Woody Norris: Hypersonic sound and other inventions

Prevoditelj: Predrag Pale Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

I became an inventor by accident.

Izumitelj sam postao slučajno.

I was out of the air force in 1956. No, no, that's not true:

IZašao sam iz avijacije 1956. Ne, ne, to nije točno:

I went in in 1956, came out in 1959,

Ušao sam 1956., a izašao 1959., onda sam

was working at the University of Washington,

radio na Sveučilištu Washington

and I came up with an idea, from reading a magazine article,

i čitajući članak u časopisu pala mi je na pamet ideja,

for a new kind of a phonograph tone arm.

za novu vrstu zvučne ručke na gramofonu.

Now, that was before cassette tapes, C.D.s, DVDs --

To je bilo prije kazeta, CD-a i DVD-a --

any of the cool stuff we've got now.

bilo čega što je fora a što danas koristimo.

And it was an arm that,

Zamislio sam ručku koja,

instead of hinging and pivoting as it went across the record,

neće visiti i lepezasto se kretati preko ploče,

went straight: a radial, linear tracking tone arm.

već će ići ravno: radijalno, ravno kretanje ručke.

And it was the hardest invention I ever made, but it got me started,

Bio je to moj najteži izum koji sam ikada napravio, ali me pokrenuo,

and I got really lucky after that.

i nakon toga sam zasita imao dosta sreće.

And without giving you too much of a tirade,

I bez da vas previše mučim

I want to talk to you about an invention I brought with me today:

htio bih vam pričati o izumu koji sam vam danas donio:

my 44th invention. No, that's not true either.

moj 44-ti izum. Ne, ni to nije istina.

Golly, I'm just totally losing it.

Joj, postao sam potpuno zaboravan.

My 44th patent; about the 15th invention.

Moj 44-ti patent, a otprilike 15-ti izum.

I call this hypersonic sound.

Ja to zovem hipersonični zvuk

I'm going to play it for you in a couple minutes,

za nekoliko minuta ću vam ga pustiti kako biste ga čuli,

but I want to make an analogy before I do

ali želim napraviti analogiju, prije nego što

to this.

to napravim.

I usually show this hypersonic sound and people will say,

Obično pokažem ovaj hipersonični zvuk i ljudi kažu:

That's really cool, but what's it good for?

"To je stvarno fora, ali čemu to služi?"

And I say, What is the light bulb good for?

A ja odgovaram: čemu služi žarulja?

Sound, light: I'm going to draw the analogy.

Zvuk, svjetlo: napraviti ću usporedbu.

When Edison invented the light bulb, pretty much looked like this.

Kad je Edison izumio žarulju, manje više je izgledala ovako.

Hasn't changed that much.

Nije se puno promijenila.

Light came out of it in every direction.

Svjetlo je iz nje izlazilo u svim smjerovima.

Before the light bulb was invented,

Prije nego je žarulja izumljena,

people had figured out how to put a reflector behind it,

ljudi su shvatili kako staviti zrcalo iza nje,

focus it a little bit;

kako bi malo usmjerili svjetlo;

put lenses in front of it,

staviti leću ispred

focus it a little bit better.

kako bi ju još jače usmjerili.

Ultimately we figured out how to make things like lasers

Na kraju smo smislili kako napraviti stvari poput lasera

that were totally focused.

koje su potpuno usmjerene.

Now, think about where the world would be today

E pa, razmislite gdje bi svijet bio danas

if we had the light bulb,

kada bismo imali žarulju,

but you couldn't focus light;

ali ne biste mogli usmjeriti svjetlo;

if when you turned one on it just went wherever it wanted to.

kad bi svjetlo moglo ići u bilo kojem smjeru.

That's the way loudspeakers pretty much are.

Takvi su uglavnom zvučnici.

You turn on the loudspeaker,

Uključite zvučnik,

and after almost 80 years of having those gadgets,

i nakon gotovo 80 godina što imamo takve spravice

the sound just kind of goes where it wants.

zvuk jednostavno ide kamo želi.

Even when you're standing in front of a megaphone,

Čak i kad stojite ispred megafona,

it's pretty much every direction.

i dalje ide u svim smjerovima.

A little bit of differential, but not much.

Malo drukčije, ali ne puno.

