The amazing brains and morphing skin of octopuses and other cephalopods | Roger Hanlon

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Martina Peraic

This is a strange and wonderful brain,

Ovo je čudan i nevjerojatan mozak,

one that gives rise to an idea of a kind of alternative intelligence

koji je oblikovao drugačiju vrstu inteligencije

on this planet.

na ovom planetu.

This is a brain that is formed in a very strange body,

Ovo je mozak koji se razvio u jako čudnom tijelu,

one that has the equivalent of small satellite brains

koji ima ekvivalente malih satelitskih mozgova

distributed throughout that body.

rasprostranjenih kroz cijelo tijelo.

How different is it from the human brain?

Koliko se razlikuje od ljudskog mozga?

Very different, so it seems,

Poprilično, kako se čini,

so much so that my colleagues and I are struggling to understand

toliko da se moji kolege i ja mučimo razumjeti

how that brain works.

kako ovaj mozak funkcionira.

But what I can tell you for certain

Ono što vam mogu sa sigurnošću reći

is that this brain is capable of some amazing things.

je da je ovaj mozak sposoban za mnoge nevjerojatne stvari.

So, who does this brain belong to?

Čiji je ovo mozak?

Well, join me for a little bit of diving into the ocean,

Pridružite mi se u ronjenju oceanom

where life began,

gdje je život počeo,

and let's have a look.

i pogledajmo.

You may have seen some of this before,

Možda ste već vidjeli neke ovakve snimke,

but we're behind a coral reef, and there's this rock out there,

sada smo iza koraljnog grebena, tu je ovaj kamen,

a lot of sand, fishes swimming around ...

mnogo pijeska, ribe plivaju uokolo...

And all of a sudden this octopus appears,

I odjednom se pojavi hobotnica,

and now it flashes white,

i sad je bijela,

inks in my face and jets away.

prska tintu u moje lice i bježi.

In slow motion reverse,

Na usporenoj snimci

you see the ring develop around the eye,

vidite krug koji se pojavio oko oka

and then the pattern develops in the skin.

i oblike koji su se pojavili na koži.

And now watch the 3-D texture of the skin change

A sad pogledajte 3D teksturu promjene kože,

to really create this beautiful, 3-D camouflage.

kako stvara prekrasnu 3D kamuflažu.

So there are 25 million color organs called "chromatophores" in the skin,

Postoji 25 milijuna "kromatofora", malih organa koji mijenjaju boju kože,

and all those bumps out there, which we call "papillae,"

a te kvržice koje zovemo "papile"

and they're all neurally controlled and can change instantaneously.

kontrolirane su živcima i u trenu mogu promijeniti boju.

I would argue that dynamic camouflage

Rekao bih da je dinamička kamuflaža

is a form of "intelligence."

oblik inteligencije.

The level of complexity of the skin with fast precision change

Stupanj složenosti kože i precizne promjene

is really quite astonishing.

su zadivljujuće.

So what can you do with this skin?

Što možemo učiniti s tom kožom?

Well, let's think a little bit about other things besides camouflage

Što oni još mogu učiniti

that they can do with their skin.

osim koristiti je za kamuflažu?

Here you see the mimic octopus and a pattern.

Ovdje vidite mimikrijsku hobotnicu i njene obrasce na koži.

All of a sudden, it changes dramatically --

Odjednom, naglo se mijenja,

that's signaling, not camouflage.

to je signalizacija, ne kamuflaža.

And then it goes back to the normal pattern.

I onda se vraća u svoj normalni obrazac.

Then you see the broadclub cuttlefish

Vidite da širokopaličasta sipa

showing this passing cloud display as it approaches a crab prey.

ima ove obrasce oblaka kad prilazi plijenu.

And finally, you see the flamboyant cuttlefish in camouflage

I vidite sipu žarkih boja u kamuflaži

and it can shift instantly to this bright warning display.

koja u trenutku može uključiti upozoravajuće boje.

What we have here is a sliding scale of expression,

Ovdje, zapravo, imamo raznolike odgovore,

a continuum, if you will,

kontinuitet, mogli bismo nazvati,

between conspicuousness and camouflage.

između izraženosti i kamuflaže.

And this requires a lot of control.

To zahtijeva puno kontrole.

Well, guess what?

Znate što?

Brains are really good for control.

Mozgovi su, zapravo, dobri u kontroli.

The brain of the octopus shown here has 35 lobes to the brain,

Mozak hobotnice prikazan ovdje ima 35 režnjeva,

80 million tiny cells.

i 80 milijuna sitnih stanica.

