How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria | James Logan

譯者: LoHsien Huang 審譯者: Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)

Malaria is still one of the biggest killers on the planet.

瘧疾依然是世界上最致命的疾病之一

Despite us making significant progress in the last 20 years,

儘管過去二十年 我們已有重大的進展

half the world's population is still at risk from this disease.

全球一半以上的人口 仍然在瘧疾的威脅之中

In fact, every two minutes,

事實上，每兩分鐘

a child under the age of two dies from malaria.

就有一個小於兩歲的孩童死於瘧疾

Our progress has undoubtedly stalled.

我們的進展停滯了

Now we face many challenges when it comes to tackling malaria,

我們在討論對抗瘧疾的同時 也面臨到許多挑戰

but one of the problems that we have

但其中一個困難是

is actually finding people who are infected with malaria in the first place.

在一開始就找到感染瘧疾的人

So, for example, if people have some level of immunity to the disease,

舉例來說，如果有些人對這種疾病 有一定程度的免疫力

then they can develop an infection and become infectious and still pass it on

那麼他們會被感染

並具有傳染性，然後傳染給別人

but not actually develop any symptoms,

但不見得會出現任何症狀

and that can be a big problem, because how do you find those people?

這是個大問題 因為要找到這些帶原者

It's like looking for a needle in a haystack.

就像是大海撈針般困難

Now scientists have been trying to solve this problem for some years,

科學家數年來都在嘗試解決這個問題

but what I want to talk to you about today

但我今天想跟各位說的是

is that the solution to this problem may have been right under our noses

這項問題的解決之道 或許早已在我們的眼前

this whole time.

Now that was a bit of a heavy start, with lots of really important statistics,

這個有點沉重的開場

附帶許多重要且嚴肅的統計資料

so I want us all to just relax a little bit

所以我希望所有人現在能放輕鬆

and that'll help me to relax a little bit as well.

同時也讓我能夠稍微放鬆

So why don't we just all take a nice deep breath in ...

讓我們大家好好深呼吸一下

Wow. (Laughs)

哇！（笑聲）

And sigh,

吐氣

and, whoo, going to get blown away there.

好了，我覺得快被你們吹走了

OK, now I want you to do it again,

好了，我現在希望你們再做一次

but this time, I want you to do it just through your nose,

但是這次我希望你們只用鼻子呼吸

and I want you to really sense the environment around you.

我希望各位能夠感受一下你周圍的環境

And in fact, I want you to really smell the person who's sitting next to you.

其實我希望你們聞一下 坐在你隔壁的那個人

不管你認不認識他，我不在乎！

Even if you don't know them, I don't care.

請貼上去，讓你的鼻子 靠近對方的腋下

Lean in, get your nose right into their armpit,

come on, stop being so British about it,

你們少來了，別故作矜持

get your nose into the armpit, have a good old sniff,

讓你的鼻子靠近腋下，好好聞一下

see what you can smell.

看看你能聞到什麼

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now each and every one of us

現在我們每一個人

would have had a very different sensory experience there.

可能都曾有過非常不同的感官體驗

Some of us would have smelled something rather pleasant,

有些人可能聞過非常令人愉悅的東西

perhaps somebody's perfume.

或許是某人的香水

But some of us might have smelled something a little bit less pleasant,

但有些人可能聞過不那麼討喜的味道

perhaps somebody's bad breath or body odor.

或許是某人的口臭或是體味

Maybe you even smelled your own body odor.

或許你甚至聞過你自己的體味

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But, you know, there's probably a good reason

但或許有一個好理由

that some of us don't like certain body smells.

可以解釋我們有些人 不喜歡特定的體味

Throughout history,

歷史上

there have been many examples of diseases being associated with a smell.

有著許多案例顯示出 疾病與氣味的關聯

So, for example, typhoid apparently smells like baked brown bread,

舉例來說，傷寒聞起來 就像是烤焦的麵包

and that's quite a nice smell, isn't it,

這味道不錯吧？

but it starts to get a little bit worse.

