The amazing brains and morphing skin of octopuses and other cephalopods | Roger Hanlon

260,254 views

2019-06-28 ใƒป TED


New videos

The amazing brains and morphing skin of octopuses and other cephalopods | Roger Hanlon

260,254 views ใƒป 2019-06-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ki Yun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
This is a strange and wonderful brain,
0
13285
4167
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋‡Œ๋กœ
00:17
one that gives rise to an idea of a kind of alternative intelligence
1
17476
5497
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์งˆ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
on this planet.
2
22997
1166
00:24
This is a brain that is formed in a very strange body,
3
24769
4172
์•„์ฃผ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋กœ
00:29
one that has the equivalent of small satellite brains
4
29894
3943
์†Œ์œ„์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:33
distributed throughout that body.
5
33861
2799
์˜จ ๋ชธ์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
How different is it from the human brain?
6
36684
3078
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
Very different, so it seems,
7
39786
2144
์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ
00:41
so much so that my colleagues and I are struggling to understand
8
41954
4331
์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ด ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
๋‚œํ•ญ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
how that brain works.
9
46309
1369
00:48
But what I can tell you for certain
10
48100
2392
์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด,
00:50
is that this brain is capable of some amazing things.
11
50516
4438
์ด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
So, who does this brain belong to?
12
55435
2940
์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:59
Well, join me for a little bit of diving into the ocean,
13
59153
3267
์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
01:02
where life began,
14
62444
1930
01:04
and let's have a look.
15
64398
1707
ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:07
You may have seen some of this before,
16
67471
2034
์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ
01:09
but we're behind a coral reef, and there's this rock out there,
17
69529
3409
์ €๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์•”์ดˆ์™€
01:12
a lot of sand, fishes swimming around ...
18
72962
2542
๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์™€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
And all of a sudden this octopus appears,
19
75528
2540
๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜
01:18
and now it flashes white,
20
78092
2498
ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋”๋‹ˆ
01:20
inks in my face and jets away.
21
80614
1722
์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ๋จน๋ฌผ์„ ์˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
In slow motion reverse,
22
82360
1229
๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด
01:23
you see the ring develop around the eye,
23
83613
2062
๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ํ›„
01:25
and then the pattern develops in the skin.
24
85699
2348
๋ชธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
And now watch the 3-D texture of the skin change
25
88071
3416
๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด
01:31
to really create this beautiful, 3-D camouflage.
26
91511
3625
์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ 3D ์œ„์žฅ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
So there are 25 million color organs called "chromatophores" in the skin,
27
96249
5602
์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:41
and all those bumps out there, which we call "papillae,"
28
101875
2991
ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋Œ์ถœ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:44
and they're all neurally controlled and can change instantaneously.
29
104890
3477
์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ์‹œ์— ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
I would argue that dynamic camouflage
30
108391
3383
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์œ„์žฅ์€
01:51
is a form of "intelligence."
31
111798
2636
์ง€์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
The level of complexity of the skin with fast precision change
32
115021
3555
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
01:58
is really quite astonishing.
33
118600
2082
์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
So what can you do with this skin?
34
120706
2580
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:03
Well, let's think a little bit about other things besides camouflage
35
123310
3428
์œ„์žฅ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:06
that they can do with their skin.
36
126762
1850
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:08
Here you see the mimic octopus and a pattern.
37
128636
2853
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ‰๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
All of a sudden, it changes dramatically --
38
131513
2032
๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™• ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:13
that's signaling, not camouflage.
39
133569
1625
์ด๊ฑด ์œ„์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And then it goes back to the normal pattern.
40
135218
2198
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Then you see the broadclub cuttlefish
41
137440
2246
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋นจํŒ์ด ๋„“์€ ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:19
showing this passing cloud display as it approaches a crab prey.
42
139710
4479
๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ ๊ฒŒ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And finally, you see the flamboyant cuttlefish in camouflage
43
144213
3664
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์žฅ ์ค‘์ธ ์ด ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๋Š”
02:27
and it can shift instantly to this bright warning display.
