Jennifer 8. Lee: Who was General Tso? and other mysteries of

216,284 views ใƒป 2008-12-24

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Israa Mohamed El Fateh ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:16
There are more Chinese restaurants in this country
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
00:19
than McDonald's, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Wendy's, combined --
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ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุทุงุนู… ู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ ูˆุจูŠุฑุบุฑ ูƒูŠู†ุบ ุŒ ูƒู†ุชุงูƒูŠ ูุฑุงูŠุฏ ุชุดูŠูƒู† ุŒ ูˆูŠู†ุฏูŠ ุŒ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุฉ --
00:23
40,000, actually.
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ูคู ุŒู ู ู  ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
00:24
Chinese restaurants have played an important role in American history,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู„ุนุจุช ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฏูˆุฑุง ู‡ุงู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุŒ
ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
00:28
as a matter of fact.
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ุชู… ุญู„ ุฃุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจูŠุฉ
00:29
The Cuban missile crisis was resolved in a Chinese restaurant
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ููŠ ู…ุทุนู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ
ูŠุฏุนุง ู‚ุตุฑ ูŠู†ุดู†ุบ ููŠ ูˆุงุดู†ุทู†ุŒ
00:32
called Yenching Palace in Washington, DC,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุณู ู…ุบู„ู‚ ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ
00:34
which unfortunately is closed now,
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00:35
and about to be turned into Walgreen's.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฃู† ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ "ูˆุงู„ุฌุฑูŠู†".
00:37
And the house where John Wilkes Booth
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ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฎุทุท ููŠู‡ ุฌูˆู† ูˆูŠู„ูƒุณ ุจูˆุซ
ู„ุงุบุชูŠุงู„ ุงุจุฑุงู‡ุงู… ู„ูŠู†ูƒูˆู„ู†
00:39
planned the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุทุนู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ
00:41
is also now a Chinese restaurant called Wok and Roll,
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ูŠุฏุนุง "ูˆูˆูƒ ู† ุฅุฑูˆู„" ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุงุฑุน H ููŠ ูˆุงุดู†ุทู†.
00:45
on H Street in Washington.
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00:46
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
00:49
And it's not completely gratuitous,
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุจุฑุฑู‡ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุŒ
00:51
because "wok" and "roll" -- Chinese food and Japanese foods,
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ู„ุฃู† ''ูˆูˆูƒ ุฃู†ุฏ ุฑูˆู„'' --
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃุทุนู…ุฉ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
00:54
so it kind of works out.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู…ู‚ุจูˆู„ุฉ
00:55
And Americans love their Chinese food so much,
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ูˆูŠุญุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุทุนู…ุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
00:57
they've actually brought it into space.
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ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌู„ุจูˆู‡ุง ู…ุนู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูุนู„ุงู‹
00:59
NASA, for example, serves thermostabilized sweet-and-sour pork
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ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ุชู‚ุฏู… ู„ุญู… ุงู„ุฎู†ุฒูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุญุงู…ุถ ุŒู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุงู‹
01:03
on its shuttle menu for its astronauts.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆูƒ ู„ุฑูˆุงุฏู‡ุง.
01:06
So, let me present the question to you:
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุทุฑุญ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ :
01:08
If our benchmark for Americanness is apple pie,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุชู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ูุทูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูุงุญ ุŒ
01:11
you should ask yourself: how often do you eat apple pie,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ ู†ูุณูƒ ุŒ
ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃูƒู„ ููŠู‡ุง ูุทูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูุงุญ ุŒ
ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูƒู… ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃูƒู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ. ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:14
versus how often do you eat Chinese food?
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01:16
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:20
And if you think about it,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ููƒุฑุช ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทุนู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ุง
01:23
a lot of the foods that we or Americans think of as Chinese food
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ุฃูˆ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠูŠู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ
01:28
are barely recognizable to Chinese.
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ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ุŒ
01:30
For example: beef with broccoli, egg rolls, General Tso's Chicken,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ : ู„ุญูˆู… ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ุŒ ู„ูุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุถุŒ ูˆุฏุฌุงุฌ ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ุŒ
01:34
fortune cookies, chop suey, the take-out boxes.
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ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ุŒ ุนู„ุจ ''ุงู„ุชูŠูƒ ุฃูˆุช'' ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุจุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
01:37
For example, I took a whole bunch of fortune cookies back to China,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ุฃุฎุฐุช ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุŒ
01:41
gave them to Chinese to see how they would react.
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ุฃุนุทูŠุชู‡ู… ู„ู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ู„ุฃุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ู‡ู….
ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
01:43
[What is this?]
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01:44
[Should I try it?]