但接下來的例子會有點糟

TB smells like stale beer,

結核病聞起來像不新鮮的啤酒

and yellow fever smells like the inside of a butcher shop, like raw meat.

黃熱病聞起來像是在肉鋪裡一樣 像是生肉一樣的味道

And in fact, when you look at the sort of words that are used

事實上，當你檢查 這類形容疾病的字詞

to describe diseases,

you tend to find these words:

通常會找到這些詞彙：

"rotting," "foul," "putrid" or "pungent."

腐臭、難聞、腐爛、刺鼻

So it's no surprise, then,

因此也沒什麼好驚訝

that smell and body odor gets a bit of bad reputation.

畢竟有些味道和體味都不是那麼好聞

If I was to say to you, "You smell,"

如果我跟你說：「你很臭」

now, you're going to take that not exactly as a compliment, are you.

你不會覺得這是稱讚，對吧？

But you do smell.

但是你真的很臭

You've just found that out. You do smell.

你也剛發現到自己確實很臭

It's a scientific fact.

這是科學事實

And I'd quite like to turn that on its head.

我真的很想翻轉這個事實

What if we could actually think about smell in a positive way,

要是我們用正面的方式 看待這些氣味呢？

要是我們能善用氣味呢？

put it to good use?

What if we could detect the chemicals

要是我們能夠偵測生病時 身體所散發出的化學物質

that are given off by our bodies when we're ill,

並利用這種方式診斷疾病呢？

and use that to diagnose people?

Now we'd need to develop good sensors that would allow us to do this,

現在我們要開發出好的感測器 讓我們能夠做到這一點

but it turns out that the world's best sensors actually already exist,

但是，世界上最好的感測器 其實已經存在了

and they're called animals.

這感測器就是「動物」

Now animals are built to smell.

動物生來就是要聞

They live their everyday lives according to their nose.

牠們每天都依靠著鼻子過活

They sense the environment,

牠們偵測周遭環境

which tells them really important information

本質上來說，這行為能提供牠們

about how to stay alive, essentially.

重要的保命訊息

Just imagine you're a mosquito

想像你是一隻蚊子

and you've just flown in from outside and you've entered this room.

你從室外飛進來，進入這個空間

Now you're going to be entering a really complex world.

正要進入到一個非常複雜的世界

You're going to be bombarded with smells from everywhere.

被各處的氣味所轟炸

We've just found out that we're really smelly beasts.

我們發現自己是一頭臭野獸

Each one of us is producing different volatile chemicals.

每個人都在產生 不同的揮發性化學物質

It's not just one chemical, like BO --

不是只有體味一種 而是相當相當多的化學物質

lots and lots of chemicals.

But it's not just you, it's the seats you're sitting on,

但不只有你

還包括你現在坐著的座椅

the carpet, the glue that holds the carpet to the floor,

地毯、黏合地毯和地板的膠水

the paint on the walls, the trees outside.

牆上的油漆，室外的樹木

Everything around you is producing an odor,

你周遭的所有東西都在產生氣味

and it's a really complex world that the mosquito has to fly through,

這隻蚊子必須要飛越 這個相當複雜的世界

and it has to find you within that really complex world.

牠必須在這個 相當複雜的世界中找到你

And each and every one of you will know --

而每個人都知道──

Come on, hands up, who always gets bitten by mosquitoes?

誰總是被蚊子叮？請舉手

And who never gets bitten?

誰從沒被叮過？請舉手

There's always one or two really annoying people that never get bitten.

總是有那麼一兩位討厭鬼從沒被叮過

But the mosquito has a really hard job to find you,

蚊子要找到你其實很難

and that's all to do with the way you smell.

這都跟你的氣味有關

People who don't attract mosquitoes smell repellent,

有些人聞起來令人反感 就不會吸引到蚊子

and what we know is that --

而且我們知道──

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I should clarify, repellent to mosquitoes,

我應該澄清一下：是令「蚊子」反感

not to people.

不是令「人」反感

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And what we know now

而我們知道的就是 氣味是由我們的基因所控制

is that that is actually controlled by our genes.