If the light bulb was the way the speaker is,

Kad bi žarulja bila poput zvučnika,

and you couldn't focus or sharpen the edges or define it,

i ne biste ju mogli usmjeriti, izoštriti ili istaknuti rubove,

we wouldn't have that, or movies in general,

ne bismo imali ovo ili filmove općenito,

or computers, or T.V. sets,

ili računala, ili televizore,

or C.D.s, or DVDs -- and just go down the list

ili CD-e, ili DVD-e -- i možemo nastaviti nabrajati

of what the importance is

za što je sve važno

of being able to focus light.

da možemo usmjeriti svjetlo.

Now, after almost 80 years of having sound,

I nakon što 80 godina imamo zvuk,

I thought it was about time that we figure out

odlučio sam da je krajnje vrijeme da smislim

a way to put sound where you want to.

kako zvuk usmjeriti gdje želimo.

I have a couple of units.

Imam ovdje nekoliko uređaja.

That guy there was made for a demo I did yesterday early in the day

Onaj tamo napravljen je za prikaz koji sam jučer radio

for a big car maker in Detroit who wants to put them in a car --

za velikog proizvođača automobila iz Detroita koji ih želi staviti u auto --

small version, over your head --

malu verziju, iznad glave --

so that you can actually get binaural sound in a car.

tako da čujete stereo zvuk u autu.

What if I could aim sound the way I aim light?

Što bi bilo kad bih mogao usmjeriti zvuk kao što mogu svjetlo?

I got this waterfall I recorded in my back yard.

Imam zvuk vodopada koji sam snimio u svom dvorištu.

Now, you're not going to hear a thing unless it hits you.

Nećete ništa čuti dok nije usmjeren u vas.

Maybe if I hit the side wall it will bounce around the room.

Možda ako ga usmjerim u bočni zid će se odbijati u sobi.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

The sound is being made right next to your ears. Is that cool?

Zvuk nastaje tik ispred vaših ušiiju. Zar to nije fora?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Because I have some limited time, I'll cut it off for a second,

Vrijeme mi je ograničeno pa ću sada tu stati

and tell you about how it works and what it's good for.

i objasniti vam kako radi i za što je to dobro.

Course, like light, it's great to be able to put sound

Sjajno je ako možemo, poput svjetlom, zvukom naglasiti

to highlight a clothing rack, or the cornflakes, or the toothpaste,

vješalicu s odjećom, ili zobne pahuljice ili zubnu pastu

or a talking plaque in a movie theater lobby.

ili "govoreču" plaketu u predvorju kina.

Sony's got an idea -- Sony's our biggest customers right now.

U Sonyu su imali ideju -- oni su sada naš najveći kupac.

They tried this back in the '60s

Pokušali su to još u 1960-tima

and were too smart, and so they gave up.

ali su bili mudri i odustali su.

But they want to use it -- seriously.

Ali sad to žele koristiti - ozbiljno.

There's a mix an inventor has to have.

Izumitelj mora imati nekoliko svojstava.

You have to be kind of smart,

Morate biti pomalo pametni i mudri,

and though I did not graduate from college doesn't mean I'm stupid,

jer to što nemam sveučilišnu diplomu ne znači da sam glup,

because you cannot be stupid and do very much in the world today.

jer u današnjem svijetu ne možete previše napraviti ako ste glupi.

Too many other smart people out there. So.

Ima i previše drugih pametnih ljudi.

I just happened to get my education in a little different way.

Ja sam jednostavno svoje obrazovanje stekao na malo drugačiji način.

I'm not at all against education.

Ja nisam protivnik obrazovanja.

I think it's wonderful; I think sometimes people,

Mislim da je ono sjajna stvar. No, mislim da ponekad ljudi

when they get educated, lose it:

kad steknu obrazovanje, opuste se:

they get so smart they're unwilling to look at things that they know better than.

toliko postanu pametni da izgube volju pogledati i na drugi način stvari koje već znaju.

And we're living in a great time right now,

A danas živimo u prekrasnom dobu,

because almost everything's being explored anew.

jer se gotovo sve iznova istražuje.

I have this little slogan that I use a lot, which is:

Imam mali slogan kojeg često koristim:

virtually nothing --

gotovo ništa --

and I mean this honestly --

i to iskreno mislim --

has been invented yet.

još nije izumljeno.