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู„ ุฃุฌุฑุจู‡ุง ุŸ
01:46
[Try it!]
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ุฃุฌุฑุจู‡ุง !
01:50
[What is this called?]
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ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:52
[Fortune cookie.]
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ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ
01:54
(Laughter)
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01:58
[There's a piece of paper inside!]
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„!
(ุถุญูƒ)
02:01
(Laughter)
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02:04
[What is this?]
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ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
02:07
[You've won a prize!]
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูุฒุช ุจุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ!
02:12
[What is this?]
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ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
02:14
[It's a fortune!]
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠุงู†ุตูŠุจ!
ู„ุฐูŠุฐ!
02:19
[Tasty!]
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02:21
So where are they from?
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ู‡ู… ุŸ
02:23
The short answer is, actually, they're from Japan.
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ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†.
ูˆููŠ ูƒูŠูˆุชูˆ ุŒ ุจุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุŒ
02:26
And in Kyoto, outside, there are still small family-run bakeries
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ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฎุจุฒ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู†ุน ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ
02:30
that make fortune cookies, as they did over 100 years ago,
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ูƒู…ุง ูุนู„ูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 100 ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช ุŒ
02:33
30 years before fortune cookies were introduced in the United States.
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ูฃู  ุณู†ุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู† ูŠุชู… ุงุฏุฎุงู„ ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
02:37
If you see them side by side,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฑุฃูŠุชู‡ู… ุฌู†ุจุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุจ ุŒ
02:39
there's yellow and brown.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุฃุตูุฑ ูˆุงู„ุจู†ูŠ.
02:40
Theirs are actually flavored with miso and sesame paste,
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ู‡ูŠ ุจู†ูƒู‡ุฉ ุนุฌูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุณูˆ ูˆ ุงู„ุณู…ุณู… ุŒ
02:43
so they're not as sweet as our version.
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณูˆ ุจุงู„ุทุนู… ุงู„ุญู„ูˆ ู„ู†ุณุฎุชู†ุง.
02:45
So how did they get to the US?
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูˆุตู„ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŸ
02:47
Well, the short answer is, the Japanese immigrants came over,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ุฌุงุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠูˆู† ุŒ
02:50
and a bunch of the bakers introduced them --
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ูˆู‚ุฏู… ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุงุฒูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ...
02:52
including at least one in Los Angeles,
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ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ู„ูˆุณ ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุณ ุŒ
02:54
and one here in San Francisco, called Benkyodo,
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ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆ
ูŠุฏุนุง ุจู†ูƒูˆ ุฏูˆุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุณูˆุชุฑ ูˆุจูˆุดุงู†ุงู†.
02:57
which is on the corner of Sutter and Buchanan.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒู‡ู… ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
02:59
Back then, they made fortune cookies using very much the similar kind of irons
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ุตู†ุนูˆุง ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ู…ุณุชุนู…ู„ูŠู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู†ูุณ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ
03:04
that we saw back in Kyoto.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุฃูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒูŠูˆุชูˆ.
03:05
The interesting question is:
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุŒ
03:07
How do you go from fortune cookies being something that is Japanese
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ู…ู† ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠ
03:10
to being something that is Chinese?
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุŸ
03:12
Well, we locked up all the Japanese during World War II,
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุŒ
ู†ุญู† ุงุญุชุฌุฒู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠูŠู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
03:15
including those that made fortune cookies.
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ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุตู†ุนูˆู† ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ
03:17
So that's when the Chinese moved in,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง :
ูˆ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏูˆ ูุฑุต ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ูˆุชูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ .
03:19
saw a market opportunity and took over.
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03:21
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
03:23
So, fortune cookies: invented by the Japanese,
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ :
ุงุฎุชุฑุน ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠูŠู† ุŒ
03:25
popularized by the Chinese,
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ุฅุฒุฏุงุฏ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ุŒ
03:26
but ultimately consumed by Americans.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠูŠู†.
03:28
They're more American than anything else.
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ูู‡ูŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ.
03:30
Another of my favorite dishes:
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ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงุทุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ :
03:32
General Tso's Chicken -- which, by the way, in the US Naval Academy
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ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠุฉ
ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุงุฏู…ูŠุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ.
03:35
is called Admiral Tso's Chicken.
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03:36
(Laughter)
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03:37
I love this dish.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚.
03:39
The original name of my book was "The Long March of General Tso."
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุงุณู… ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจูŠ ูƒุงู†
ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ุŒ
03:42
And he has marched very far indeed,
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุณุงุฑ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ
03:43
because he is sweet, he is fried, and he is chicken --
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุญู„ูˆ ุŒ ูˆ ู…ู‚ู„ูŠ ุŒ ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุทุจู‚ ุฏุฌุงุฌ --
ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู†.