But mosquitoes are able to do that

但是蚊子能找到我們

because they have a highly sophisticated sense of smell,

因為牠們擁有非常精準的嗅覺

and they're able to see through all the, sort of, odor sludge

而牠們能夠看清這團混雜的氣味

to find you, that individual, and bite you as a blood meal.

然後找到你或是哪個人 吸你的血飽餐一頓

But what would happen if one of you was infected with malaria?

但是，假設你們其中一人感染瘧疾 會發生什麼事情呢？

Well, let's just have a quick look at the malaria life cycle.

讓我們快速看一下瘧疾的生命週期

So it's quite complex,

這相當的複雜

but basically, what happens is a mosquito has to bite somebody to become infected.

但是基本上是這樣： 一隻蚊子叮咬某人後被感染

Once it bites an infected person,

一旦蚊子叮咬到受感染的人

the parasite travels through the mouth part into the gut

寄生蟲通過嘴部進入到腸道

and then bursts through the gut, creates cysts,

接著猛力衝破腸道，形成囊胞

and then the parasites replicate,

然後寄生蟲繁殖，開始牠們的旅程

and then they make a journey from the gut all the way to the salivary glands,

一路從腸道到唾腺

where they are then injected back into another person

寄生蟲再從唾腺這裡 被注射到另一個人的身體

when the mosquito bites, because it injects saliva as it bites.

因為蚊子在叮咬時 會將唾液注射到人的身體中

Then, inside the human, it goes through a whole other cycle,

接著在人體中 寄生蟲會歷經另一個週期

a whole other part of the life cycle,

整個生命週期中的另一個週期

so it goes through a liver stage, changes shape,

然後寄生蟲經過了肝臟，改變型態

and then comes out into the bloodstream again,

然後再一次進入到血液中

最後這個人就會變得有傳染性

and eventually, that person will become infectious.

Now, one thing we know about the parasite world

我們瞭解到寄生蟲

is that they are incredibly good at manipulating their hosts

非常擅長操控宿主

to enhance their own transmission,

藉此提升牠們的傳播能力

to make sure that they get passed onwards.

確保牠們能夠延續下來

If this was to happen in the malaria system,

如果這在瘧疾系統中發生 或許能夠說得通一件事情

it might make sense

that it would be something to do with odor that they manipulate,

這跟牠們所操控的氣味有關

because odor is the key.

因為氣味是關鍵因素

Odor is the thing that links us between mosquitoes.

氣味是連結我們與蚊子之間的東西

That's how they find us.

那是牠們找到我們的方式

This is what we call the malaria manipulation hypothesis,

我們稱之為瘧疾操控假說

and it's something that we've been working on over the last few years.

這是我們過去幾年一直在努力的事情

So one of the first things that we wanted to do in our study

我們在研究中首先想要做的事情是

was to find out whether an infection with malaria

找出瘧疾感染是否會讓你

actually makes you more attractive to mosquitoes or not.

更容易吸引到蚊子

So in Kenya, with our colleagues, we designed an experiment

所以我和同事在肯亞設計了一個實驗

where we had participants, children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.

參與實驗的肯亞孩童睡在帳篷中

The odor from the tent was blown into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,

從帳篷飄出的氣味送進一個小空間

這裡面有一些蚊子

and the mosquitoes would behaviorally respond.

蚊子會做出反應

They would fly towards or fly away from the odors,

牠們會接近或是遠離那個氣味

depending on whether they liked them or not.

這取決於牠們的喜好

Now some of the participants were infected with malaria,

現在有些參與者感染了瘧疾

and some of them were uninfected,

有些則沒被感染

but importantly,

但重要的是，沒有一個孩子出現症狀

none of the children had any symptoms whatsoever.

Now when we found and saw the results, it was really quite staggering.

我們發現且看到這個結果時非常震驚

People who were infected with malaria

感染瘧疾的人

were significantly more attractive than people who were uninfected.

比那些未感染的人更容易吸引蚊子

So let me explain this graph.