We're just starting.

Tek smo na početku.

We're just starting to really discover the laws of nature and science and physics.

Tek počinjemo zaista otkrivati zakone prirode, znanosti i fizike.

And this is, I hope, a little piece of it.

A ovo je, nadam se, djelić toga.

Sony's got this vision back -- to get myself on track --

Sony je već dugo imao viziju -- da se vratim na temu --

that when you stand in the checkout line in the supermarket,

kako ćete, dok stojite u redu na blagajni dućana,

you're going to watch a new T.V. channel.

gledati novi TV program.

They know that when you watch T.V. at home,

Znaju kako kada gledate TV kod kuće,

because there are so many choices

zato što ima toliko izbora,

you can change channels, miss their commercials.

možete promijeniti program i preskočiti njihovu reklamu.

A hundred and fifty-one million people every day stand in the line at the supermarket.

151 milijun ljudi svaki dan stoji u nekom redu u nekom dućanu.

Now, they've tried this a couple years ago and it failed,

Pokušali su ovo prije nekoliko godina i nisu uspjeli,

because the checker gets tired of hearing the same message

jer blagajnica se umori od neprekidnog slušanja iste reklame

every 20 minutes, and reaches out, turns off the sound.

svakih 20 minuta i na kraju isključi zvuk.

And, you know, if the sound isn't there, the sale typically isn't made.

A ako nema zvuka, uglavnom ne uspijete prodati.

For instance, like, when you're on an airplane, they show the movie,

Na primjer, dok letite avionom, prikazuje se film,

you get to watch it for free;

i vi ga možete gledati besplatno,

when you want to hear the sound, you pay.

ali ako hoćete čuti zvuk, morate platiti.

And so ABC and Sony have devised this new thing

Tako su ABC i Sony smislili novu stvar:

where when you step in the line in the supermarket --

svaki put kad stanete u red na blagajni --

initially it'll be Safeways. It is Safeways;

za početak će krenuti u lanacu trgovina Safeway,

they're trying this in three parts of the country right now --

gdje sada to isprobavaju na tri mjesta u zemlji --

you'll be watching TV.

gledati ćete TV.

And hopefully they'll be sensitive

I nadajmo se da će biti senzibilni

that they don't want to offend you with just one more outlet.

i da vas neće napasti samo s još jednim prodajnim kanalom.

But what's great about it, from the tests that have been done, is,

No, ono što je sjajno u tome, prema ispitivanjima koja su napravljena,

if you don't want to hear it,

je to da ako ne želite slušati taj program,

you take about one step to the side and you don't hear it.

pomaknete se jedan korak u stranu, i više ga ne čujete.

So, we create silence as much as we create sound.

Dakle, možemo stvoriti tišinu jednako kao što možemo stvoriti zvuk.

ATMs that talk to you; nobody else hears it.

Bankomati koji vam govore, a nitko drugi to ne može čuti.

Sit in bed, two in the morning, watch TV;

Ležite u krevetu u dva sata ujutro, gledate TV,

your spouse, or someone, is next to you, asleep;

vaš bračni partner, ili netko, leži do vas i spava;

doesn't hear it, doesn't wake up.

ne čuje, ne budi se.

We're also working on noise canceling things like snoring, noise from automobiles.

Također radimo i na uređajima za poništavanje buke poput hrkanja, buke automobila.

I have been really lucky with this technology:

Zbilja imam sreće s tom tehnologijom:

all of a sudden as it is ready, the world is ready to accept it.

baš u trenutku kad je sprema, svijet je spreman da ju upotrijebi.

They have literally beat a path to our door.

Doslovce se guraju u redu pred našim vratima.

We've been selling it since about last September, October,

Prodajemo ih od prošlog rujna, listopada,

and it's been immensely gratifying.

i nevjerojatno su uspješni.

If you're interested in what it costs -- I'm not selling them today --

Ako vas zanima koliko koštaju -- ne prodajem ih danas --

but this unit, with the electronics and everything,

ovaj uređaj, zajedno s elektronikom i svime,

if you buy one, is around a thousand bucks.

ako kupujete jedan komad, je oko tisuću dolara.

