How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria | James Logan

Translator: Manuel Estévez Casal Reviewer: traduceTED USC

Malaria is still one of the biggest killers on the planet.

Despite us making significant progress in the last 20 years,

half the world's population is still at risk from this disease.

A malaria segue a ser un dos maiores asasinos do planeta.

In fact, every two minutes,

a child under the age of two dies from malaria.

Aínda que progresamos moito nos últimos 20 anos,

Our progress has undoubtedly stalled.

a metade da poboación do planeta segue aínda en risco por esta enfermidade.

Now we face many challenges when it comes to tackling malaria,

De feito, cada dous minutos,

un cativo menor de dous anos morre a causa da malaria.

but one of the problems that we have

is actually finding people who are infected with malaria in the first place.

O noso progreso quedou, sen dúbida, estancado.

So, for example, if people have some level of immunity to the disease,

Enfrontámonos a moitos retos ao combater a malaria,

then they can develop an infection and become infectious and still pass it on

pero un dos problemas que temos

é, realmente, atopar persoas que estean infectadas de malaria dende o principio.

but not actually develop any symptoms,

and that can be a big problem, because how do you find those people?

Por exemplo, se as persoas teñen certo nivel de inmunidade á enfermidade,

It's like looking for a needle in a haystack.

poden desenvolver a infección, seren contaxiosas e transmitila

Now scientists have been trying to solve this problem for some years,

pero non ter ningún síntoma,

but what I want to talk to you about today

e iso pode ser un gran problema, porque como atopas esa xente?

is that the solution to this problem may have been right under our noses

É como procurar unha agulla nun palleiro.

this whole time.

Os científicos tentaron resolver este problema durante anos,

Now that was a bit of a heavy start, with lots of really important statistics,

so I want us all to just relax a little bit

pero do que quero falarvos hoxe

and that'll help me to relax a little bit as well.

é de que a solución deste problema puido estar xusto diante do noso nariz

So why don't we just all take a nice deep breath in ...

todo este tempo.

Wow. (Laughs)

Foi un comezo un tanto pesado, con información estatística dabondo,

And sigh,

and, whoo, going to get blown away there.

así que quero que nos relaxemos un pouquiño.

OK, now I want you to do it again,

Iso vaime axudar a relaxarme tamén.

but this time, I want you to do it just through your nose,

Fagamos unha boa inspiración profunda…

and I want you to really sense the environment around you.

Ah!

E suspiramos.

And in fact, I want you to really smell the person who's sitting next to you.

Ai! Vou saír voando co aire.

Vale, agora facédeo de novo,

Even if you don't know them, I don't care.

pero, esta vez, facédeo só polo nariz.

Lean in, get your nose right into their armpit,

come on, stop being so British about it,

Quero que sintades o contorno arredor de vós.

get your nose into the armpit, have a good old sniff,

De feito, quero que cheiredes a persoa que tendes ao voso carón.

see what you can smell.

(Laughter)

Mesmo se non a coñecedes, dá igual.

Achegádevos, poñede o nariz na súa axila.

Now each and every one of us

Veña! Non sexades tan británicos.

would have had a very different sensory experience there.

Achegade o nariz á axila e ulídea ben,

Some of us would have smelled something rather pleasant,

mirade a ver que ulides.

perhaps somebody's perfume.

(Risas)

But some of us might have smelled something a little bit less pleasant,

Cadaquén

perhaps somebody's bad breath or body odor.

tería unha experiencia sensorial ben diferente.

Maybe you even smelled your own body odor.

Algúns de nós ulirán algo máis ben agradábel,

(Laughter)

quizais o perfume de alguén.

Mais algún igual cheirou algo un pouco menos agradábel,

But, you know, there's probably a good reason

that some of us don't like certain body smells.

se cadra o mal alento ou o fedor de alguén.

Throughout history,

Probablemente puidestes cheirar o voso propio fedor.

there have been many examples of diseases being associated with a smell.

(Risas)

Pero sabedes que? Pode que haxa unha boa razón

So, for example, typhoid apparently smells like baked brown bread,

para que a algún de nós lle desgusten certos olores.

and that's quite a nice smell, isn't it,

Ao longo da historia,

but it starts to get a little bit worse.

houbo moitos exemplos de enfermidades asociadas cun cheiro.

TB smells like stale beer,

and yellow fever smells like the inside of a butcher shop, like raw meat.