讓我解釋一下這個圖表

We have "number of mosquitoes attracted to the child,"

我們統計「被孩童吸引的蚊子數量」

and we have two sets of data: before treatment and after treatment.

我們有兩組數據： 分別為治療前與治療後

On the far left-hand side,

在最左邊

that bar represents a group of people who are uninfected,

長條柱代表未感染的人

and as we move towards the right-hand side,

當我們轉移到右邊 這些代表已感染的人

these people have become infected

and they're moving towards the stage that they're infectious.

而他們漸漸具有感染性

So right at the stage when people are infectious

當人處在具有感染性的階段時

is when they are significantly more attractive.

他們更容易吸引蚊子

In this study, then, what we did

在這個研究中，我們治療孩童

is we obviously gave the children treatment

to clear the parasites,

替他們清除寄生蟲 然後再一次以他們做測試

and then we tested them again,

and what we found was that highly attractive trait that was there

我們發現到孩童接受治療後

吸引蚊子的特性消失了

disappeared after they had cleared the infection.

So it wasn't just that the people were more attractive,

所以並非只是人吸引蚊子

it was that the parasite was manipulating its host in some way

寄生蟲也用某種方式操控著宿主

to make it more attractive to mosquitoes,

使宿主更吸引蚊子

standing out like a beacon to attract more mosquitoes

像是燈塔一樣顯眼，吸引更多的蚊子

so that it could continue its life cycle.

這樣寄生蟲便能夠延續生命週期

The next thing we wanted to do was find out what it was

接下來我們希望能找出

蚊子到底聞到了什麼？

the mosquito was actually smelling.

What was it detecting?

蚊子偵測到了什麼？

So to do that, we had to collect the body odor from the participants,

為了做這件事情 我們必須搜集參與者的體味

and we did this by wrapping bags around their feet,

我們用袋子包住他們的腳

which allowed us to collect the volatile odors from their feet,

這讓我們能夠搜集到從腳散發的氣味

and feet are really important to mosquitoes.

腳對蚊子來說相當重要

They really love the smell of feet.

牠們很喜歡腳的氣味

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Especially cheesy feet. Anybody got cheesy feet back there?

特別是臭腳丫

這裡有人有腳臭嗎？

Mosquitoes love that smell.

蚊子特別愛這個味道

So we focused on the feet, and we collected the body odor.

我們把焦點放在腳上 搜集這些體味

Now when it comes to mosquitoes and olfaction, their sense of smell,

蚊子與嗅覺——牠們的嗅覺感官

it's very complex.

都相當複雜

It would be really nice if there was just one chemical that they detected,

如果牠們只偵測到一種化學物質 那事情就容易多了

but it's not that simple.

但是沒有那麼簡單

They have to detect a number of chemicals

牠們必須偵測許多 濃度正確的化學物質

in the right concentration, the right ratios,

對的比例、對的化學組合

the right combinations of chemicals.

So you can sort of think about it like a musical composition.

所以你可以想像，這就像作曲一樣

So, you know, if you get the note wrong or you play it too loud or too soft,

各位知道，當你彈錯一個音符 或是彈奏得太大聲或太柔和

it doesn't sound right.

聽起來就不太對勁

Or a recipe: if you get an ingredient wrong

或者像是食譜，當你用錯了食材

or you cook it too long or too little, it doesn't taste right.

或是你煮太久或煮太少 味道嘗起來就不太對勁

Well, smell is the same.

氣味也是如此

It's made up of a suite of chemicals in the right combination.

它由一組正確組合的化學物質構成

Now our machines in the lab are not particularly good

我們實驗室的機器

都無法挑出這類的氣味訊號 這事情相當的複雜

at picking out this sort of signal -- it's quite complex.

But animals can, and what we do in my laboratory

但是動物做得到

我們在實驗室中做的事情

is we connect microelectrodes to the antennae of a mosquito.

就是將微電極接上蚊子的觸角

Imagine how fiddly that is.

想像一下這事多麼微小又困難

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But what we also do is connect them to individual cells within the antennae,

我們也將微電極連接上觸角的細胞

which is incredible.