We expect by this time next year,

Očekujemo da će u ovo doba iduće godine,

it'll be hundreds, a few hundred bucks, to buy it.

koštati nekoliko stotina dolara.

It's not any more pricey than regular electronics.

Nije ništa skuplje od ostale elektronike.

Now, when I played it for you, you didn't hear the thunderous bass.

Kad sam vam ranije puštao zvuk, niste čuli grmeče basove.

This unit that I played goes from about 200 hertz to above the range of hearing.

Ovaj uređaj koji sam vam pokazao radi od 200 Hz do malo preko granice sluha.

It's actually emitting ultrasound -- low-level ultrasound --

Zapravo odašilje i ultrazvuk -- niski ultrazvuk --

that's about 100,000 vibrations per second.

što je otprilike 100,000 titraja u sekundi.

And the sound that you're hearing,

A zvuk koji čujete,

unlike a regular speaker on which all the sound is made on the face,

za razliku od običnih zvučnika kod kojih zvuk nastaje na njihovoj površini,

is made out in front of it, in the air.

ovdje nastaje ispred zvučnika, u samom zraku.

The air is not linear, as we've always been taught.

Zrak nije linearan, kao što su nas uvijek učili.

You turn up the volume just a little bit --

Ako povećate glasnoću samo malo --

I'm talking about a little over 80 decibels --

govorim o malo preko 80 decibela --

and all of a sudden the air begins to corrupt signals you propagate.

odjednom zrak iskrivljuje signale koje šaljete.

Here's why: the speed of sound is not a constant. It's fairly slow.

Evo zašto: brzina zvuka nije stalna. Prilično je niska.

It changes with temperature and with barometric pressure.

Ali se mijenja s temperaturom i atmosferskim tlakom.

Now, imagine, if you will, without getting too technical,

Pokušajte zamisliti, bez da idem u tehničke detalje,

I'm making a little sine wave here in the air.

kako proizvodim mali sinusni val ovdje u zraku.

Well, if I turn up the amplitude too much,

Ako previše povećam amplitudu,

I'm having an effect on the pressure,

utičem na pritisak,

which means during the making of that sine wave,

što znači da se, za vrijeme proizvodnje sinusnog vala,

the speed at which it is propagating is shifting.

brzina njegovog širenja kroz zrak mijenja.

All of audio as we know it

Svi zvučni uređaji koje poznajemo

is an attempt to be more and more perfectly linear.

pokušavaju biti savršeno linearni.

Linearity means higher quality sound.

Linearnost znači zvuk više kvalitete.

Hypersonic sound is exactly the opposite:

Hipersonični zvuk je upravo suprotan:

it's 100 percent based on non-linearity.

100% se zasniva na nelinearnosti.

An effect happens in the air, it's a corrupting effect of the sound --

U zraku se dogodi pojava koja iskrivljuje zvuk --

the ultrasound in this case -- that's emitted,

ultrazvuk u ovom slučaju -- koji se odašilje,

but it's so predictable

ali to je tako predvidljivo

that you can produce very precise audio out of that effect.

da možemo napraviti vrlo precizan zvuk od te pojave.

Now, the question is, where's the sound made?

Pitanje je: gdje nastaje zvuk?

Instead of being made on the face of the cone,

Umjesto da nastane na površini zvučnika,

it's made at literally billions of little independent points

nastaje na doslovno milijardama malih nezavisnih točaka

along this narrow column in the air,

uzduž ovog uskog stupca zraka,

and so when I aim it towards you,

pa kad ga usmjerim prema vama,

what you hear is made right next to your ears.

ono što čujete, nastaje tik pred vašim uhom.

I said we can shorten the column,

Stupac možemo skratiti,

we can spread it out to cover the couch.

a možemo ga i proširiti da pokrije kauč.

I can put it so that one ear hears one speaker,

Mogu ga tako postaviti da jedno uho čuje jedan zvučnik,

the other ear hears the other. That's true binaural sound.

a drugo uho drugi. To je istinski binauralni zvuk.

When you listen to stereo on your home system,

Kad slušate stereo zvuk na kućnom uređaju,

your both ears hear both speakers.

oba uha čuju oba zvučnika.