Por exemplo, disque a febre tifoide cheira como o pan integral enfornado.

And in fact, when you look at the sort of words that are used

É un olor bastante agradábel, non?

to describe diseases,

Pero a cousa ponse peor.

you tend to find these words:

A tuberculose cheira a cervexa rancia,

"rotting," "foul," "putrid" or "pungent."

a febre amarela cheira ao interior dunha carnizaría, como a carne crúa.

So it's no surprise, then,

that smell and body odor gets a bit of bad reputation.

De feito, se miramos o tipo de palabras que se empregan

para describir enfermidades,

If I was to say to you, "You smell,"

atopamos estas palabras:

“podre”, “fétido”, “putrefacto” ou “acre”.

now, you're going to take that not exactly as a compliment, are you.

But you do smell.

Polo tanto, non é de sorprender

que o cheiro corporal teña unha reputación un tanto mala.

You've just found that out. You do smell.

It's a scientific fact.

Se vos dixera que cheirades

And I'd quite like to turn that on its head.

What if we could actually think about smell in a positive way,

non volo tomariades coma un cumprido, non?

put it to good use?

What if we could detect the chemicals

Pero é que cheirades.

Acabades de decatarvos. Cheirades.

that are given off by our bodies when we're ill,

É un feito científico.

and use that to diagnose people?

Gustaríame darlle a volta.

E se puidésemos pensar nos olores dun xeito positivo,

Now we'd need to develop good sensors that would allow us to do this,

darlles un bo uso?

but it turns out that the world's best sensors actually already exist,

E se puidésemos detectar as substancias

que emanan do noso corpo cando estamos enfermos

and they're called animals.

e empregalo para diagnosticar a xente?

Now animals are built to smell.

Pois ben, faríanos falla desenvolver un bo sensor que nos permitise facelo,

They live their everyday lives according to their nose.

pero resulta que os mellores sensores do mundo xa existen

They sense the environment,

which tells them really important information

about how to stay alive, essentially.

e chámanse animais.

Just imagine you're a mosquito

Os animais están feitos para cheirar.

and you've just flown in from outside and you've entered this room.

Viven a vida seguindo o seu olfacto.

Now you're going to be entering a really complex world.

Perciben o contorno,

You're going to be bombarded with smells from everywhere.

que lles dá información moi relevante

para sobreviviren, basicamente.

We've just found out that we're really smelly beasts.

Imaxinade que sodes mosquitos

Each one of us is producing different volatile chemicals.

e que acabades de voar dentro desta habitación.

It's not just one chemical, like BO --

lots and lots of chemicals.

Entraredes nun mundo moi complexo.

But it's not just you, it's the seats you're sitting on,

Bombardearanvos olores de todas partes.

the carpet, the glue that holds the carpet to the floor,

Acabamos de descubrir que somos animais con moito cheiro.

the paint on the walls, the trees outside.

Cadaquén produce moitas substancias volátiles.

Everything around you is producing an odor,

Non é só unha substancia, o cheiro corporal:

and it's a really complex world that the mosquito has to fly through,

son moitos compoñentes.

Pero non só sodes vós, senón tamén os asentos,

and it has to find you within that really complex world.

a moqueta, o pegamento que une a moqueta ao chan,

a pintura das paredes, as árbores fóra.

And each and every one of you will know --

Todo ao redor está producindo un olor,

Come on, hands up, who always gets bitten by mosquitoes?

e é un mundo moi complexo polo que o mosquito ten que voar

And who never gets bitten?

There's always one or two really annoying people that never get bitten.

e ten que atoparvos a vós dentro dese mundo tan complexo.

But the mosquito has a really hard job to find you,

E todos saberedes…

and that's all to do with the way you smell.

Veña, levantade a man, a quen lle pican os mosquitos?

People who don't attract mosquitoes smell repellent,

E a quen nunca?

Sempre hai unha ou dúas persoas molestas ás que nunca lles pican.

and what we know is that --

(Laughter)

I should clarify, repellent to mosquitoes,

Pero o mosquito ten unha tarefa moi dura para atoparvos,

not to people.

e ten que ver con como cheirades.

(Laughter)

And what we know now

is that that is actually controlled by our genes.

