to ispucate mnoštvo laserskih zraka.

The lasers are very strong, and it squashes

Laseri su vrlo snažni i zdrobe

the ping pong ball really, really quick.

lopticu vrlo brzo,

And if you squeeze something hard enough,

a ako zgnečite nešto dovoljno snažno,

it gets hotter,

to se zagrije.

and if it gets really, really fast,

Ako to napravite vrlo brzo,

and they do that in one billionth of a second,

a oni to rade u milijarditom dijelu sekunde

it makes enough energy and enough heat

stvori se dovoljno energije i dovoljno topline

to make fusion.

za fuziju.

So this is the inside of one such machine.

Ovo je, dakle, unutrašnjost jednog takvog stroja

You see the laser beam and the pellet

Vidite lasersku zraku i kuglicu

in the center.

u sredini.

Now, most people think that fusion is going nowhere.

Sad, većina ljudi misli da fuzija ne ide nikamo.

They always think that the physicists are in their lab

Misle da su fizičari u laboratorijima

and they're working hard, but nothing is happening.

i da marljivo rade, ali da se ništa ne događa.

That's actually not quite true.

To nije baš točno.

This is a curve of the gain in fusion

Ovo je krivulja postignuća u fuziji

over the last 30 years or so,

kroz zadnjih 30ak godina

and you can see that we're making now

iz koje možete vidjeti da danas radimo

about 10,000 times more fusion than we used to

oko 10000 puta više fuzije neko što smo radili

when we started.

na početku.

That's a pretty good gain.

To je prilično dobar napredak.

As a matter of fact, it's as fast

On je zapravo jednako brz

as the fabled Moore's Law

kao i famozni Mooreov zakon

that defined the amount of transistors

koji definira broj tranzistora

they can put on a chip.

koji se može smjestiti na integrirani krug.

Now, this dot here is called JET,

Ova točka ovdje se zove JET,

the Joint European Torus.

Zajednički europski torus.

It's a big tokamak donut in Europe,

To je veliki tokamak torus u Europi

and this machine in 1997

koji je 1997.

produced 16 megawatts of fusion power

proizveo 16 megawatta fuzijske snage

with 17 megawatts of heat.

uz 17 megawatta grijanja.

Now, you say, that's not much use,

Reći ćete da to nije od neke velike koristi

but it's actually pretty close,

Ali je zapravo prilično blizu,

considering we can get

ako uzmete u obzir da možemo dobiti

about 10,000 times more than we started.

oko 10000 puta više nego kad smo počeli.

The second dot here is the NIF.

Druga točka ovdje je NIF.

It's the National Ignition Facility.

Nacionalna ustanova za paljenje.

It's a big laser machine in the U.S.,

Veliki je to laserski stroj u SAD.

and last month they announced

Prošli su mjesec objavili

with quite a bit of noise

uz puno buke

that they had managed to make more fusion energy

da su uspjeli dobiti više energije

from the fusion

fuzijom

than the energy that they put in the center of the ping pong ball.

nego što su je uložili u središtu loptice za stolni tenis.

Now, that's not quite good enough,

To sad baš nije dovoljno dobro,

because the laser to put that energy in

jer je laser kojim su povećavali energiju loptice

was more energy than that,

trošio više energije nego što su dobili,

but it was pretty good.

no to je ipak bilo prilično dobro.

Now this is ITER,

Ovo je ITER,

pronounced in French: EE-tairh.

izgovara se francuski: [iteʁ].

So this is a big collaboration of different countries

To su, dakle, razne države u suradnji

that are building a huge magnetic donut

koje grade veliki magnetski torus

in the south of France,

na jugu Francuske

and this machine, when it's finished,

koji će, kada bude dovršen

will produce 500 megawatts of fusion power

proizvoditi 500 megawatta fuzijske snage

with only 50 megawatts to make it.

koristeći pritom samo 50 megawatta.

So this one is the real one.

Ovaj je dakle pravi.

It's going to work.

Radit će.

That's the kind of machine that makes energy.

Ovakva vrsta stroja proizvodi energiju.

Now if you look at the graph, you will notice

Sad, ako pogledate graf, primijetit ćete

that those two dots are a little bit

da su ove dvije točke pomaknute malo

on the right of the curve.

desno od krivulje.

We kind of have fallen off the progress.

Malo smo usporili s razvojem.

