You don't have to be an expert to solve big problems | Tapiwa Chiwewe

161,686 views ・ 2018-03-16

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00:12
One winter morning, a couple of years ago,
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I was driving to work in Johannesburg, South Africa,
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and noticed a haze hanging over the city.
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I make that drive on most days,
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so it was unusual that I hadn't noticed this before.
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Johannesburg is known for its distinctive skyline,
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which I could barely see that morning.
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It didn't take long for me to realize that I was looking at an enormous cloud
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of air pollution.
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The contrast between the scenic environment I knew
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and this smog-covered skyline
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stirred up something within me.
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I was appalled by the possibility of this city of bright and vivid sunsets
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being overrun by a dull haze.
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At that moment, I felt an urge to do something about it,
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but I didn't know what.
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All I knew was I couldn't just stand idly by.
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The main challenge was,
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I didn't know much about environmental science
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air-quality management
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or atmospheric chemistry.
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I am a computer engineer,
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and I was pretty sure I couldn't code my way out of this air pollution problem.
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(Laughter)
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Who was I to do anything about this issue?
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I was but a citizen.
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In the following years, I learned a very important lesson,
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a lesson we all need to take to heart if we are to work towards a better future.
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Even if you're not an expert in a particular domain,
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your outside expertise may hold the key
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to solving big problems within that domain.
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Sometimes the unique perspective you have
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can result in unconventional thinking that can move the needle,
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but you need to be bold enough to try.
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That's the only way you'll ever know.
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What I knew back then
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was that if I was even going to try to make a difference,
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I had to get smart about air pollution first,
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and so I became a student again.
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I did a bit of basic research
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and soon learned that air pollution
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is the world's biggest environmental health risk.
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Data from the World Health Organization
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shows that almost 14 percent of all deaths worldwide in 2012
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were attributable to household and ambient air pollution,
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with most occurring in low- and middle-income countries.
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Ambient air pollution alone causes more deaths each year
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than malaria and HIV/AIDS.
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In Africa, premature deaths from unsafe sanitation
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or childhood malnutrition
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pale in comparison to deaths due to air pollution,
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and it comes at a huge economic cost:
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over 400 billion US dollars as of 2013,
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according to a study by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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Now, in my work,
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I explore new frontiers for artificial intelligence,
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where the symbiotic relationship between man and machine
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can find a beneficial footing and help us to make better decisions.
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As I thought about the air pollution problem,
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it became clear that we needed to find a way to make better decisions
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about how we manage air pollution,
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and given the scale of the problem,
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it was necessary to do it in a collaborative way.
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So I decided I'd better get to know some people working within the field.
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I started to speak to officials from the City of Johannesburg
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and other surrounding cities,
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and I engaged the local scientific community,
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and I also made a few cold calls.
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The process of engagement I embarked upon
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helped me to develop a deeper understanding of the problem.
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It also helped me to avoid the trap
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people in my profession sometimes fall into when trying to innovate,
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where we are quick to apply a technology
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before we've firmly grasped the problem at hand.
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I began to develop an idea
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about what I could do to improve the situation.
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I started by simply asking myself
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how I could bring together in some meaningful way
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my skills in software engineering and artificial intelligence
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and the expertise of the people I'd reached out to.
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I wanted to create an online air-quality management platform
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that would uncover trends in pollution
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and project into the future
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to determine what outcomes can be expected.
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I was determined to see my idea translate into a practical solution,
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but I faced uncertainty
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and had no guarantee of success.
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What I had was a very particular set of engineering skills,
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skills I'd acquired over my career
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(Laughter)
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that were new to people who had been working on the air pollution problem
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for so many years.
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What I have come to realize is that sometimes just one fresh perspective,
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one new skill set,
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can make the conditions right for something remarkable to happen.
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Our willpower and imagination are a guiding light,
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enabling us to chart new paths and navigate through obstacles.
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Armed with a firmer understanding of the air pollution problem,
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and having managed to source over a decade's worth of data
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on air pollutant levels
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and the meteorological conditions for in and around Johannesburg,
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my colleagues from South Africa and China and myself
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created an air-quality decision support system
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that lives in the cloud.
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This software system analyzes historical and real-time data
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to uncover the spatial-temporal trends in pollution.
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We then used new machine learning technology
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to predict future levels of pollution
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for several different pollutants days in advance.
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This means that citizens can make better decisions
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about their daily movements
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and about where to settle their families.
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We can predict adverse pollution events ahead of time,
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identify heavy polluters,
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and they can be ordered by the relevant authorities
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to scale back their operations.
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Through assisted scenario planning,
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city planners can also make better decisions
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about how to extend infrastructure,
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such as human settlements or industrial zones.
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We completed a pilot of our technology
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that was run over a period of 120 days,
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covering all of South Africa.
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Our results were confirmed
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when we demonstrated a tight correlation
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between the forecasting data
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and the data we were getting on the ground.
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Through our leadership,
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we have brought cutting-edge, world-leading assets
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that can perform air-quality forecasting
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at an unprecedented resolution and accuracy,
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benefiting the city that I drove into one winter morning not very long ago,
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and thought to myself,
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"Something is wrong here. I wonder what can be done?"
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So here is the point:
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What if I'd not investigated the problem of air pollution further?
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What if I'd not shown some concern for the state of the environment
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and just hoped that someone, somewhere, was taking care of the matter?
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What I have learned is that,
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when embarking on a challenging endeavor
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that advances a cause that we firmly believe in,
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it is important to focus on the possibility of success
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and consider the consequence of not acting.
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We should not get distracted by resistance and opposition,
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but this should motivate us further.
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So wherever you are in the world,
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the next time you find
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that there's some natural curiosity you have
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that is being piqued,
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and it's about something you care about,
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and you have some crazy or bold ideas,
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and perhaps it's outside the realm of your expertise,
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ask yourself this:
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Why not?
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Why not just go ahead and tackle the problem
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as best as you can, in your own way?
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You may be pleasantly surprised.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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