這事有點不可思議

You don't want to sneeze when you're doing this,

你在做這個實驗的時候 絕對不想打噴嚏

that's for sure.

But what this does is it allows us

這樣做讓我們能夠測量觸角中

to measure the electrical response of the smell receptors in the antennae,

嗅覺受器的電流反應

and so we can see what a mosquito is smelling.

如此一來，我們就知道 蚊子聞到了什麼

So I'm going to show you what this looks like.

給各位看一下這個過程 這是昆蟲的細胞

Here's an insect's cell,

我按下按鈕後，它會在一秒內反應

and it will respond in a second when I press this button,

and you'll see it sort of ticking over with this response.

你會看到它對這個回應相當緩慢

An odor will be blown over the cell,

氣味會被吹到這個細胞上

and it will go a bit crazy, sort of blow a raspberry,

接著會變得有些瘋狂 它會發出一串呸呸聲

and then it will go back to its resting potential when we stop the odor.

當我們停止發出氣味時 它會恢復到靜止電位

(Rapid crackling)

（快速爆裂聲）

(Low-pitch crackling)

（低頻率爆裂聲）

（快速爆裂聲）

(Rapid crackling)

OK, there we go,

好了，就放到這裡

so you can go home now and say that you've seen an insect smelling

所以你現在可以回家跟別人說 你看到昆蟲在聞東西

and even hearing an insect smelling -- it's a weird concept, isn't it?

甚至聽到昆蟲在聞東西

這是個奇怪的概念，對吧？

But this works really well,

但是這個方法真的很有效

and this allows us to see what the insect is detecting.

它讓我們看到昆蟲偵測到了什麼

Now using this method with our malaria samples,

現在我們將這種方法 運用在瘧疾的樣本上

we were able to find out what the mosquito was detecting,

我們能夠發現蚊子偵測到了什麼

and we found the malaria-associated compounds, mainly aldehydes,

我們發現一些與瘧疾相關的化合物

主要是醛類

a group of compounds that smelled, that signified the malaria signal here.

這組很臭的化合物 也就是瘧疾的訊號

So now we know what the smell of malaria is,

所以現在我們知道瘧疾的味道

and we've used the mosquito as a biosensor

而且我們把蚊子當作一個生物感測器

to tell us what the smell of malaria actually is.

讓我們瞭解到瘧疾 實際上聞起來的味道

Now I'd like to imagine

現在我想像一下

that you could, I don't know, put a harness on a little mosquito

各位可以放個馬具在一隻小蚊子身上

and put it on a lead and take it out and see if we can sniff people

將小蚊子套上繩索，然後將牠帶出場

看看我們可否嗅出一群人

in a community --

that goes on in my head --

我的腦海中想著這件事

and see whether we could actually find people with malaria,

看看我們可否真的找到感染瘧疾的人

but, of course, that's not really possible.

但是，這當然不可能是真的

But there is an animal that we can do that with.

但是有一種動物可以 協助我們做到這件事

Now dogs have an incredible sense of smell,

狗有相當驚人的嗅覺能力

but there's something more special about them:

但是牠們還有一些更特別的地方

they have an ability to learn.

牠們具有學習的能力

And most of you people will be familiar with this concept at airports,

大多數人在機場 對這個概念相當熟悉

where dogs will go down a line and sniff out your luggage or yourself

狗會沿著排隊人群走 嗅一下你或是你的行李

for drugs and explosives or even food as well.

為了找出毒品、爆裂物或是食物

So we wanted to know, could we actually train dogs

所以我們想知道： 能否訓練這些狗聞出瘧疾的味道？

to learn the smell of malaria?

And so we've been working with a charity called Medical Detection Dogs

所以我們和一個慈善組織合作

這組織稱為醫療偵查犬 (Medical Detection Dogs)

to see whether we can train them to learn the smell of malaria.