Actually, the science to make those machines

Zapravo, znanost potrebna da se takvi strojevi izgrade

was really in time

nije kasnila,

to produce fusion during that curve.

bilo je moguće pratiti krivulju.

However, there has been a bit of politics going on,

Međutim, umiješalo se nešto politike

and the will to do it was not there,

i nije baš bilo volje da se izgradi

so it drifted to the right.

pa se točka pomaknula udesno.

ITER, for example, could have been built

ITER je, naprimjer, mogao biti izgrađen

in 2000 or 2005,

2000. ili 2005.,

but because it's a big international collaboration,

no s obzirom da se radi o velikoj međunarodnoj suradnji,

the politics got in and it delayed it a bit.

politika se uplela i malo usporila izgradnju.

For example, it took them about three years

Na primjer, trebalo im je oko tri godine

to decide where to put it.

da odluče gdje će ga izgraditi.

Now, fusion is often criticized

Fuzija je često na meti kritike

for being a little too expensive.

kao pomalo preskupa.

Yes, it did cost

Da, koštala nas je

a billion dollars or two billion dollars a year

milijardu ili dvije dolara godišnje

to make this progress.

da bi ostvarili ovaj napredak.

But you have to compare that to the cost

Ali morate to usporediti s troškom

of making Moore's Law.

izrade Mooreovog zakona.

That cost way more than that.

To košta više od toga.

The result of Moore's Law

Rezultat Mooreovog zakona

is this cell phone here in my pocket.

je mobitel u mom džepu.

This cell phone, and the Internet behind it,

Ovaj mobitel, i Internet iza njega,

cost about one trillion dollars,

koštaju oko trilijun dolara,

just so I can take a selfie

samo da bih se mogao uslikati

and put it on Facebook.

i staviti to na Facebook.

Then when my dad sees that,

Kad moj otac to vidi,

he'll be very proud.

bit će iznimno ponosan.

We also spend about 650 billion dollars a year

Trošimo oko 650 milijardi dolara godišnje

in subsidies for oil and gas

u subvencijama za naftu i gorivo

and renewable energy.

i obnovljivu energiju.

Now, we spend one half of a percent of that on fusion.

Sad, trošimo manje od pola posto toga na fuziju.

So me, personally, I don't think it's too expensive.

Ja osobno ne mislim da je to preskupo.

I think it's actually been shortchanged,

Mislim da nije dovoljno financirano,

considering it can solve all our energy problems

budući da može riješiti sve naše probleme s energijom

cleanly for the next couple of billions of years.

na čist način za sljedećih nekoliko milijardi godina.

Now I can say that, but I'm a little bit biased,

Mogu to reći, ali sam ipak malo pristran,

because I started a fusion company

jer sam počeo fuzijsku tvrtku

and I don't even have a Facebook account.

a nemam ni Facebook račun.

So when I started this fusion company in 2002,

Kada sam započeo ovu tvrtku 2002.,

I knew I couldn't fight with the big lads.

znao sam da se ne mogu boriti protiv velikih.

They had much more resources than me.

Imali su puno više resursa od mene.

So I decided I would need to find a solution

Odlučio sam da ću morati pronaći rješenje

that is cheaper and faster.

koje je brže i povoljnije.

Now magnetic and laser fusion

Sad magnetska i laserska fuzija

are pretty good machines.

su dosta dobri strojevi.

They are awesome pieces of technology,

Oni su zadivljujući komadi tehnologije,

wonderful machines, and they have shown

prekrasni strojevi, i oni su pokazali

that fusion can be done.

da se fuzija može učiniti.

However, as a power plant,

No ipak, kao elektrana,

I don't think they're very good.

mislim da nisu jako dobri.

They're way too big, way too complicated,

Preveliki, prekomplicirani su,

way too expensive,

preskupi

and also, they don't deal very much

i također, ne bave se puno

with the fusion energy.

sa fuzijskom energijom.

When you make fusion, the energy comes out

Kada radite fuziju, stvara se energija

as neutrons, fast neutrons comes out of the plasma.

u neutronima, brzim neutronima koji izlaze iz plazme.

Those neutrons hit the wall of the machine.

Ti neutroni udaraju u zid stroja.

It damages it.

Oštećuju ga.

And also, you have to catch the heat from those neutrons

I također, morate hvatati toplinu iz tih neutrona

and run some steam to spin a turbine somewhere,

i puštati paru koja negdje okreće turbinu,

and on those machines,

i na tim strojevima,

it was all a bit of an afterthought.

sve je to bila neka pozadinska misao.