03:47
all things that Americans love.
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03:48
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
03:50
He has marched so far, actually,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฅู†ู‡ ุณุงุฑ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุŒ ุŒ
ุงู† ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุทู‡ุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฅุฎุชุฑุน ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„
03:52
that the chef who originally invented the dish
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03:54
doesn't recognize it; he's kind of horrified.
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ู„ู… ูŠุชุนุฑู ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุ› ุงู†ู‡ ูุฒุน ู…ู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง .
03:57
Video: (In Chinese)
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04:05
Audience: (Laughter)
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04:07
He's in Taiwan right now.
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ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุชุงูŠูˆุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
04:09
He's retired, deaf and plays a lot of mahโ€“jongg.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุชู‚ุงุนุฏ ูˆุงุตู… ูˆูŠู„ุนุจ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ''ุฃู„ู…ุง ุฌูˆู†ุบ''. '
04:11
After I showed him this, he got up,
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ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ...ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑูŠุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
ู†ู‡ุถ
04:14
and says, "mรฒmรญngqรญmiร o," which means, "This is all nonsense,"
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ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ "ู…ู…ู†ู‚ู…ูŠูˆ"
ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุŒ "ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡ ู‡ุฑุงุก."
04:17
and goes back to play his mah-jongg game during the afternoon.
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ูˆูŠุนูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุนุจ ''ุฃู„ู…ุง ุฌูˆู†ุบ'' ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ.
ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุทุจู‚ ุขุฎุฑ.ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงุทุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ. ู„ุญู… ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท.
04:21
Another dish, one of my favorites: beef with broccoli.
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04:24
Broccoli is not a Chinese vegetable;
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ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุถุฑูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุ›
04:28
in fact, it is originally an Italian vegetable.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู†ุจุงุช ุงู„ุงูŠุทุงู„ูŠ.
04:30
It was introduced into the United States in the 1800s,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุงุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ูกูจู ู  ุŒ
04:33
but became popularized in the 1920s and the 1930s.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ูกูฉูขู  ูˆ ูกูฉูฃู  .
04:36
The Chinese have their own version of broccoli, called Chinese broccoli,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ุŒ
ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุŒ
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ -- ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุŒ
04:40
but they've now discovered American broccoli,
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04:42
and are importing it as a sort of exotic delicacy.
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ูˆูŠุณุชูˆุฑุฏูˆู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠ.
04:46
I guarantee you, General Tso never saw a stalk of broccoli in his life.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุถู…ู† ู„ูƒู… ุŒุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุฑู‰ ุณุงู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุจูŠุท ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ --
04:50
That was a picture of General Tso.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุชู„ูƒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ .
04:52
I went to his home town.
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ุฐู‡ุจุช ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุณู‚ุท ุฑุฃุณู‡.
04:54
This is a billboard that says:
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ :
04:55
"Welcome to the birthplace of General Tso."
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"ู…ุฑุญุจุง ุจูƒู… ููŠ ู…ุณู‚ุท ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ."
04:57
And I went looking for chicken.
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ูˆุฐู‡ุจุช ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ูˆุฌุฏุช ุจู‚ุฑุฉ --
04:59
Finally found a cow --
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ูˆ ูˆุฌุฏุช ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
05:01
and did find chicken.
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ุตุฏู‚ูˆุง ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆุง ุŒ
05:04
Believe it or not, these guys were actually crossing the road.
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนุจุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚.
ูˆ--
05:07
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:10
And I found a whole bunch of General Tso's relatives
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-- ูˆุฌุฏุช ูุนู„ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ
05:13
who are still in the town.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ูˆุง ููŠ ุจู„ุฏุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
05:14
This guy is now five generations removed from the General;
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณ ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ุ›
ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุณุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ.
05:17
this guy is about seven.
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05:18
I showed them the pictures of General Tso Chicken,
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ุฃุฑูŠุชู‡ู… ูƒู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุŒ
05:21
and they were like,
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ูู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚.
05:22
"We don't know this dish. Is this Chinese food?"
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ุซู… ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠุŸ
05:24
Because it doesn't look like Chinese food to them.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ู‡ู… ูƒุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ.
05:27
But they weren't surprised I traveled around the world to visit them,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ู†ุฏู‡ุดูŠู†
ุจุฃู†ูŠ ุณุงูุฑุช ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
ู„ุฒูŠุงุฑุชู‡ู… ุŒ
05:31
because in their eyes he is, after all,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุŒ
05:33
a famous Qing dynasty military hero.