As persoas que non atraen os mosquitos teñen un olor repelente,

e o que sabemos é que…

But mosquitoes are able to do that

(Risas)

Aclárovolo: repelente para os mosquitos,

because they have a highly sophisticated sense of smell,

and they're able to see through all the, sort of, odor sludge

non para as persoas.

(Risas)

O que sabemos é

to find you, that individual, and bite you as a blood meal.

que iso contrólano os nosos xenes.

Pero os mosquitos son quen de o facer,

But what would happen if one of you was infected with malaria?

xa que teñen un sofisticado sentido do olfacto

Well, let's just have a quick look at the malaria life cycle.

e poden “ver” a través de toda a mestura de olores

So it's quite complex,

para atopar ese individuo e picarlle para alimentarse do sangue.

but basically, what happens is a mosquito has to bite somebody to become infected.

Que pasaría se algún de vós se infectase de malaria?

Once it bites an infected person,

the parasite travels through the mouth part into the gut

Velaquí o ciclo de vida da malaria.

and then bursts through the gut, creates cysts,

É bastante complexo,

and then the parasites replicate,

pero, basicamente, o mosquito ten que picar a alguén para infectarse.

and then they make a journey from the gut all the way to the salivary glands,

Unha vez pica a alguén infectado,

where they are then injected back into another person

os parasitos viaxan dende a boca até os intestinos,

when the mosquito bites, because it injects saliva as it bites.

logo, explotan no intestino, xeran quistes

e os parasitos reprodúcense

Then, inside the human, it goes through a whole other cycle,

e fan un percorrido dende os intestinos ás glándulas salivares,

a whole other part of the life cycle,

so it goes through a liver stage, changes shape,

desde onde os mosquitos llos inoculan a outra persoa

and then comes out into the bloodstream again,

and eventually, that person will become infectious.

cando lle pican, xa que introducen a súa saliva.

Now, one thing we know about the parasite world

Despois, dentro do individuo, sucede un novo ciclo,

is that they are incredibly good at manipulating their hosts

que pertence ao seu ciclo de vida total,

pasa por unha etapa no fígado, cambia de forma,

to enhance their own transmission,

to make sure that they get passed onwards.

volve ao torrente sanguíneo de novo

e, finalmente, esa persoa tórnase contaxiosa.

If this was to happen in the malaria system,

it might make sense

Algo que sabemos sobre o mundo dos parasitos

that it would be something to do with odor that they manipulate,

é que son moi bos manipulando os seus hóspedes

because odor is the key.

Odor is the thing that links us between mosquitoes.

para mellorar a súa transmisión,

para garantir que seguen a transmitirse.

That's how they find us.

Se isto acontece no sistema da malaria,

This is what we call the malaria manipulation hypothesis,

podería ser

and it's something that we've been working on over the last few years.

que tivese que ver co cheiro que manipulan,

porque o olor é clave.

So one of the first things that we wanted to do in our study

O olor é o que nos une aos mosquitos.

Así é como nos atopan.

was to find out whether an infection with malaria

Isto é o que chamamos a “hipótese da manipulación da malaria”,

actually makes you more attractive to mosquitoes or not.

e é algo no que traballamos nestes derradeiros anos.

So in Kenya, with our colleagues, we designed an experiment

Unha das primeiras cousas que quixemos facer no noso estudo

where we had participants, children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.

foi investigar se a infección da malaria

The odor from the tent was blown into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,

te fai máis atractivo para os mosquitos ou non,

and the mosquitoes would behaviorally respond.

así que deseñamos un experimento en Quenia cos nosos compañeiros

They would fly towards or fly away from the odors,

no que tivemos participantes, nenos de Quenia, que durmían en tendas.

depending on whether they liked them or not.

Now some of the participants were infected with malaria,

O olor da tenda enviábase a unha cámara con mosquitos

and some of them were uninfected,

but importantly,

e os mosquitos amosaban unha resposta no seu comportamento.

none of the children had any symptoms whatsoever.

Voaban aproximándose ou afastándose dos cheiros,

dependendo de se lles gustaban ou non.

Now when we found and saw the results, it was really quite staggering.

Algúns dos participantes estaban infectados de malaria,

People who were infected with malaria

mentres que outros seguían sans,

were significantly more attractive than people who were uninfected.

pero o máis importante:

ninguén tiña ningún síntoma.

So let me explain this graph.