我們想知道是否可以透過訓練 讓狗聞出瘧疾的味道

And we went out to the Gambia and did some more odor collection

接著我們到甘比亞搜集更多氣味

on children that were infected and uninfected,

包括感染及未感染兒童的氣味

but this time, we collected their odor

但這次我們搜集他們穿過的襪子味道

by making them wear socks, nylon stockings,

用尼龍絲襪來搜集他們的體味

to collect their body odor.

And we brought them back to the UK

然後我們將這些味道帶回英國

and then we handed them to this charity to run the experiment.

交給這個慈善組織進行實驗

Now I could show you a graph and tell you about that experiment works,

我現在可以讓你們看圖表

讓你們知道實驗進行得如何

but that'd be a bit dull, wouldn't it.

但這可能會有點無聊，對吧？

Now, they do say never work with children or animals live,

確實有人說 別讓孩子和動物在現場示範

but we're going to break that rule today.

但是我們今天打破這項規則

So please welcome onto the stage Freya ...

讓我們歡迎他們上台

歡迎芙蕾雅

(Applause)

（掌聲）

and her trainers Mark and Sarah.

還有牠的訓練員

馬克和莎拉

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Of course, this is the real star of the show.

他們當然才是這場秀的主角

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

OK, so now what I'm going to ask is if you can all just be a little bit quiet,

好啦，現在要麻煩大家保持安靜一下

not move around too much.

不要四處走動

This is a very, very strange environment for Freya.

對芙蕾雅來說，這是相當陌生的環境

She's having a good look at you guys now.

牠現在正仔細看大家

So let's stay as calm as possible. That would be great.

所以我們儘可能保持安靜 這樣會比較好

So what we're going to do here is basically, we're going to ask Freya

接下來要做的事情是

要芙蕾雅沿著這一排裝置走過去

to move down this line of contraptions here,

and in each one of these contraptions, we have a pot,

每個裝置裡面都有一個罐子

and in the pot is a sock that has been worn by a child in the Gambia.

罐子中有甘比亞孩童穿過的襪子

Now three of the socks have been worn by children who were uninfected,

現在其中三隻襪子 是未感染孩童穿過的

and just one of the socks was worn by a child who was infected with malaria.

只有一隻襪子 是感染瘧疾的孩童穿過的

So just as you would see an airport, imagine these were people,

就像你在機場看到的 想像這些襪子就是人群

and the dog is going to go down and have a good sniff.

然後狗要上前去聞一下

And let's see if you can see when she senses the malaria,

看看你們能不能看見牠察覺到瘧疾

and if she senses the malaria.

還有牠能不能發現瘧疾就在那

This is a really tough test for her in this very strange environment,

在相當陌生的環境中 對狗來說是一項艱鉅的任務

所以現在我要把現場交給馬克

so I'm going to hand it over now to Mark.

(Laughs) Number three. OK.

（笑聲）

第三個，好的

(Applause)

（掌聲）

There we go.

完成了

I didn't know which pot that was in. Mark didn't know.

我不知道是在哪個罐子裡面

馬克也不知道

This was a blind test, genuinely. Sarah, was that correct?

這是一個真實的盲測

莎拉，牠選到正確的嗎？

Sarah: Yes.

莎拉：完全正確

詹姆士：正確，做得好，芙蕾雅！

JL: That was correct. Well done, Freya. That is fantastic. Whew.

真的太棒了

(Applause)

（掌聲）

That is really wonderful.

這真的太神奇了

Now Sarah is going to actually change the pots around a little bit,

現在莎拉會交換罐子的位置

and she's going to take the one with malaria away,

然後拿走那個有瘧疾氣味的罐子

現在我們有四個罐子

and we're just going to have four pots that are containing socks from children

裡面都是未感染兒童的襪子

that had no malaria,

so in theory, Freya should go down the line and not stop at all.

理論上，芙蕾雅應該沿路走過來

而且毫不停留

And this is really important,

這相當重要，因為我們也需要知道

because we also need to know people who are not infected,

誰沒有感染瘧疾

牠也需要能夠正確做到這件事情

she needs to be able to do that.

這真的是相當艱鉅的任務

And this is a tough test.