44
147901
4377
๋ฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
What we have here is a sliding scale of expression,
45
152750
4984
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:37
a continuum, if you will,
46
157758
1611
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์—ฐ์†์ ์ด๊ณ 
02:39
between conspicuousness and camouflage.
47
159393
3067
๊ณผ์‹œ์™€ ์œ„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
And this requires a lot of control.
48
162484
2401
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์—” ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Well, guess what?
49
164909
1174
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Brains are really good for control.
50
166107
2604
๋‡Œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํƒ์›”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
The brain of the octopus shown here has 35 lobes to the brain,
51
168735
4337
์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฝ์ด 35๊ฐœ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:53
80 million tiny cells.
52
173096
2395
์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” 8์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
And even though that's interesting,
53
175515
2618
์ด๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:58
what's really odd is that the skin of this animal
54
178157
2300
์ •๋ง ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—๋Š”
03:00
has many more neurons, as illustrated here, especially in the yellow.
55
180481
4247
๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
There are 300 million neurons in the skin
56
184752
2984
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ 3์–ต ๊ฐœ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:07
and only 80 million in the brain itself --
57
187760
2140
๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ 8์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
03:09
four times as many.
58
189924
1531
๋Œ€๋žต 4๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋” ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Now, if you look at that,
59
191479
1593
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
03:13
there's actually one of those little satellite brains
60
193096
3857
์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:16
and the equivalent of the spinal cord for each of the eight arms.
61
196977
3076
๊ฐ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒ”์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
This is a very unusual way to construct a nervous system in a body.
62
200077
3715
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Well, what is that brain good for?
63
203816
1918
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:25
That brain has to outwit other big, smart brains
64
205758
3637
์ด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋จน๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:29
that are trying to eat it,
65
209419
1698
03:31
and that includes porpoises and seals
66
211141
3065
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜, ๋ฌผ๊ฐœ,
03:34
and barracudas and sharks
67
214230
1616
๊ผฌ์น˜๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์ƒ์–ด,
03:35
and even us humans.
68
215870
1876
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ฃ .
03:37
So decision-making is one of the things that this brain has to do,
69
217770
4788
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ธ๋ฐ
03:42
and it does a very good job of it.
70
222582
1725
์ด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Shown here, you see this octopus perambulating along,
71
224331
3286
๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํšŒํ•˜๋‹ค
03:47
and then it suddenly stops and creates that perfect camouflage.
72
227641
3847
๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์œ„์žฅ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
And it's really marvelous,
73
231905
1292
์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ
03:53
because when these animals forage in the wild,
74
233221
2786
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๋•Œ
03:56
they have to make over a hundred camouflaging decisions
75
236031
2946
ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ, ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋™์•ˆ
03:59
in a two-hour forage,
76
239001
1251
์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ„์žฅ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
and they do that twice a day.
77
240276
1555
04:01
So, decision-making.
78
241855
1168
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
They're also figuring out where to go and how to get back home.
79
243047
3146
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋”œ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋˜ ์ง‘์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
So it's a decision-making thing.
80
246217
1842
์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
We can test this camouflage,
81
248083
1508
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:09
like that cuttlefish you see behind me,
82
249615
2091
์ œ ๋’ค์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด ๋ฐ‘์—
04:11
where we pull the rug out from under it
83
251730
1940
๊น”๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ด๊ณ 
04:13
and give it a checkerboard,
84
253694
1493
์ฒด์ŠคํŒ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:15
and it even uses that strange visual information
85
255211
2414
์ด ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๋Š” ์ด ์ฒด์ŠคํŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ
04:17
and does its best to match the pattern with a little ad-libbing.
86
257649
3578
์ฆ‰์„์—์„œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
So other cognitive skills are important, too.
87
261563
2950
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
The squids have a different kind of smarts, if you will.
88
264537
3654
์˜ค์ง•์–ด๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
They have an extremely complex, interesting sex life.