Turn on the left speaker sometime

Probajte uključiti lijevi zvučnik

and notice you're hearing it also in your right ear.

i vidjet ćete da ga čujete i u desnom uhu

So, the stage is more restricted --

Dakle, pozornica je ograničena --

the sound stage that's supposed to spread out in front of you.

zvučna pozornica koja se širi pred vama.

Because the sound is made in the air along this column,

Zato što zvuk nastaje uzduž ovog stupca,

it does not follow the inverse square law,

ne podliježe zakonu obrnutog korijena,

which says it drops off about two thirds

koji kaže da mu snaga pada oko dvije trećine

every time you double the distance:

kada se udaljenost udvostruči:

6dB every time you go from one meter, for instance, to two meters.

6 dB svaki put kada na primjer prijeđe s jednog metra na dva.

That means you go to a rock concert or a symphony,

To znači da će na rock koncertu ili simfoniji,

and the guy in the front row gets the same level

oni u prvom redu dobiti istu jačinu zvuka

as the guy in the back row, now, all of a sudden.

kao i oni u posljednjem redu.

Isn't that terrific?

Zar to nije sjajno ?

So, we've been, as I say, very successful, very lucky,

Kao što rekoh, bili smo vrlo uspješni, vrlo sretni,

in having companies catch the vision of this,

što su poduzeća prepoznala i prihvatila ovu viziju,

from cars -- car makers who want to put a stereo system in the front for the kids,

od automobila -- gdje žele staviti odvojeni stereo sustav sprijeda za djecu

and a separate system in the back --

od onoga straga --

oh, no, the kids aren't driving today.

o, ne, djeca danas ne voze.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I was seeing if you were listening.

Samo sam provjeravao slušate li me.

Actually, I haven't had breakfast yet.

Zapravo, još nisam doručkovao.

A stereo system in the front for mom and dad,

Stereo sustav naprijed za mamu i tatu,

and maybe there's a little DVD player in the back for the kids,

a možda je otraga mali DVD reproduktor za djecu,

and the parents don't want to be bothered with that,

kojeg roditelji ne žele slušati,

or their rap music or whatever.

ili njihovu rap glazbu ili što god.

So, again, this idea of being able to put sound anywhere you want to

Dakle, ta ideja da možete staviti zvuk gdje god želite

is really starting to catch on.

zbilja uzima maha.

It also works for transmitting and communicating data.

Može se primijeniti i za prijenos podataka.

It also works five times better underwater.

Radi pet puta bolje pod vodom.

We've got the military -- have just deployed some of these into Iraq,

Vojska je neke uređaje baš postavila u Iraku

where you can put fake troop movements

kojima možete glumiti pokrete trupa

quarter of a mile away on a hillside.

na 500 m udaljenom brežuljku.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Or you can whisper in the ear of a supposed terrorist some Biblical verse.

Ili možete šaputati biblijske stihove u uho nekog za koga sumnjate da je terorist.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I'm serious. And they have these infrared devices

Ne šalim se. A imaju i infracrvene uređaje

that can look at their countenance,

koji mogu otkriti njihovu rekaciju,

and see a fraction of a degree Kelvin in temperature shift

i utvrditi promjenu temperature lica od samo dijelića stupnja

from 100 yards away when they play this thing.

sa 90ak metara udaljenosti dok im puštaju te stihove.

And so, another way of hopefully determining who's friendly and who isn't.

I tako na jedan drugi način utvrditi tko je prijatelj, a tko nije.

We make a version with this which puts out 155 decibels.

Imamo inačicu uređaja koja odašilje 155 dB.

Pain is 120.

Bol nastaje na 120.

So it allows you to go nearly a mile away and communicate with people,

Dakle, omogućava vam da s udaljenosti od kilometar i pol komunicirate s ljudima,

and there can be a public beach just off to the side,

kada je pored vas javna plaža,

and they don't even know it's turned on.

na kojoj ljudi ni ne znaju da ste uključili uređaj.

We sell those to the military presently for about 70,000 dollars,

Trenutno ih prodajemo vojsci za 70,000 dolara,

and they're buying them as fast as we can make them.

a oni ih kupuju onoliko brzo koliko brzo ih mi možemo proizvesti.

We put it on a turret with a camera, so that when they shoot at you,

Stavljamo ih na okretnu platformu zajedno s kamerom, tako da kad pucaju na vas

you're over there, and it's there.

vi ste ovdje, a uređaj je tamo.