We have "number of mosquitoes attracted to the child,"

Cando obtivemos e revisamos os resultados, foi bastante abraiante:

and we have two sets of data: before treatment and after treatment.

as persoas infectadas de malaria

On the far left-hand side,

atraíanlles moito máis que as que non o estaban.

that bar represents a group of people who are uninfected,

and as we move towards the right-hand side,

Explicareivos este gráfico.

Temos “número de mosquitos atraídos polos nenos”

these people have become infected

and they're moving towards the stage that they're infectious.

e dous grupos de datos: antes do tratamento e despois.

So right at the stage when people are infectious

No lado esquerdo,

a barra representa o grupo de persoas que non están infectadas

is when they are significantly more attractive.

e, a medida que nos movemos cara á dereita,

In this study, then, what we did

is we obviously gave the children treatment

acadamos os infectados

e estanse achegando cara ao estadio de seren contaxiosos.

to clear the parasites,

and then we tested them again,

Xusto na etapa na que son contaxiosos

and what we found was that highly attractive trait that was there

é cando resultan máis atractivos.

disappeared after they had cleared the infection.

Neste estudo, o que fixemos,

So it wasn't just that the people were more attractive,

evidentemente, foi darlles tratamento aos nenos

it was that the parasite was manipulating its host in some way

para combater os parasitos, repetimos a proba

e descubrimos que esa característica que os facía tan atractivos

to make it more attractive to mosquitoes,

standing out like a beacon to attract more mosquitoes

desaparecía tras resolver a infección.

so that it could continue its life cycle.

Logo, non era que a xente os atraese máis:

era que o parasito manipulaba o hóspede

The next thing we wanted to do was find out what it was

the mosquito was actually smelling.

What was it detecting?

para facelo atractivo para os mosquitos,

So to do that, we had to collect the body odor from the participants,

chamar a atención destes coma se fose un faro

and we did this by wrapping bags around their feet,

e así continuar co seu ciclo de vida.

which allowed us to collect the volatile odors from their feet,

A seguinte cousa que fixemos foi descubrir

and feet are really important to mosquitoes.

que cheiraba o mosquito.

They really love the smell of feet.

Que detectaba exactamente?

Para iso, tivemos que tomar mostras do olor corporal dos participantes,

(Laughter)

Especially cheesy feet. Anybody got cheesy feet back there?

envolvendo bolsas ao redor dos seus pés,

Mosquitoes love that smell.

o que nos permitiu colectar os seus olores volátiles.

So we focused on the feet, and we collected the body odor.

Os pés son moi importantes para os mosquitos.

Now when it comes to mosquitoes and olfaction, their sense of smell,

Adoran o cheiro dos pés.

(Risas)

it's very complex.

Especialmente os pés fedorentos. Tendes pés con olor a queixo?

It would be really nice if there was just one chemical that they detected,

Os mosquitos adoran ese olor.

but it's not that simple.

Centrámonos nos pés e colectamos o olor.

They have to detect a number of chemicals

in the right concentration, the right ratios,

Agora, o sentido do olfacto dos mosquitos

the right combinations of chemicals.

é moi complexo.

Sería xenial se detectasen soamente un único composto,

So you can sort of think about it like a musical composition.

mais non é así de sinxelo.

Teñen que detectar un número determinado de substancias

So, you know, if you get the note wrong or you play it too loud or too soft,

na concentración e proporción determinadas,

it doesn't sound right.

Or a recipe: if you get an ingredient wrong

a mestura adecuada de substancias.

or you cook it too long or too little, it doesn't taste right.

Podédelo comparar coa composición musical.

Well, smell is the same.

It's made up of a suite of chemicals in the right combination.

Se vos equivocades de nota ou tocades moi alto ou moi baixo,

non soa ben.

Now our machines in the lab are not particularly good

Ou cunha receita: se te equivocas de ingrediente

at picking out this sort of signal -- it's quite complex.

ou o cociñas moito ou moi pouco, non terá bo sabor.

But animals can, and what we do in my laboratory

Pois ben, co olor igual.

Está constituído por unha serie de substancias, na combinación exacta.

is we connect microelectrodes to the antennae of a mosquito.

Agora ben, as máquinas do laboratorio non detectan ben

Imagine how fiddly that is.

este tipo de sinais. É bastante complexo.

(Laughter)

Pero os animais si que poden. O que facemos no meu laboratorio

But what we also do is connect them to individual cells within the antennae,

which is incredible.