89
268215
4661
์˜ค์ง•์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์ƒํ™œ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
They have fighting and flirting and courting and mate-guarding
90
272900
5099
์‚ฌ๋ž‘์‹ธ์›€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์• ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:38
and deception.
91
278023
1771
๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Sound familiar?
92
280131
1403
์–ด๋””์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์ฃ ?
04:41
(Laughter)
93
281558
1049
(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:42
And it's really quite amazing
94
282631
1520
์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ํ•  ๋งŒํผ
04:44
that these animals have this kind of intuitive ability
95
284175
3757
์ง๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
04:47
to do these behaviors.
96
287956
1454
์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
Here you see a male and a female.
97
289434
1612
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
The male, on the left, has been fighting off other males
98
291070
2688
์™ผ์ชฝ ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์•”์ปท๊ณผ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค
04:53
to pair with the female,
99
293782
1166
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
04:54
and now he's showing a dual pattern.
100
294972
1740
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
He shows courtship and love on her side,
101
296736
2295
์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์•”์ปท์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์• ์™€ ์• ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
04:59
fighting on the other.
102
299055
1671
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
Watch him when she shifts places --
103
300750
2173
์•”์ปท์ด ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:02
(Laughter)
104
302947
1033
(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:04
and you see that he has fluidly changed the love-courtship pattern
105
304004
3569
์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์• ์ • ๊ตฌ์•  ํŒจํ„ด์„
05:07
to the side of the female.
106
307597
1554
์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
So this kind of dual signaling simultaneously
107
310015
2442
ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:12
with a changing behavioral context
108
312481
2150
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
05:14
is really extraordinary.
109
314655
1490
์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
It takes a lot of brain power.
110
316169
1630
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์—” ๋‡Œ ์†Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
Now, another way to look at this is that, hmm,
111
317823
2534
์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
05:20
maybe we have 50 million years of evidence for the two-faced male.
112
320381
3793
์•„๋งˆ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ž„๊นŒ์š”.
05:24
(Laughter)
113
324198
4006
(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:29
All right, let's move on.
114
329188
1552
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:30
(Laughter)
115
330764
1057
(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:31
An octopus on a coral reef has a tough job in front it
116
331845
2805
์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์„ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ 
05:34
to go to so many places, remember and find its den.
117
334674
3696
์€์‹ ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜๋“  ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
And they do this extremely well.
118
338394
1543
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํžˆ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
They have short- and long-term memory,
119
339961
1843
๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:41
they learn things in three to five trials --
120
341828
2092
์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๋งŒํผ
05:43
it's a good brain.
121
343944
1155
๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And the spatial memory is unusually good.
122
345123
2881
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ๋„ ๋ชน์‹œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
They will even end their forage and make a beeline
123
348028
3632
์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ํ›„์— ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
05:51
all the way back to their den.
124
351684
1561
์˜ฌ๋งŒํผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
The divers watching them are completely lost,
125
353269
2290
๋ฌธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:55
but they can get back,
126
355583
1160
๋ฌธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋‹ˆ
05:56
so it's really quite refined memory capability.
127
356767
3562
์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Now, in terms of cognitive skills,
128
360353
1635
์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
06:02
look at this sleeping behavior in the cuttlefish.
129
362012
2851
๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:04
Especially on the right, you see the eye twitching.
130
364887
2382
ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ˆˆ์— ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
This is rapid eye movement kind of dreaming
131
367293
3162
์ด๊ฑด ๊ธ‰์† ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ์šด๋™์ธ๋ฐ
06:10
that we only thought mammals and birds did.
132
370479
2172
์˜ค์ง ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:12
And you see the false color we put in there
133
372675
2066
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ 
06:14
to see the skin patterning flashing,
134
374765
2399
์˜์ƒ์— ์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
and this is what's happening a lot.
135
377188
2314
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But it's not normal awake behaviors; it's all different.
136
379526
3404
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Well, dreaming is when you have memory consolidation,
137
382954
4101
๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ
06:27
and so this is probably what's happening in the cuttlefish.