And even though that's interesting,

I iako je to zanimljivo,

what's really odd is that the skin of this animal

ono što je čudnije jest što koža ovih životinja

has many more neurons, as illustrated here, especially in the yellow.

ima puno više neurona, kao što je prikazano žutom bojom ovdje.

There are 300 million neurons in the skin

300 milijuna neurona je u koži

and only 80 million in the brain itself --

i 80 milijuna u samom mozgu,

four times as many.

četiri puta više.

Now, if you look at that,

A zamislite ovo,

there's actually one of those little satellite brains

postoji jedan mali satelitski mozak

and the equivalent of the spinal cord for each of the eight arms.

koji je ekvivalent leđne moždine za svaki od osam krakova.

This is a very unusual way to construct a nervous system in a body.

To je vrlo neobičan način konstrukcije živčanog sustava u tijelu.

Well, what is that brain good for?

Za što je dobar taj mozak?

That brain has to outwit other big, smart brains

Taj mozak mora prevariti druge velike pametne mozgove

that are trying to eat it,

koji ga pokušavaju pojesti,

and that includes porpoises and seals

to uključuje pliskavice, tuljane,

and barracudas and sharks

barakude, morske pse,

and even us humans.

pa čak i ljude.

So decision-making is one of the things that this brain has to do,

Donošenje odluka je nešto što mozak mora raditi,

and it does a very good job of it.

i to radi jako dobro.

Shown here, you see this octopus perambulating along,

Vidite ovdje hobotnicu kako se kreće

and then it suddenly stops and creates that perfect camouflage.

i naglo staje, stvarajući savršenu kamuflažu.

And it's really marvelous,

To je nevjerojatno,

because when these animals forage in the wild,

jer kada ove životinje traže hranu u divljini,

they have to make over a hundred camouflaging decisions

moraju se kamuflirati više od sto puta

in a two-hour forage,

prilikom dvosatnog traženja hrane,

and they do that twice a day.

a to rade dva puta dnevno.

So, decision-making.

Donošenje odluka.

They're also figuring out where to go and how to get back home.

Također donose zaključke kamo ići i kako se vratiti kući.

So it's a decision-making thing.

Dakle, radi se o donošenju odluka.

We can test this camouflage,

Možemo testirati kamuflažu,

like that cuttlefish you see behind me,

kao kod sipe koju vidite iza mene,

where we pull the rug out from under it

kad sklonimo podlogu ispod nje

and give it a checkerboard,

i stavimo je na šahovsko polje,

and it even uses that strange visual information

koristi nove vizualne informacije

and does its best to match the pattern with a little ad-libbing.

i pokušava kopirati obrazac što je bolje moguće.

So other cognitive skills are important, too.

Druge kognitivne vještine su također bitne.

The squids have a different kind of smarts, if you will.

Lignje su pametne na drugačiji način.

They have an extremely complex, interesting sex life.

Imaju vrlo kompleksan, zanimljiv spolni život.

They have fighting and flirting and courting and mate-guarding

Bore se, flertuju, udvaraju, brane partnere

and deception.

i obmanjuju.

Sound familiar?

Zvuči poznato?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And it's really quite amazing

Izrazito je zanimljivo

that these animals have this kind of intuitive ability

kako životinje imaju intuiciju

to do these behaviors.

za ovakvo ponašanje.

Here you see a male and a female.

Ovdje vidite mužjaka i ženku.

The male, on the left, has been fighting off other males

Mužjak, lijevo, se bori s drugim mužjacima

to pair with the female,

kako bi se spario sa ženkom,

and now he's showing a dual pattern.

i sad pokazuje dvostruki obrazac.

He shows courtship and love on her side,

Udvara se s jedne strane

fighting on the other.

dok s druge strane napada.

Watch him when she shifts places --

Gledajte ga kada ona dođe s druge strane.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

and you see that he has fluidly changed the love-courtship pattern

Vidite da je vrlo lako promijenio obrazac udvaranja

to the side of the female.

na stranu gdje se nalazi ženka.

So this kind of dual signaling simultaneously

Ovaj način dvostrukog signaliziranja istovremeno

with a changing behavioral context

za dva različita ponašanja

is really extraordinary.

je stvarno nevjerojatan.

It takes a lot of brain power.

Zahtijeva puno moždane snage.