é conectar microeléctrodos nas antenas do mosquito.

You don't want to sneeze when you're doing this,

that's for sure.

But what this does is it allows us

Imaxinádevos o complicado que é.

(Risas)

to measure the electrical response of the smell receptors in the antennae,

O que facemos tamén é conectalos a células individuais dentro das antenas,

and so we can see what a mosquito is smelling.

o que é incríbel.

So I'm going to show you what this looks like.

Como para que che entre gana de esbirrar, eh?

Here's an insect's cell,

and it will respond in a second when I press this button,

Pero o que fai isto é permitirnos

medir a resposta eléctrica dos receptores do olfacto nas antenas,

and you'll see it sort of ticking over with this response.

e así podemos ver o que un mosquito está a cheirar.

An odor will be blown over the cell,

and it will go a bit crazy, sort of blow a raspberry,

Vouvos mostrar como é.

and then it will go back to its resting potential when we stop the odor.

Esta é a célula dun insecto,

e vai responder nun segundo cando prema o botón.

(Rapid crackling)

Veredes como avanzan lentamente con esta resposta.

Un olor pasará sobre a célula,

volverase tola e fará un son similar a unhas charamuscas,

(Low-pitch crackling)

mais logo volve ao seu estado normal cando cesamos o olor.

(Charamuscas rápidas)

(Rapid crackling)

(Charamuscas nun ton baixo)

OK, there we go,

so you can go home now and say that you've seen an insect smelling

and even hearing an insect smelling -- it's a weird concept, isn't it?

(Charamuscas rápidas)

But this works really well,

and this allows us to see what the insect is detecting.

Now using this method with our malaria samples,

Vale, listo,

xa podedes ir á casa e dicir que vistes un insecto olfacteando

we were able to find out what the mosquito was detecting,

e mesmo o ouvistes cheirar. Un concepto estraño, verdade?

and we found the malaria-associated compounds, mainly aldehydes,

Pero isto funciona moi ben

a group of compounds that smelled, that signified the malaria signal here.

e permítenos ver que é o que está detectando o insecto.

Empregando este método coas nosas mostras de malaria,

So now we know what the smell of malaria is,

puidemos descubrir que era o que detectaba o mosquito,

and we've used the mosquito as a biosensor

e atopamos os compostos asociados á malaria, principalmente aldehidos,

to tell us what the smell of malaria actually is.

un grupo de compostos que cheiraban e que indicaban a presenza de malaria.

Now I'd like to imagine

that you could, I don't know, put a harness on a little mosquito

Agora xa sabemos cal é o olor da malaria

and put it on a lead and take it out and see if we can sniff people

e empregamos o mosquito como un biosensor

que nos indica cales son eses olores.

in a community --

that goes on in my head --

Gustaríame imaxinar

and see whether we could actually find people with malaria,

que puidésemos pórlle un arnés a un mosquito pequeniño

but, of course, that's not really possible.

e unha correa, andar a pasealo e ver se pode cheirar a xente

But there is an animal that we can do that with.

nunha comunidade.

Now dogs have an incredible sense of smell,

Iso é o que me pasa pola mente.

but there's something more special about them:

Pregúntome se poderiamos atopar a xente con malaria,

they have an ability to learn.

pero, por suposto, non é posible.

And most of you people will be familiar with this concept at airports,

Pero hai un animal que o pode facer.

where dogs will go down a line and sniff out your luggage or yourself

Os cans teñen un olfacto asombroso,

for drugs and explosives or even food as well.

pero hai algo aínda máis especial neles:

teñen a capacidade de aprender.

So we wanted to know, could we actually train dogs

Moitos de vós estaredes acostumados a este concepto nos aeroportos,

to learn the smell of malaria?

nos que os cans andan ulindo a equipaxe ou incluso a xente

And so we've been working with a charity called Medical Detection Dogs

na procura de drogas, explosivos ou mesmo comida tamén.

to see whether we can train them to learn the smell of malaria.

Queriamos saber: poderiamos adestrar os cans

And we went out to the Gambia and did some more odor collection

para que aprendan a cheirar a malaria?

on children that were infected and uninfected,

Estamos a traballar cunha organización benéfica chamada Medical Detection Dogs

but this time, we collected their odor

by making them wear socks, nylon stockings,

para ver se podemos adestralos e que aprendan a cheirar a malaria.

to collect their body odor.