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ุจุทู„ ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ูƒูŠู†ุบ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ.
05:35
He played an important role in the Taiping Rebellion,
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ูˆู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุชู…ุฑุฏ ุงู„ุชุงูŠุจูŠู†ุบ ุŒ
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุญุฑุจ ุจุฏุฃุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฑุฌู„
05:38
a war started by a guy who thought he was the son of God
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ุงุจู† ุงู„ู„ู‡
05:40
and baby brother of Jesus Christ.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุดู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุณูŠุญ .
ูˆุฃู†ุฏู„ุนุช ุญุฑุจ ุชุณุจุจุช ููŠ ู…ู‚ุชู„ ูขู  ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต --
05:42
He caused a war that killed 20 million people --
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05:44
still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day.
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ูˆ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุฃุนู†ู ุญุฑุจ ุฃู‡ู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุญุชู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง.
05:48
So, you know, I realized when I was there,
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŒ
05:51
General Tso is kind of a lot like Colonel Sanders in America,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ูŠุดุจู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ุนู‚ูŠุฏ ุณุงู†ุฏุฑุฒ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุŒ
05:54
in that he's known for chicken and not war.
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ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู„ุญุฑุจ.
05:56
But in China, this guy's actually known for war and not chicken.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ู…ุนุฑูˆู
ู„ู„ุญุฑุจ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
06:00
But the granddaddy of all the Chinese American dishes
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุฏ
ู„ู„ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹
06:03
we probably ought to talk about is chop suey,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡
ู‡ูˆ ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ุŒ
06:06
which was introduced around the turn of the 20th century.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
ุญูˆู„ ู…ู†ุนุทู ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ูขู .
ูˆูˆูู‚ุง ู„ุตุญูŠูุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุชุงูŠู…ุฒ ุŒ
06:10
According to the New York Times in 1904,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… ูกูฉู ูค ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุŒ
06:12
there was an outbreak of Chinese restaurants all over town,
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06:14
and "... the city has gone 'chop suey' mad."
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ูˆ ''ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฌู†ูˆู† ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ''''
06:17
So it took about 30 years before the Americans realized
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 30 ุนุงู…ุง
ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠูˆู† ุŒ
06:21
that chop suey is actually not known in China,
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''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†.
06:24
and as this article points out,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุดูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุŒ
"ุฅู† ุฃูŠ ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุฃุตูŠู„ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†
06:26
"The average native of any city in China knows nothing of chop suey."
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ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑู ุดูŠุฆุง ุนู† ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ''."ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฌู†ูˆู† ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุณูˆูŠ
06:30
Back then it was a way to show you were sophisticated and cosmopolitan;
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ
ุฃู†ูƒ ู…ุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆุนุงู„ู…ูŠ :
ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฑุฌู„ ูˆุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงุจู‡ุงุฑ ูุชุงุฉ ุŒ
06:34
a guy who wanted to impress a girl could take her on a chop suey date.
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ูุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏุนูˆุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ููŠ ู…ูˆุนุฏ ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ''
06:37
I like to say chop suey is the biggest culinary joke
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„
ูˆ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ู‡ูˆ ุงูƒุจุฑ ู†ูƒุชุฉ ุทุจุฎ
06:40
one culture ever played on another,
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ุงุทู„ุนุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุŒ ู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู„ุงุนุจ ุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ
06:42
because "chop suey," translated into Chinese,
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ู„ุฃู† ''ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ุŒ
ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
06:44
means "jaahp-seui," which, translated back, means "odds and ends."
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ '' ุชุณุจ ุณูˆูŠ'' ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุŒ ุงุฐุง ุชุชุฑุฌู… ุŒ
ุชุนู†ูŠ "ุจู‚ุงูŠุง."
ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุŒ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุณูŠุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆ ูŠุทู„ุจูˆู† ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠุŒ
06:47
So, these people are going around China asking for chop suey,
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06:50
which is sort of like a Japanese guy coming here and saying,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠ
ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ :
06:53
"I understand you have a very popular dish in your country
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ุฃู†ุง ุนู„ู…ุช ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ููŠ ุจู„ุฏูƒู… ุทุจู‚ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠุฉ
ูŠุฏุนู‰ "ุจู‚ุงูŠุง" ุŒ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูˆุงู†ู‡ --
06:56
called 'leftovers.'"
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06:57
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
06:59
Right?
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-- ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:01
(Laughter)
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุญุณุจ :
07:03
And not only that:
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07:05
"This dish is particularly popular
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ู„ู‡ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ
07:07
after that holiday you call 'Thanksgiving.'"