Now, another way to look at this is that, hmm,

Drugi način na koji možete gledati ovo,

maybe we have 50 million years of evidence for the two-faced male.

imamo dokaz kroz 50 milijuna godina da su mužjaci dvolični.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

All right, let's move on.

No, da nastavimo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

An octopus on a coral reef has a tough job in front it

Hobotnica koraljnog grebena ima dosta posla,

to go to so many places, remember and find its den.

mora obići mnogo mjesta i sjetiti se puta kući.

And they do this extremely well.

I to im odlično ide.

They have short- and long-term memory,

Imaju kratkoročno i dugoročno pamćenje,

they learn things in three to five trials --

nauče stvari nakon tri do pet pokušaja,

it's a good brain.

imaju dobar mozak.

And the spatial memory is unusually good.

I prostorno pamćenje im je nevjerojatno dobro.

They will even end their forage and make a beeline

Čak i nakon prestanka lova, najkraćim putem

all the way back to their den.

će se vratiti kući.

The divers watching them are completely lost,

Ronioci koji ih promatraju mogu posve izgubiti put,

but they can get back,

ali one se mogu vratiti,

so it's really quite refined memory capability.

i to pamćenje je stvarno dobro.

Now, in terms of cognitive skills,

Što se tiče kognitivnih vještina,

look at this sleeping behavior in the cuttlefish.

pogledajte obrasce spavanja sipa.

Especially on the right, you see the eye twitching.

S desne strane vidite trzanje oka.

This is rapid eye movement kind of dreaming

To je REM spavanje za koje smo mislili

that we only thought mammals and birds did.

da postoji samo kod sisavaca i ptica.

And you see the false color we put in there

Vidite lažne boje koje smo stavili

to see the skin patterning flashing,

kako bismo vidjeli obrasce kože.

and this is what's happening a lot.

To se često dešava.

But it's not normal awake behaviors; it's all different.

Ali ne dok su budne, tad je sve drugačije.

Well, dreaming is when you have memory consolidation,

Spavanje je razdoblje kad se pamćenje obrađuje

and so this is probably what's happening in the cuttlefish.

i to se vjerojatno dešava kod sipe.

Now, another form of memory that's really unusual

Drugi oblik pamćenja koji je neobičan

is episodic-like memory.

je epizodno pamćenje.

This is something that humans need four years of brain development to do

To je nešto za što ljudskom mozgu treba četiri godine razvoja,

to remember what happened during a particular event,

kako bi se sjećali što se desilo,

where it happened and when it happened.

gdje se desilo i kada se desilo.

The "when" part is particularly difficult,

"Kada" dio je najteži,

and these children can do that.

i djeca to mogu,

But guess what?

ali pogodite što.

We find recently that the wily cuttlefish also has this ability,

Nedavno, u eksperimentima prošlog ljeta, saznali smo da sipe

and in experiments last summer,

također imaju tu vještinu,

when you present a cuttlefish with different foods at different times,

kada sipi dajete različitu hranu u različito vrijeme,

they have to match that with where it was exactly

moraju znati gdje se točno nalazi

and when was the last time they saw it.

i kada su je zadnji put vidjele.

Then they have to guide their foraging to the rate of replenishment

Tada traže određenu vrstu hrane

of each food type in a different place.

na određenom mjestu.

Sound complicated?

Zvuči komplicirano?

It's so complicated, I hardly understood the experiment.

Komplicirano je, jedva da sam i sȃm razumio eksperiment.

So this is really high-level cognitive processing.

To je kognitivni proces visoke razine.

Now, speaking of brains and evolution at the moment,

Govoreći o mozgovima i evoluciji,

you look on the right, there's the pathway of vertebrate brain evolution,

desno je evolucijsko stablo mozga kralježnjaka

and we all have good brains.

i svi imamo dobre mozgove.

I think everyone will acknowledge that.

Mislim da će se svi složiti s time.

But if you look on the left side,

Ali ako pogledate lijevu stranu,

some of the evolutionary pathway outlined here to the octopus,

neki evolucijski putevi, koji vode do hobotnice,

they have both converged, if you will, to complex behaviors

vodili su, kako bih rekao, u kompleksno ponašanje

and some form of intelligence.

i neki oblik inteligencije.

The last common denominator in these two lines

Zadnji zajednički član ove dvije linije

was 600 million years ago,

postojao je prije 600 milijuna godina,

and it was a worm with very few neurons,

bio je to crv s nekoliko neurona,

so very divergent paths

tako različiti putevi,

but convergence of complicated behavior.

ali vode ka kompleksnom ponašanju.