138
387079
3404
๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Now, another form of memory that's really unusual
139
390507
2351
ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€
06:32
is episodic-like memory.
140
392882
1739
๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
This is something that humans need four years of brain development to do
141
394645
4882
๋‡Œ ์„ฑ์žฅ 4๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—
06:39
to remember what happened during a particular event,
142
399551
2983
์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
06:42
where it happened and when it happened.
143
402558
2427
์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
The "when" part is particularly difficult,
144
405009
3080
์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด๋ฐ
06:49
and these children can do that.
145
409120
2495
์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
But guess what?
146
411639
1171
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
We find recently that the wily cuttlefish also has this ability,
147
412834
4177
์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
and in experiments last summer,
148
417035
1840
์ž‘๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์€
06:58
when you present a cuttlefish with different foods at different times,
149
418899
6185
๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
07:05
they have to match that with where it was exactly
150
425108
4417
๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
07:09
and when was the last time they saw it.
151
429549
3122
๋งžํžˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Then they have to guide their foraging to the rate of replenishment
152
432695
4448
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—
07:17
of each food type in a different place.
153
437167
2207
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์‹์„ ์ฑ„์›Œ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
Sound complicated?
154
439920
1418
๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€์š”?
07:21
It's so complicated, I hardly understood the experiment.
155
441362
2912
๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
So this is really high-level cognitive processing.
156
444298
3573
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Now, speaking of brains and evolution at the moment,
157
448927
3675
์ด์ œ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
07:32
you look on the right, there's the pathway of vertebrate brain evolution,
158
452626
3863
์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:36
and we all have good brains.
159
456513
1372
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
I think everyone will acknowledge that.
160
457909
1921
๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
But if you look on the left side,
161
459854
1597
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
07:41
some of the evolutionary pathway outlined here to the octopus,
162
461475
4413
๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์–ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:45
they have both converged, if you will, to complex behaviors
163
465912
4353
์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ
07:50
and some form of intelligence.
164
470289
2186
์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
The last common denominator in these two lines
165
472499
3535
์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋ถ„๋ชจ๋Š”
07:56
was 600 million years ago,
166
476058
2022
6์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜
07:58
and it was a worm with very few neurons,
167
478104
2353
์–ผ๋งˆ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ด๊ณ 
08:00
so very divergent paths
168
480481
2075
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ
08:02
but convergence of complicated behavior.
169
482580
2835
๋์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Here is the fundamental question:
170
485910
2597
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Is the brain structure of an octopus
171
488531
3166
๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
08:11
basically different down to the tiniest level
172
491721
2618
๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
08:14
from the vertebrate line?
173
494363
1857
์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:16
Now, we don't know the answer,
174
496244
2028
์•„์ง ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
08:18
but if it turns out to be yes,
175
498296
2474
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:20
then we have a different evolutionary pathway
176
500794
2842
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”
08:23
to create intelligence on planet Earth,
177
503660
2732
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:26
and one might think that the artificial intelligence community
178
506416
2932
์ธ๊ณต ์ง€๋Šฅ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:29
might be interested in those mechanisms.
179
509372
2528
๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋ฒ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
Well, let's talk genetics just for a moment.
180
512736
3078
์œ ์ „ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:35
We have genomes, we have DNA,
181
515838
2895
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:38
DNA is transcripted into RNA,
182
518757
2176
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ•ต์‚ฐ์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ ,
08:40
RNA translates that into a protein, and that's how we come to be.
183
520957
4271
๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ•ต์‚ฐ์€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Well, the cephalopods do it differently.
184
525252
2319
๋‘์กฑ๋ฅ˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
They have big genomes, they have DNA,
185
527595
3212
๋‘์กฑ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒ ํฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:50
they transcript it into RNA,
186
530831
1944
์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ•ต์‚ฐ์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
08:52
but now something dramatically different happens.
187
532799
2508
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
They edit that RNA at an astronomical weird rate,
188
535331
3104
์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ 100๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ์†๋„๋กœ
08:58
a hundredfold more than we as humans or other animals do.