I have a bunch of other inventions.

Imam gomilu drugih izuma.

I invented a plasma antenna, to shift gears.

Izumio sam antenu s plazmom, da promijenimo spravu.

Looked up at the ceiling of my office one day --

Gledao sam u strop u mom uredu jednog dana --

I was working on a ground-penetrating radar project --

radio sam na projektu radara koji prodire kroz zemlju --

and my physicist CEO came in and said, "We have a real problem.

a moj šef fizičara je ušao i rekao mi: "Imamo ozbiljan problem.

We're using very short wavelengths.

Koristimo vrlo kratke valne duljine.

We've got a problem with the antenna ringing.

Imamo problema sa "zvonjavom" antene.

When you run very short wavelengths,

Kad odašiljete vrlo kratke valne daljine,

like a tuning fork the antenna resonates,

antena rezonira poput viljuške za ugađanje,

and there's more energy coming out of the antenna

pa puno više energije izlazi iz antene,

than there is the backscatter from the ground

nego što dolazi odjeka iz zemlje

that we're trying to analyze, taking too much processing."

koju želimo analizirati, pa je potrebno previše obrade signala."

I says, "Why don't we make an antenna that only exists when you want it?

Ja sam odgovorio: "Zašto ne napravimo antenu koja postoji samo kada ju trebaš?

Turn it on; turn it off.

Uključi ju; isključi ju.

That's a fluorescent tube refined."

To je redefinicija fluorescentne žarulje."

I just sold that for a million and a half dollars, cash.

Upravo sam to prodao za milijun i pol dolara, u gotovini.

I took it back to the Pentagon after it got declassified,

Odnio sam u Pentagon, kada su skinuli oznaku tajne,

when the patent issued, and told the people back there about it,

kada je izdan patent i pričao im o tome,

and they laughed, and then I took them back a demo and they bought.

a oni su mi se smijali. Onda sam im odnio prototip i oni su ga kupili.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Any of you ever wore a Jabber headphone -- the little cell headphones?

Je li netko od vas koristio Jabber slušalice -- male slušalice za mobitel?

That's my invention. I sold that for seven million dollars.

To je moj izum. Prodao sam ga za sedam milijuna dolara.

Big mistake: it just sold for 80 million dollars two years ago.

Moja velika pogreška: preprodali su ga za 80 milijuna prije dvije godine.

I actually drew that up on a little crummy Mac computer

Njih sam zapravo nacrtao na mom bijednom malom Mac računalu

in my attic at my house,

na mom tavanu kod kuće,

and one of the many designs which they have now

a jedan od mnogih dizajna koje danas imaju

is still the same design I drew way back when.

je i dalje taj prvi koji sam ja nacrtao.

So, I've been really lucky as an inventor.

Bio sam sretne ruke kao izumitelj.

I'm the happiest guy you're ever going to meet.

Ja sam najsretniji tip kojeg ćete ikad sresti.

And my dad died before he realized anybody in the family

A moj je otac umro prije nego je znao da će itko u obitelji

would maybe, hopefully, make something out of themselves.

ikada možda, nadamo se, učiniti nešto od sebe.

You've been a great audience. I know I've jumped all over the place.

Bili ste divna publika. Znam da sam skakao s teme na temu.

I usually figure out what my talk is when I get up in front of a group.

Obično smislim o čemu ću pričati tek kad stanem pred publiku.

Let me give you, in the last minute,

Dozvolite da vam, u posljednjoj minuti,

one more quick demo of this guy,

još jednom demonstriram ovu stvarčicu,

for those of you that haven't heard it.

za one koji još nisu čuli.

Can never tell if it's on.

Nikad ne znate je li uključena.

If you haven't heard it, raise your hand.

Ako niste čuli, dignite ruku.

Getting it over there?

Čujete li ju tamo?

Get the cameraman.

Za kamermana.

Yeah, there you go.

Tako je, evo.

I've got a Coke can opening that's right in your head; that's really cool.

Imam primjer otvaranja limenke Coca Cole točno u vašoj glavi, taj je super.

Thank you once again.

Hvala vam još jednom.

Appreciate it very much.

Jako sam vam zahvalan.