And we brought them back to the UK

Fomos a Gambia e recollemos olores

and then we handed them to this charity to run the experiment.

de nenos que estaban infectados e sen infectar,

mais, esta vez, tomamos as mostras

Now I could show you a graph and tell you about that experiment works,

facéndoos levar calcetíns de nailon para recoller os seus olores.

but that'd be a bit dull, wouldn't it.

Trouxémolas ao Reino Unido

e logo leveinas a esta organización para que fixesen o experimento.

Now, they do say never work with children or animals live,

Podería amosarvos unha gráfica e explicarvos os traballos do experimento,

but we're going to break that rule today.

So please welcome onto the stage Freya ...

pero sería moi aburrido; non o farei.

(Applause)

Disque un nunca debe traballar con nenos ou animais en directo,

and her trainers Mark and Sarah.

pero hoxe imos romper esas regras.

(Applause)

Saudade a Freya!

Of course, this is the real star of the show.

(Aplausos)

(Laughter)

OK, so now what I'm going to ask is if you can all just be a little bit quiet,

E os seus adestradores: Mark e Sarah.

not move around too much.

(Aplausos)

This is a very, very strange environment for Freya.

Evidentemente, ela é a nosa protagonista.

She's having a good look at you guys now.

(Risas)

So let's stay as calm as possible. That would be great.

Vale, agora vouvos pedir que permanezades en silencio

So what we're going to do here is basically, we're going to ask Freya

e non vos movades moito.

to move down this line of contraptions here,

Este é un entorno moi moi estraño para Freya.

and in each one of these contraptions, we have a pot,

Estavos a botar unha boa mirada.

and in the pot is a sock that has been worn by a child in the Gambia.

Manteñámonos o máis calmados posible. Iso estaría xenial.

Now three of the socks have been worn by children who were uninfected,

O que imos facer é, basicamente,

pedirlle que se mova por esta liña de aparellos.

and just one of the socks was worn by a child who was infected with malaria.

Dentro de cada un, temos un recipiente,

dentro do cal hai un calcetín usado por un neno de Gambia.

So just as you would see an airport, imagine these were people,

and the dog is going to go down and have a good sniff.

Tres deses calcetíns usáronos nenos sen infección,

And let's see if you can see when she senses the malaria,

mentres que só un dos que usaron estes calcetíns estaba infectado.

and if she senses the malaria.

This is a really tough test for her in this very strange environment,

Tal como no aeroporto, imaxinade que son persoas

so I'm going to hand it over now to Mark.

e que o can está a cheiralas a fondo.

A ver se vedes cando detecta a malaria

e se a detecta.

É unha proba dura para ela, nun contorno descoñecido,

polo que agora tócalle a Mark.

(Laughs) Number three. OK.

(Applause)

There we go.

I didn't know which pot that was in. Mark didn't know.

This was a blind test, genuinely. Sarah, was that correct?

Sarah: Yes.

JL: That was correct. Well done, Freya. That is fantastic. Whew.

(Risas) Numero tres, ben.

(Aplausos)

(Applause)

Aí está.

Eu non sabía en que recipiente estaba e Mark tampouco.

That is really wonderful.

Esta foi unha proba a cegas. Sarah, acertou?

Now Sarah is going to actually change the pots around a little bit,

and she's going to take the one with malaria away,

Sarah: Si. JL: Acertou, moi ben, Freya! Fantástico!

and we're just going to have four pots that are containing socks from children

(Aplausos)

that had no malaria,

É verdadeiramente incríbel.

so in theory, Freya should go down the line and not stop at all.

Agora Sarah vai cambiar os recipientes un pouco

And this is really important,

e vai quitar o que ten malaria.

because we also need to know people who are not infected,

Teremos catro recipientes con calcetíns de cativos sen malaria,

she needs to be able to do that.

And this is a tough test.

These socks have been in the freezer for a couple of years now,

así que, en teoría, Freya ten que pasar e ignoralos.

and this is a tiny bit of a sock as well.

Isto é importante,

So imagine if this was a whole person, giving off a big signal.

porque tamén debemos saber quen non está infectado.

So this is really incredible.

OK, over to you, Mark.

É unha proba moi complexa.

Estes calcetíns estiveron nunha neveira durante un par de anos xa,

e só temos un cachiño pequeno.