189
538459
4116
๋ฆฌ๋ณดํ•ต์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:02
And it produces scores of proteins.
190
542599
3134
๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
And guess where most of them are for?
191
545757
2346
์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์“ฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:08
The nervous system.
192
548127
1338
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So perhaps this is an unorthodox way
193
549489
3260
์ด๊ฑด ํ–‰๋™์ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ
09:12
for an animal to evolve behavioral plasticity.
194
552773
3764
์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
This is a lot of conjecture, but it's food for thought.
195
556854
3042
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
Now, I'd like to share with you for a moment
196
560601
2524
์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ
09:23
my experience, and using my smarts and that of my colleagues,
197
563149
4825
์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„
09:27
to try and get this kind of information.
198
567998
1996
๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
We're diving, we can't stay underwater forever
199
570018
2169
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆจ ์‰ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด
09:32
because we can't breathe it,
200
572211
1348
๋ฌผ ๋ฐ‘์— ๊ณ„์† ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ
09:33
so we have to be efficient in what we do.
201
573583
1978
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
The total sensory immersion into that world
202
575585
2315
๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์† ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
09:37
is what helps us understand what these animals are really doing,
203
577924
3494
๋‘์กฑ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
09:41
and I have to tell you that it's really an amazing experience
204
581759
4579
๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์–ด์™€ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€์™€
09:46
to be down there and having this communication
205
586362
3253
์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:49
with an octopus and a diver
206
589639
1899
09:51
when you really begin to understand that this is a thinking, cogitating,
207
591562
4497
ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
curious animal.
208
596083
1454
09:57
And this is the kind of thing that really inspires me endlessly.
209
597939
3355
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Let's go back to that smart skin for a few moments.
210
601318
2451
์ „์— ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:03
Here's a squid and a camouflage pattern.
211
603793
2815
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ค์ง•์–ด์™€ ์œ„์žฅ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
We zoom down and we see there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.
212
606632
3229
ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
There are the chromatophores opening and closing very quickly.
213
609885
3199
์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค ๋‹ซํ˜”๋‹ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
And then, in the next layer of skin,
214
613108
2248
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
10:15
it's quite interesting.
215
615380
1220
์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
The chromatophores are closed,
216
616624
1479
์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ซํžˆ๋ฉด
10:18
and you see this magical iridescence just come out of the skin.
217
618127
4132
๋งˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐฏ๋น›์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
This is also neurally controlled,
218
622283
2079
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์–ด
10:24
so it's the combination of the two,
219
624386
1971
๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:26
as seen here in the high-resolution skin of the cuttlefish,
220
626381
3586
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
10:29
where you get this beautiful pigmentary structural coloration
221
629991
4062
์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ƒ‰์†Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:34
and even the faint blushing that is so beautiful.
222
634077
3419
ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ‰์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
10:38
Well, how can we make use of some of this information?
223
638211
3996
์ด ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:42
I talked about those skin bumps, the papillae.
224
642231
2179
ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:44
Here's the giant Australian cuttlefish.
225
644434
2058
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์‚ฐ ๋Œ€์™• ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
It's got smooth skin and a conspicuous pattern.
226
646516
2734
๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
I took five pictures in a row one second apart,
227
649274
2677
1์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 5์žฅ์„ ์ฐ์–ด
10:51
and just watch this animal morph -- one, two, three, four, five --
228
651975
6044
์˜ค์ง•์–ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‘˜, ์…‹, ๋„ท, ๋‹ค์„ฏ...
10:58
and now I'm a seaweed.
229
658043
1491
์ด์ œ ํ•ด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And then we can come right back out of it
230
659558
1984
๋’ค๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
11:01
to see the smooth skin and the conspicuousness.
231
661566
3065
๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
So this is really marvelous, morphing skin.
232
664655
2801
์ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กญ๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
You can see it in more detail here.
233
667480
2167
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:09
Periscope up,
234
669671
1188
๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
11:10
and you've got those beautiful papillae.