So I decided that surely there is a better way of doing that.

Tako da sam pomislio da sigurno postoji bolji način za to.

So back to the literature,

Natrag na literaturu,

and I read about the fusion everywhere.

i čitao sam o fuziji svugdje.

One way in particular attracted my attention,

Jedan način mi je privukao pažnju,

and it's called magnetized target fusion,

i zove se magnetizirana ciljana fuzija,

or MTF for short.

ili MTF skraćeno.

Now, in MTF, what you want to do

Sad, u MTF-u, ono što želite učiniti

is you take a big vat

je uzeti veliku bačvu

and you fill that with liquid metal,

i napuniti ju tekućim metalom,

and you spin the liquid metal

i vrtite tekući metal

to open a vortex in the center,

kako bi se stvorio vrtlog u središtu,

a bit like your sink.

nešto kao vaš umivaonik.

When you pull the plug on a sink, it makes a vortex.

Kada otvorite čep na umivaoniku, stvara se vrtlog.

And then you have some pistons driven by pressure

I tada imate neke klipove koji su pokrenuti pritiskom

that goes on the outside,

koji se događa izvana,

and this compresses the liquid metal

i to komprimira tekući metal

around the plasma, and it compresses it,

oko plazme, i komprimira ju,

it gets hotter, like a laser,

postaje toplija, kao laser,

and then it makes fusion.

i onda nastaje fuzija.

So it's a bit of a mix

Tako da je to mješavina

between a magnetized fusion

između magnetizirane fuzije

and the laser fusion.

i laserske fuzije.

So those have a couple of very good advantages.

Tako da imaju nekoliko dobrih prednosti.

The liquid metal absorbs all the neutrons

Tekući metal absorbira sve neutrone

and no neutrons hit the wall,

i nijedan neutron ne pogađa zid,

and therefore there's no damage to the machine.

i zato nema štete za stroj.

The liquid metal gets hot,

Tekući metal postaje vruć,

so you can pump that in a heat exchanger,

tako da možete to utisnuti u izmjenjivač topline,

make some steam, spin a turbine.

napraviti paru, zavrtiti turbinu.

So that's a very convenient way of doing

To je vrlo zgodan način

this part of the process.

za napraviti ovaj dio procesa.

And finally, all the energy to make the fusion happen

I na kraju, sva energija koja se koristi za fuziju

comes from steam-powered pistons,

dolazi od klipova pogonjenih parom,

which is way cheaper than lasers

što je puno jeftinije od lasera

or superconducting coils.

ili superprovodljivih zavojnica.

Now, this was all very good

Sad, sve je to vrlo dobro

except for the problem that it didn't quite work.

osim problema da ne radi baš.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

There's always a catch.

Uvijek postoji kvaka.

So when you compress that,

Kada to komprimirate,

the plasma cools down

plazma se ohladi

faster than the compression speed,

brže nego brzina kompresije,

so you're trying to compress it,

tako da ju pokušavate komprimirati,

but the plasma cooled down and cooled down and cooled down

ali se ona ohladila i ohladila i ohladila

and then it did absolutely nothing.

i nije se dogodilo baš ništa.

So when I saw that, I said, well, this is such a shame,

Kada sam to vidio, rekao sam, baš šteta,

because it's a very, very good idea.

jer je to jako, jako dobra ideja.

So hopefully I can improve on that.

Nadam se da to mogu popraviti.

So I thought about it for a minute,

Tako da sam mislio o tome koju minutu

and I said, okay, how can we make that work better?

i rekao, u redu, što imamo da radi bolje?

So then I thought about impact.

I onda sam pomislio o udaru.

What about if we use a big hammer

Što ako uzmemo velik čekić

and we swing it and we hit the nail like this,

i zamahnemo njim i udarimo čavao ovako,

in the place of putting the hammer on the nail

umjesto da stavimo čekić na čavao

and pushing and try to put it in? That won't work.

i pokušamo ga ugurati unutra? To neće raditi.

So what the idea is

Ideja je da

is to use the idea of an impact.

koristimo ideju udara.