Imaxinade se fose unha persoa que emite un gran sinal.

(Laughs)

(Applause)

Brilliant. Fantastic.

Isto é abraiante.

Ben, adiante, Mark.

(Applause)

Really super. Thank you so much, guys.

Big round of applause for Freya, Mark and Sarah.

Well done, guys.

(Risas)

(Applause)

(Aplausos)

Xenial, fantástico!

What a good girl. She's going to get a treat later.

(Aplausos)

Fantastic.

Moi ben. Moitas grazas.

E un gran aplauso para Freya, Mark e Sara!

So you've just seen that for your own eyes.

That was a real live demonstration. I was quite nervous about it.

Ben feito!

(Aplausos)

I'm so glad that it worked.

(Laughter)

Que listiña me é! Levará un premio decontado.

But it is really incredible, and when we do this,

Fantástico.

what we find is that these dogs can correctly tell us

Acabades de velo cos vosos propios ollos.

when somebody is infected with malaria 81 percent of the time.

Velaquí unha demostración en directo. Estaba algo nervioso.

It's incredible.

Estou tan contento de que funcionase.

92 percent of the time,

(Risas)

they can tell us correctly when somebody does not have an infection.

Pero é incríbel. Cando facemos isto,

And those numbers are actually above the criteria

o que vemos é que estes cans poden dicirnos

set by the World Health Organization for a diagnostic.

cando alguén está infectado de malaria o 81 % das veces.

É incríbel.

So we really are looking at deploying dogs in countries,

O 92 % das veces,

poden amosarnos cando alguén non ten infección.

and particularly at ports of entry,

to detect people who have malaria.

E eses números superan os criterios

This could be a reality.

establecidos para o diagnóstico pola Organización Mundial da Saúde.

But we can't deploy dogs everywhere,

Así, pensamos en enviar cans a diferentes países

and so what we're also looking to do and working on at the moment

e, particularmente, aos portos de entrada,

is the development of technology,

co fin de detectar quen ten malaria.

wearable tech that would empower the individual

Isto pode pasar a ser unha realidade.

to allow them to self-diagnose.

Mais non podemos enviar cans a todas as partes,

Imagine a patch that you wear on the skin

polo que o que estamos procurando e no que estamos traballando agora

that would detect in your sweat when you're infected with malaria

é no desenvolvemento da tecnoloxía,

and change color.

tecnoloxía portátil que capacite o individuo

Or something a little more technical, perhaps:

para facer un autodiagnóstico.

a smartwatch that would alert you when you're infected with malaria.

Imaxinade un parche que se pon na pel

And if we can do this digitally, and we can collect data,

e que detecte na suor cando estás infectado de malaria

imagine the amount of data that we can collect on a global scale.

e cambie de cor.

Ou algo un pouco máis técnico, quizais:

This could completely revolutionize

un reloxo intelixente que avise cando esteas infectado de malaria.

the way that we track the spread of diseases,

the way that we target our control efforts and respond to disease outbreaks,

Podémolo facer dixitalmente e recoller datos.

Imaxinade a cantidade de datos que podemos obter globalmente.

ultimately helping to lead to the eradication of malaria,

Isto podería revolucionar

and even beyond malaria,

for other diseases that we already know have a smell.

o modo de controlar a transmisión das doenzas,

o modo no que focalizamos os esforzos no control e resposta ás epidemias,

If we can harness the power of nature to find out what those smells are,

we could do this and make this a reality.

o que axudaría a dirixirnos cara á erradicación da malaria

Now, as scientists, we're tasked with coming up with new ideas,

e, máis aló da malaria,

para outras enfermidades que sabemos que teñen olor.

new concepts, new technologies

Se podemos beneficiarnos do poder da natureza para atopar estes olores,

to tackle some of the world's greatest problems,

poderiamos facer disto unha realidade.

but what never ceases to amaze me

Como científicos, temos o deber de achegar novas ideas,

is that often nature has already done this for us,

novos conceptos e tecnoloxías,

and the answer ...

is right under our nose.

para facer fronte a un dos maiores problemas do mundo.

Thank you.

(Applause)

Pero o que nunca deixa de sorprenderme

é que a natureza xa fixo iso por nós múltiples veces.

E a resposta…

está diante do noso nariz.

Grazas.

(Aplausos)