Here is the fundamental question:

Evo jedno pitanje:

Is the brain structure of an octopus

Je li struktura mozga hobotnice

basically different down to the tiniest level

drugačija od mozga kralježnjaka,

from the vertebrate line?

čak i u najsitnijim dijelovima?

Now, we don't know the answer,

Ne znamo odgovor,

but if it turns out to be yes,

ali ako se pokaže da je odgovor potvrdan,

then we have a different evolutionary pathway

onda gledamo posve drugi evolucijski put

to create intelligence on planet Earth,

nastanka inteligencije na Zemlji,

and one might think that the artificial intelligence community

i vjerujem da će ljudi koji se bave umjetnom inteligencijom

might be interested in those mechanisms.

biti zainteresirani za njihove mehanizme.

Well, let's talk genetics just for a moment.

Što se tiče genetike,

We have genomes, we have DNA,

imamo genom, imamo DNK,

DNA is transcripted into RNA,

DNK se prepisuje u RNK,

RNA translates that into a protein, and that's how we come to be.

RNK se prevodi u proteine i tako smo mi nastali.

Well, the cephalopods do it differently.

Glavonošci su drugačiji.

They have big genomes, they have DNA,

Imaju veliki genom, imaju DNK

they transcript it into RNA,

koja se prepisuje u RNK,

but now something dramatically different happens.

ali tu se javlja nešto drugačije.

They edit that RNA at an astronomical weird rate,

Oni izmjenjuju svoju RNK i to naveliko,

a hundredfold more than we as humans or other animals do.

stotinu puta više no što to čine ljudi i druge životinje.

And it produces scores of proteins.

Rezultat je veliki broj proteina.

And guess where most of them are for?

I pogodite za što većina njih služi.

The nervous system.

Za živčani sustav.

So perhaps this is an unorthodox way

To je možda neuobičajen način

for an animal to evolve behavioral plasticity.

za životinje da razviju obrasce ponašanja.

This is a lot of conjecture, but it's food for thought.

To je mnogo pretpostavki, ali treba o tome razmisliti.

Now, I'd like to share with you for a moment

Htio bih s vama podijeliti

my experience, and using my smarts and that of my colleagues,

svoje iskustvo, i kako smo moje kolege i ja

to try and get this kind of information.

pokušali doći do ovih informacija.

We're diving, we can't stay underwater forever

Kad ronimo, ne možemo ostati pod vodom zauvijek,

because we can't breathe it,

moramo disati,

so we have to be efficient in what we do.

tako da moramo biti što učinkovitiji.

The total sensory immersion into that world

Osjetni doživljaj podmorja

is what helps us understand what these animals are really doing,

nam pomaže da shvatimo što te životinje zapravo rade,

and I have to tell you that it's really an amazing experience

i moram vam reći da je nevjerojatno iskustvo

to be down there and having this communication

biti dolje i komunicirati

with an octopus and a diver

s hobotnicom i roniocima,

when you really begin to understand that this is a thinking, cogitating,

kad zaista počnete razumjeti da se radi o znatiželjnoj životinji

curious animal.

koja razmišlja.

And this is the kind of thing that really inspires me endlessly.

Ovakvo što me inspirira.

Let's go back to that smart skin for a few moments.

Vratimo se njihovoj pametnoj koži na trenutak.

Here's a squid and a camouflage pattern.

Evo lignje i obrasca kamuflaže.

We zoom down and we see there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.

Ako zumiramo, vidimo prekrasne boje i odsjaje.

There are the chromatophores opening and closing very quickly.

Kromatofori se otvaraju i zatvaraju vrlo brzo.

And then, in the next layer of skin,

A u sljedećem sloju kože

it's quite interesting.

postaje zanimljivije.

The chromatophores are closed,

Kromatofori su zatvoreni

and you see this magical iridescence just come out of the skin.

i možete vidjeti magičnu svjetlost kako sija iz kože.

This is also neurally controlled,

I nju kontroliraju neuroni,

so it's the combination of the two,

radi se o kombinaciji oboje,

as seen here in the high-resolution skin of the cuttlefish,

kao što vidimo ovdje na visokokvalitetnoj snimci kože sipe,

where you get this beautiful pigmentary structural coloration

gdje se vide prekrasni obojeni oblici

and even the faint blushing that is so beautiful.

te čak i malo rumenila koje je prekrasno.

Well, how can we make use of some of this information?

Kako možemo iskoristiti ove informacije?

I talked about those skin bumps, the papillae.