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ุจุนุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุนุทู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุดูƒุฑ.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:10
So, why and where did chop suey come from?
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ูู„ู…ุงุฐุง -- ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูˆ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† --
ุฃุชู‰ '' ุงู„ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ '' ุŸ
07:13
Let's go back to the mid-1800s,
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุชุตู ูกูจู ู 
07:16
when the Chinese first came to America.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง.
07:18
Back then, Americans were not clamoring to eat Chinese food.
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ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู†
ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูŠุฒุฏุญู…ูˆู† ู„ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ.
07:21
In fact, they saw these people who landed at their shores as alien.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุฑุฃูˆุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ุจุท ุนู„ู‰ ุดูˆุงุทุฆู‡ ูƒุงู„ุฏุฎูŠู„.
07:27
These people weren't eating dogs, they were eating cats.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู„ุง ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ --
ุจู„ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุท --
07:29
If they weren't eating cats, they were eating rats.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู„ุง ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุท -- ู‡ู… ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู†.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุตุญูŠูุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุชุงูŠู…ุฒ ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุŒ
07:32
In fact, The New York Times, my esteemed employer,
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ู†ุดุฑุช ููŠ ุนุงู… ูกูจูจูฃ ู…ู‚ุงู„ุง ุชุณุฃู„ ููŠู‡ ุŒ
07:34
in 1883 ran an article that asked,
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"ู‡ู„ ูŠุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู† ุŸ"
07:36
"Do Chinese eat rats?"
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ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠ ู„ู„ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŒ
07:37
Not the most PC question to be asked today,
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07:41
but if you look at the popular imagery of the time,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŒ
07:44
not so outlandish.
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุง.
07:45
This is actually a real advertisement for rat poison
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ุณู… ุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู†
ู…ู† ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ูกูจู ู ุŒ
07:50
from the late 1800s.
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07:51
And if you see under the word "Clears" -- very small --
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฑุฃูŠุช ุŒ ุชุญุช ุนู†ูˆุงู† "ูƒู„ูŠุฑุณ" ูƒู„ู…ุฉ -- ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง --
07:54
it says, "They must go," which refers not only to the rats,
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ุชู‚ูˆู„ : "ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆุง"
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู† ุŒ
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุŒ
07:57
but to the Chinese in their midst,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก
07:59
because the way that the food was perceived
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุฃุทุนู…ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู†ุง
08:02
was that these people who ate foods different from us
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08:05
must be different from us.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู† ุนู†ุง.
08:06
Another way that you saw this antipathy towards the Chinese
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ูˆุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุฑุฃูŠุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุŒ
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู†
ูƒุงู† ุนุจุฑ ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
08:10
is through documents like this.
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ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบุฑุณ ุ›
08:11
This is in the Library of Congress.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูƒุชูŠุจ ู†ุดุฑู‡ ุบูˆู…ุจุฑุณ ุตู…ูˆุฆูŠู„ ุŒ
08:13
It's a pamphlet published by Samuel Gompers,
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ุจุทู„ ุญุฑูƒุชู†ุง ุงู„ุนู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุŒ
08:15
hero of our American labor movement.
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08:17
It's called, "Some Reason for Chinese Exclusion:
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ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ " ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู„ุงุณุชุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† :
08:19
Meat versus Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism:
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ุงู„ู„ุญูˆู… ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒ: ุงู„ุฑุฌูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ :
08:23
Which shall survive?"
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุกุŸ
08:24
And it basically made the argument
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูุชุญุช ุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฌุฏู„
08:26
that Chinese men who ate rice
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ุงู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒ
08:28
would necessarily bring down the standard of living
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ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠุดุฉ
08:30
for American men who ate meat.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู„ุญูˆู… .
08:32
And as a matter of fact, then,
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ูˆ ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุŒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
08:34
this is one of the reasons we must exclude them from this country.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ
ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ุงุณุชุจุนุงุฏู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ
08:37
So, with sentiments like these,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ุน ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ุŒ
08:39
the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed between 1882 and 1902,
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ุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงุณุชุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ุจูŠู† ุนุงู…ูŠ ูกูจูจูข ูˆ ูกูฉู ูข ุŒ
08:45
the only time in American history
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ
08:47
when a group was specifically excluded
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุจุนุงุฏ ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ
08:49
for its national origin or ethnicity.
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ู„ุฃุตู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅุซู†ูŠ.
08:52
So in a way, because the Chinese were attacked,
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ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ู‡ูˆุฌู…ูˆุง ุŒ
08:54
chop suey was created as a defense mechanism.
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ูˆ ุงุจูุชูƒุฑ "ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ" ูƒุขู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูุงุน.