So we accelerate the pistons with steam,

Tako da ubrzamo klipove parom,

that takes a little bit of time,

za što treba malo vremena,

but then, bang! you hit the piston,

i onda, bum! udarite klip,

and, baff!, all the energy is done instantly,

i baf!, sva energija se stvori odmah,

down instantly to the liquid,

odmah do tekućine,

and that compresses the plasma much faster.

i to komprimira plazmu puno brže.

So I decided, okay, this is good, let's make that.

tako da sam odlučio, u redu, ovo je dobro, napravimo to.

So we built this machine in this garage here.

Tako da smo izgradili ovaj stroj u garaži.

We made a small machine

Napravili smo mali stroj

that we managed to squeeze

iz kojeg smo uspjeli izvući

a little bit of neutrons out of that,

malo neutrona,

and those are my marketing neutrons,

i to su moji neutroni za prodaju,

and with those marketing neutrons,

i s tim neutronima za prodaju,

then I raised about 50 million dollars,

skupio sam 50 milijuna dolara,

and I hired 65 people. That's my team here.

i zaposlio 65 ljudi. To je moj tim ondje.

And this is what we want to build.

I to je ono što želimo izgraditi.

So it's going to be a big machine,

Bit će to velik stroj,

about three meters in diameter,

širok oko tri metra u promjeru,

liquid lead spinning around,

tekuće olovo se vrti,

big vortex in the center,

veliki vrtlog u centru,

put the plasma on the top and on the bottom,

stavite plazmu na vrh i dno,

piston hits on the side,

klipovi udaraju sa strane,

bang!, it compresses it,

bang!, komprimirano je,

and it will make some energy,

i stvorit će nešto energije,

and the neutron will come out in the liquid metal,

i neutron će izaći u tekućem metalu,

going to go in a steam engine and make the turbine,

ući u parni stroj i učinit će da se turbina

and some of the steam will go back

i nešto pare će se vratiti

to fire the piston.

kako bi pokrenuli klip.

We're going to run that about one time per second,

To ćemo pokretati jednom u sekundi,

and it will produce 100 megawatts of electricity.

i stvarat će 100 megavata struje.

Okay, we also built this injector,

U redu, također smo sagradili ovaj ubrizgivač,

so this injector makes the plasma to start with.

tako da on pravi plazmu na početku.

It makes the plasma at about

Stvara plazmu

a lukewarm temperature of three million degrees C.

na temperaturi od tri milijarde stupnjeva celzijusovih.

Unfortunately, it doesn't last quite long enough,

Na nesreću, ne traje dovoljno dugo,

so we need to extend the life of the plasma a little bit,

tako da moramo produljiti život plazme,

but last month it got a lot better,

ali prošlog mjeseca poboljšalo se,

so I think we have the plasma compressing now.

tako da mislim da imamo komprimiranje plazme sada.

Then we built a small sphere, about this big,

Potom smo izgradili malu sferu, ove veličine,

14 pistons around it,

sa 14 klipova oko nje,

and this will compress the liquid.

i to će komprimirati tekućinu.

However, plasma is difficult to compress.

Ali, plazmu je teško komprimirati.

When you compress it,

Kada ju komprimirate,

it tends to go a little bit crooked like that,

ona se malo zakrivi,

so you need the timing of the piston

tako da trebate dobro

to be very good,

tempirati klipove,

and for that we use several control systems,

i za to koristimo nekoliko kontrolnih sustava,

which was not possible in 1970,

što nije bilo moguće 1970.,

but we now can do that

ali sad to možemo učiniti

with nice, new electronics.

sa lijepom, novom elektronikom.

So finally, most people think that fusion

Većina ljudi misli da je fuzija

is in the future and will never happen,

u budućnosti i neće se dogoditi,

but as a matter of fact, fusion is getting very close.

ali zapravo, fuzija je vrlo blizu.

We are almost there.

Skoro smo tamo.

The big labs have shown that fusion is doable,

Veliki laboratoriji su pokazali da je izvediva,

and now there are small companies that are thinking about that,

i sada postoje male tvrtke koje o tome razmišljaju,

and they say, it's not that it cannot be done,

i kažu da to nije nemoguće učiniti,

but it's how to make it cost-effectively.

već se treba usredotočiti da bude isplativo.

General Fusion is one of those small companies,

General Fusion jedna je od tih malih tvrtki,

and hopefully, very soon, somebody, someone,

i nadam se, vrlo uskoro, netko će

will crack that nut,

to riješiti,

and perhaps it will be General Fusion.

i možda će to biti General Fusion.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)