These socks have been in the freezer for a couple of years now,

這些襪子已經放在冷凍庫好幾年了

and this is a tiny bit of a sock as well.

而且這襪子那麼小一個

So imagine if this was a whole person, giving off a big signal.

想像如果這是一整個人體 它們正散發出重要的訊息

So this is really incredible.

這真的是令人不可置信

OK, over to you, Mark.

好了，交給你了馬克

(Laughs)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Brilliant. Fantastic.

太厲害了！

太棒了！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Really super. Thank you so much, guys.

真是超級厲害！

太感謝你們了

Big round of applause for Freya, Mark and Sarah.

讓我們給芙蕾雅、馬克、莎拉 一個熱烈的掌聲！

Well done, guys.

你們做得太好了

(Applause)

（掌聲）

What a good girl. She's going to get a treat later.

真是個好女孩

待會牠會被好好款待

Fantastic.

太棒了

So you've just seen that for your own eyes.

所以各位剛剛親眼見到

That was a real live demonstration. I was quite nervous about it.

這是真實的現場示範

我對此相當緊張

I'm so glad that it worked.

但我很高興看到實驗最後成功了

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But it is really incredible, and when we do this,

但是這真的很棒 而且當我們執行時

what we find is that these dogs can correctly tell us

我們發現到

這些狗可以辨識出那些感染瘧疾的人

when somebody is infected with malaria 81 percent of the time.

正確率達 81%

It's incredible.

這真的太不可思議了！

92 percent of the time,

有 92% 的機率

they can tell us correctly when somebody does not have an infection.

牠們可以正確辨識出那些未感染的人

And those numbers are actually above the criteria

那些數字實際上

高於世界衛生組織的診斷標準

set by the World Health Organization for a diagnostic.

So we really are looking at deploying dogs in countries,

所以我們正在考慮 將狗部署在一些國家

and particularly at ports of entry,

特別是在進口港

to detect people who have malaria.

去偵測那些感染瘧疾的人

This could be a reality.

這事情有可能成真

But we can't deploy dogs everywhere,

但是我們無法到處部署這些狗

and so what we're also looking to do and working on at the moment

所以我們目前考慮要執行的是

is the development of technology,

發展這項科技

wearable tech that would empower the individual

可穿戴的科技

讓人能夠進行自我診斷

to allow them to self-diagnose.

Imagine a patch that you wear on the skin

想像一下貼在皮膚上的貼片

that would detect in your sweat when you're infected with malaria

可以偵測你的汗水

當你感染了瘧疾 貼片的顏色就會改變

and change color.

Or something a little more technical, perhaps:

或是利用更有技術性的東西

a smartwatch that would alert you when you're infected with malaria.

當你感染瘧疾時 會警示你的一款智慧手錶

And if we can do this digitally, and we can collect data,

如果我們利用數位的方式 那麼就可以搜集數據

imagine the amount of data that we can collect on a global scale.

你可以想像一下 我們可以搜集到全球的數據

This could completely revolutionize

這可能會徹底改變

the way that we track the spread of diseases,

我們追蹤疾病傳播的方式

the way that we target our control efforts and respond to disease outbreaks,

改變我們控管工作的重點 以及應對疾病爆發的方式

ultimately helping to lead to the eradication of malaria,

最後達成消滅瘧疾的目標

and even beyond malaria,

除了消滅瘧疾以外

for other diseases that we already know have a smell.

也能消除其他具有氣味的疾病

If we can harness the power of nature to find out what those smells are,

假如能夠善用大自然的力量 去發現那些氣味是什麼

we could do this and make this a reality.

那麼這件事情就可以成真

Now, as scientists, we're tasked with coming up with new ideas,

身為科學家，我們要想出新的點子

new concepts, new technologies

新的概念、新的科技

to tackle some of the world's greatest problems,

去處理一些世界上的大問題

but what never ceases to amaze me

但經常讓我嘆為觀止的是

is that often nature has already done this for us,

自然界已經為我們準備好了

and the answer ...

而答案

is right under our nose.

就在我們的眼前

Thank you.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

（掌聲）