08:58
Who came up with the idea of chop suey?
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ุจููƒุฑุฉ ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠุŸ
09:00
There's a lot of different mysteries and legends,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุŒ
09:02
but of the ones I've found,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏุช ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…
09:03
the most interesting is this article from 1904.
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ูกูฉู ูค.
09:06
A Chinese guy named Lem Sen
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ุฑุฌู„ ุตูŠู†ู‰ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ู„ูŠู… ุณูŠู†
09:08
shows up in Chinatown, New York City, and says,
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ุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุŒ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู„ :
09:10
"I want you all to stop making chop suey,
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ ุŒ
09:12
because I am the original creator and sole proprietor of chop suey.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุจุชูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ
ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจ ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ.
09:15
And the way he tells it,
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฑูˆูŠ ุจู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ :
09:17
there was a famous Chinese diplomat that showed up,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฑุฌู„ ุŒ
ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุจู„ูˆู…ุงุณูŠ ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุธู‡ุฑ ุŒ
09:22
and he was told to make a dish that looked very popular
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ูˆู‚ูŠู„ ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุทุจู‚ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุดุนุจูŠุงู‹ ุฌุฏุง
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุŒ ูˆุงู‚ุชุจุณ ุŒ "ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑู‡" ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุตูŠู†ูŠ.
09:25
and could, quote, "pass" as Chinese.
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09:26
And as he said -- we would never print this today --
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ --
ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ู† ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุทุจุงุนุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… --
09:29
but basically, the American man has become very rich.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠ ุซุฑูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
09:33
Lem Sen: "I would've made this money, too, but I spent all this time
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ู„ูŠู… ุณูŠู† ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ :
ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุงุฌู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุฃู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุŒ
ู„ูƒู† ู‚ุถูŠุช ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ
09:36
looking for the American man who stole my recipe.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฑู‚ ูˆุตูุชูŠ .
09:38
Now I've found him and I want my recipe back,
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ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌุฆุช ูˆ ูˆุฌุฏุชู‡ ุŒ
ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุงุณุชุฑุฏ ูˆุตูุชูŠ
09:41
and I want everyone to stop making chop suey,
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู† ูŠุชูˆู‚ููˆุง ุนู† ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ ุŒ
09:43
or pay me for the right to do the same.
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ุฃูˆ ูŠุฏูุนูˆุง ู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ ููŠ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
ู„ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุจูƒุฑ
09:45
So it was an early exercise of intellectual property rights.
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ู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠุฉ.
09:48
The thing is, this idea of Chinese-American food
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ูู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
09:52
doesn't exist only in America.
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ู„ุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ููŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุง.
09:55
In fact, Chinese food is the most pervasive food on the planet,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ููƒุฑุช ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ
09:58
served on all seven continents, even Antarctica,
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ูŠู‚ุฏู… ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุน ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
10:01
because Monday night is Chinese food night at McMurdo Station,
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ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุญุทุฉ ู…ุงูƒู…ูˆุฑุฏูˆ ุŒ
10:04
which is the main scientific station in Antarctica.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุทุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ.
10:07
You see different varieties of Chinese food.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ.
10:09
For example, there is French Chinese food,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ุŒ
10:11
where they serve salt and pepper frog legs.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุตู†ุนูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ ูˆุงู„ูู„ูู„ ุฃุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุถูุงุฏุน.
10:14
There is Italian Chinese food, where they don't have fortune cookies,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงูŠุทุงู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธุŒ
10:18
so they serve fried gelato.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ุงุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูŠุฉ.
10:19
My neighbor, Alessandra, was shocked when I told her,
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ู„ูŠ ุฌุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุงุจู‚ ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ุŒ ุงู„ูŠุณุงู†ุฏุฑุง ุŒ
ุตุฏู…ุช ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ู‡ุง ุŒ
10:22
"Dude, fried gelato is not Chinese."
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"ุนุฒูŠุฒุชูŠ ุŒ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ุงุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ."
10:24
She's like, "It's not? But they serve it in all the Chinese restaurants in Italy."
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ูุฑุฏุช ุŒ "ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงูŠุทุงู„ูŠุง."
(ุถุญูƒ)
10:28
(Laughter)
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10:32
Even the Brits have their own version.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡ู….
10:34
This is a dish called "crispy shredded beef,"
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ู„ุญู… ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุทุน ูˆู…ู‚ุฑู…ุด ุŒ
10:36
which has a lot of crisp, a lot of shred, and not a lot of beef.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู…ุดุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุญู… .