235
670883
2182
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
And then we look in a little more detail,
236
673089
2175
์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:15
you can see the individual papillae come up,
237
675288
2489
๋Œ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
11:17
and there are little ridges on there,
238
677801
1783
๋Œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ตด๊ณก๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด
11:19
so it's a papilla on papilla and so forth.
239
679608
2249
๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
Every individual species out there has more than a dozen shapes and sizes
240
681881
4652
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
11:26
of those bumps
241
686557
1153
์œ„์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:27
to create fine-tuned, neurally controlled camouflage.
242
687734
4071
์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
So now, my colleagues at Cornell, engineers,
243
692317
5932
์ฝ”๋„ฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋”๋‹ˆ
11:38
watched our work and said, "We think we can make some of those."
244
698273
3064
"๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฑฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Because in industry and society,
245
701361
1598
ํ˜„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š”
11:42
this kind of soft materials under control of shape
246
702983
2459
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด
11:45
are really very rare.
247
705466
1391
๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
And they went ahead, worked with us
248
706881
2080
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž‘์—…ํ•ด
11:48
and made the first samples of artificial papillae, soft materials,
249
708985
3948
๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ฒซ ์ธ๊ณต ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
shown here.
250
712957
1163
๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:54
And you see them blown up into different shapes,
251
714144
2536
์ด๊ฑด ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ 
11:56
And then you can press your finger on them
252
716704
2023
์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ
11:58
to see that they're a little bit malleable as they are.
253
718751
2785
์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋ˆŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
And so this is an example of how that might work.
254
721560
3213
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์— ์“ฐ์ผ์ง€ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
12:04
Well, I want to segue from this into the color of fabrics,
255
724797
4763
์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์„ฌ์œ  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์— ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•ด
12:09
and I imagine that could have a lot of applications as well.
256
729584
3286
๋งŽ์€ ์‘์šฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
Just look at this kaleidoscope of color
257
732894
2595
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘์กฑ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:15
of dynamically controlled pigments and reflectors
258
735513
2418
์ƒ‰์†Œ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”
12:17
that we see in the cephalopods.
259
737955
2335
๋งŒํ™”๊ฒฝ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:20
We know enough about the mechanics of how they work
260
740314
3678
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŒํ™”๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•„๋‹ˆ
12:24
that we can begin to translate this
261
744016
2133
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
12:26
not only into fabrics
262
746173
1493
์„ฌ์œ ์—๋งŒ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:27
but perhaps even into changeable cosmetics.
263
747690
3526
๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ์—๋„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
And moreover, there's been the recent discovery
264
751240
2970
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์–ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋น›์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
12:34
of light-sensing molecules in the skin of octopus
265
754234
3511
์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:37
which may pave the way to, eventually, smart materials
266
757769
3570
์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜
12:41
that sense and respond on their own.
267
761363
4029
๋ฐœํŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Well, this form of biotechnology, or biomimicry, if you will,
268
766030
5486
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™์ด์ž, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ƒ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ
12:51
could change the way we look at the world even above water.
269
771540
2959
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Take, for example, artificial intelligence
270
774523
2690
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์˜จ๋ชธ์— ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์–ด๋‚˜
12:57
that might be inspired by the body-distributed brain
271
777237
3973
๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
13:01
and behavior of the octopus
272
781234
1838
์ธ๊ณต ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:03
or the smart skin of a cuttlefish
273
783096
2292
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด์˜ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
13:05
translated into cutting-edge fashion.
274
785412
3581
์ตœ์‹  ํŒจ์…˜์— ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Well, how do we get there?
275
792003
1871
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:13
Maybe all we have to do
276
793898
1975
์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑด
13:15
is to begin to be a little bit smarter
277
795897
3085
๋‘์กฑ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ์ง€
13:19
about how smart the cephalopods are.
278
799006
2476
์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
Thank you.
279
801506
1191
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
(Applause)
280
802721
4414
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7