Govorio sam o kožnim kvržicama, papilama.

Here's the giant Australian cuttlefish.

Ovo je velika australska sipa.

It's got smooth skin and a conspicuous pattern.

Ima glatku kožu i upečatljiv obrazac.

I took five pictures in a row one second apart,

Uslikao sam pet fotografija u razmacima od jedne sekunde,

and just watch this animal morph -- one, two, three, four, five --

gledajte kako se životinja mijenja, jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet,

and now I'm a seaweed.

i sad je morska trava.

And then we can come right back out of it

Sad se vratimo nazad

to see the smooth skin and the conspicuousness.

kako bismo opet vidjeli glatku kožu i isticanje.

So this is really marvelous, morphing skin.

To je nevjerojatno promjenjiva koža.

You can see it in more detail here.

Ovdje vidimo puno više detalja.

Periscope up,

Periskopi se podižu

and you've got those beautiful papillae.

i imamo ove prekrasne papile.

And then we look in a little more detail,

Pogledajmo izbliza,

you can see the individual papillae come up,

vidite kako se pojedine papile podižu

and there are little ridges on there,

i postoje mali utori na njima,

so it's a papilla on papilla and so forth.

papila na papili i tako dalje.

Every individual species out there has more than a dozen shapes and sizes

Svaka pojedinačna vrsta ima mnogo oblika i veličina

of those bumps

ovakvih kvrga,

to create fine-tuned, neurally controlled camouflage.

kako bi stvorili uglađenu kamuflažu koju kontrolira živčani sustav.

So now, my colleagues at Cornell, engineers,

Moji kolege, inžinjeri s Cornella,

watched our work and said, "We think we can make some of those."

gledali su naš rad i rekli, "Možemo napraviti nešto od toga."

Because in industry and society,

U industriji i društvu

this kind of soft materials under control of shape

ovakvi mekani materijali kontroliranog oblika

are really very rare.

su veoma rijetki.

And they went ahead, worked with us

Radili su s nama

and made the first samples of artificial papillae, soft materials,

i napravili prve uzorke umjetnih papila, mekanog materijala

shown here.

prikazanog ovdje.

And you see them blown up into different shapes,

Možete vidjeti kako ga napuhuju u različite oblike.

And then you can press your finger on them

Možete ih pritisnuti prstom

to see that they're a little bit malleable as they are.

kako biste se uvjerili da su savitljivi.

And so this is an example of how that might work.

Ovo je primjer kako bi to trebalo izgledati.

Well, I want to segue from this into the color of fabrics,

Htio bih ovaj projekt nastaviti s raznim bojama i materijalima,

and I imagine that could have a lot of applications as well.

i zamislite koliko različitih primjena se može naći za njega.

Just look at this kaleidoscope of color

Pogledajte kaleidoskop boja,

of dynamically controlled pigments and reflectors

dinamičnih pigmenata i odsjaja

that we see in the cephalopods.

koje vidimo kod glavonožaca.

We know enough about the mechanics of how they work

Znamo dovoljno o mehanizmu kako funkcioniraju

that we can begin to translate this

i možemo to iskoristiti

not only into fabrics

ne samo za materijale,

but perhaps even into changeable cosmetics.

nego možda i za promjenjivu kozmetiku.

And moreover, there's been the recent discovery

Još bitnije, nedavno je otkrivena

of light-sensing molecules in the skin of octopus

molekula osjetljiva na svijetlo u koži hobotnice

which may pave the way to, eventually, smart materials

koja možda otvori puteve ka pametnim materijalima

that sense and respond on their own.

koji osjete i reagiraju samostalno.

Well, this form of biotechnology, or biomimicry, if you will,

Ovaj oblik biotehnologije ili kako bih rekao, biomimikrije,

could change the way we look at the world even above water.

mogao bi promijeniti način na koji gledamo na svijet izvan vode.

Take, for example, artificial intelligence

Na primjer, umjetna inteligencija

that might be inspired by the body-distributed brain

koja bi mogla biti inspirirana mozgom rasprostranjenim diljem tijela

and behavior of the octopus

i ponašanjem hobotnica,

or the smart skin of a cuttlefish

ili pametnom kožom sipa

translated into cutting-edge fashion.

korištene u vrhunskoj modi.

Well, how do we get there?

Kako to postići?

Maybe all we have to do

Možda jedino što trebamo

is to begin to be a little bit smarter

je biti pametniji kada razmišljamo

about how smart the cephalopods are.

o tome kako su glavonošci pametni.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)