10:39
There is West Indian Chinese food, there's Jamaican Chinese food,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
10:42
Middle Eastern Chinese food, Mauritian Chinese food.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุฌุงู…ุงูŠูƒุง ุŒ
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท ุŒ
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุฑูŠุดูŠูˆุณ.
10:45
This is a dish called "Magic Bowl," that I discovered.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ''ู…ุงุฌูŠูƒ ุจุงูˆูˆู„''
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงูƒุชุดูุชู‡.
10:48
There's Indian Chinese food, Korean Chinese food,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ุŒ
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูŠ
10:51
Japanese Chinese food,
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ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠุŒ
10:52
where they take the bao, the little buns, and make them into pizza versions.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุงู„ุจุงูˆ ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุนูƒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ุŒ
ูˆ ูŠุดูƒู„ูˆู‡ู… ูƒุงู„ุจูŠุชุฒุง ุŒ
ูˆูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† --
10:56
(Laughter)
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10:57
And they totally randomly take Chinese noodle dishes,
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ู… -- ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุง ุชู…ุงู…ุง
ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนูƒุฑูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
11:01
and just ramenize them.
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ูˆ ูŠุญูˆู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุฑุงู…ูŠู† .
11:02
This is something that, in the Chinese version, has no soup.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง
ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ ุญุณุงุก
11:05
So, there's Peruvian Chinese food,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุนุงู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆ
11:07
which should not be mixed with Mexican Chinese food,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠุฎู„ุท ู…ุน ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุณูŠูƒูŠ ุŒ
11:09
where they basically take things and make it look like fajitas.
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก
ูˆูŠุฌุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ูุงู‡ูŠุชุง.
11:12
(Laughter)
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ -- ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ :
11:13
And they have things like risotto chop suey.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฑูŠุณูˆุชูˆ ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ.
ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุดุฎุตูŠุงู‹
ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุฑูŠุช ุจู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
11:16
My personal favorite of all the restaurants
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11:18
I've encountered around the world
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11:19
was this one in Brazil, called "Kung Food."
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ุฏุนุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ ุŒ ูŠุฏุนู‰ "ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ููˆุฏ."
11:21
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
11:25
So, let's take a step back and understand
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฎุทูˆ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ุŒ
ูˆู†ุญุงูˆู„ ูู‡ู…
11:28
what is to be appreciated in America.
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถุน ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
11:31
McDonald's has garnered a lot of attention, a lot of respect,
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ู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุŒ
ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญุชุฑุงู… ุŒ
11:36
for basically standardizing the menu, decor and dining experience
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ู„ุฅุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ
ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุฏูŠูƒูˆุฑ ูˆุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
11:42
in post-World War II America.
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ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ .
11:43
But you know what?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ุชุนุฑู ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู‚ุฏ ูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ
11:45
They did so through a centralized headquarters out of Illinois.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ู‚ุฑ ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠ
ู…ู† ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุฅูŠู„ูŠู†ูˆูŠ ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ
11:48
Chinese restaurants have done largely the same thing, I would argue,
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฒุนู… ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
11:51
with the menu and the decor, even the restaurant name,
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ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠูƒูˆุฑ --
ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ุทุนู… --
11:53
but without a centralized headquarters.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ู…ู‚ุฑ ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠ.
ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุตุจุญ ูˆุงุถุญุง ุฌุฏุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ
11:55
So, this actually became very clear to me
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ู…ุน ุณุญูˆุจุงุช ูฃู  ู…ุงุฑุณ ูขู ู ูฅ ู„ู„ุจูˆุฑูŠูˆู„.
11:58
with the March 30, 2005 Powerball drawing,
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12:01
where they expected, based on the number of ticket sales they had,
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ุญูŠุซ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุชูˆู‚ุนูˆู† ุŒ
ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุจูŠุนุงุช ุงู„ุชุฐุงูƒุฑ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุŒ
12:04
to have three or four second-place winners,
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ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูุงุฆุฒูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ --
12:06
people who match five or six Powerball numbers.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุทุงุจู‚ูˆู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณุชุฉ ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุฑุจูˆู„.
12:08
Instead, they had 110, and they were completely shocked.
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ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูกูกู  ุŒ
ุฃุตูŠุจูˆุง ุจุตุฏู…ุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ.
12:11
They looked all across the country and discovered it couldn't be fraud,
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ูˆุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุญุชูŠุงู„ ุŒ
ูˆุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุญุชูŠุงู„ ุŒ
12:14
since it happened in different states, across different computer systems.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุฏุซ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ
ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุŒ ุนุจุฑ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
ุฐู„ูƒ ูู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุŒ
12:18
Whatever it was, it caused people to behave in a mass-synchronized way.
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ุชุณุจุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุตุฑููˆุง
ูƒูƒุชู„ุฉ ู…ุชุฒุงู…ู†ุฉ .
12:21
So, OK, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the pieces of paper,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุŒ ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ุน ุฃู†ู…ุงุท
ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุน ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ --
12:25
like it was a diamond, or diagonal.
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ู…ุซู„ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุณ
ุฃูˆ ุดูƒู„ ู‚ุทุฑูŠ.
ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
12:28
It wasn't that, so they're like, OK, let's look at television.
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ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุŒ
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู† ุŒ
12:31
So they looked at an episode of "Lost."
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ูุจุญุซูˆุง ููŠ ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ู…ู† '' ู„ูˆุณุช ''.
ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุชู„ูุงุฒ ุŒ
12:33
Now, I don't have a TV,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุบุฑุจุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุซู…ุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆ--
12:34
which makes me a freak, but very productive --
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:36
(Laughter)
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12:38
And there's an episode of "Lost" where one guy has a lucky number,
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-- ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ '' ู„ูˆุณุช ''ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ ูู‡ู…ูŠ ุŒ
ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู† ุฑุฌู„ ุงุจูŠุถ ูˆ ุฑู‚ู…ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุธ
12:42
but it's not a lucky number, it's why he's on the island,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฑู‚ู…ุง ู…ุญุธูˆุธุง ุŒ
ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฏุฉ ู…ูƒูˆุซู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุจุญุซูˆุงุŒ
12:45
but they looked and the numbers did not match.
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ูˆู„ู… ุชุชุทุงุจู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… .
ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุจุงุญุซูˆุง ููŠ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ '' ุฐูŠ ูŠูˆู†ุฌ ุงู†ุฏ ุฐูŠ ุฑูŠุณุชู„ูŠุณ ''
12:47
They looked at "The Young and The Restless." It wasn't that, either.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ .
ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุนุฑููˆุง ุญุชู‰ ุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุŒ
12:51
It wasn't until the first guy shows up the next day and they ask him,
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ูˆุณุฃู„ูˆู‡ ุŒ
12:54
"Where did you get your number?"
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"ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฑู‚ู…ูƒ ุŸ"
12:55
He said, "I got it from a fortune cookie."
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ูู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ุฃูˆู‡ ุŒ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุจุณูƒูˆูŠุช ุงู„ุญุธ."
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูุงุฆุฒูŠู† ุŒ
12:57
This is a slip one of the winners had,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู†ูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ูŠุงู†ุตูŠุจ ุจุชูŠู†ูŠุณูŠ
12:59
because the Tennessee lottery security officials
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ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุŒ ุฃูˆู‡ ุŒ ู„ุง --ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุตุญูŠุญุง.
13:02
were like, "Oh, no, this can't be true."
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ุตุญูŠุญุง ุŒ
13:04
But it was true.
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13:05
Basically, of those 110 people,
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ูˆุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ุŒ ูกูกู  ู…ู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ
13:08
104 of them or so had gotten their number from a fortune cookie.
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ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูกู ูค ุฃูˆ ู†ุญูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ
ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑู‚ู…ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุจุณูƒูˆูŠุช ุงู„ุญุธ.
13:11
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
13:13
Yeah. So I went and started looking.
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฐู‡ุจุช ูˆุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุจุญุซ.
13:16
I went across the country, looking for these restaurants
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ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุŒ
ุงุจุญุซ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู…
13:18
where these people had gotten their fortune cookies from.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุณูƒูˆูŠุช ุงู„ุญุธ.
ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูู†ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุŒ
13:22
There are a bunch of them, including Lee's China in Omaha --
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ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ู… ุฐู„ูƒ '' ู„ูŠ ุดูŠู†ุง '' ููŠ ุฃูˆู…ุงู‡ุง --
13:25
which is actually run by Koreans, but that's another point,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชู… ุฅุฏุงุฑุชู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ --
ูˆ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุณู…ู‰ '' ุดูŠู†ุง ุจูˆููŠู‡ ''.
13:28
and a bunch of them named "China Buffet."
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13:30
What's interesting is that their stories were similar, but different.
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ุงุฐู† ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ู‚ุตุตู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุŒ
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
13:34
It was lunch, it was take-out, it was sit-down, it was buffet,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ูˆุฌุจุงุช ุงู„ุบุฏุงุก ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุฌุจุงุช ุณูุฑูŠ ุŒ
ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ูˆุฌุจุงุช '' ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠ '' ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู„ุจูˆููŠู‡ ุŒ
13:37
it was three weeks ago, it was three months ago.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุจู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุจู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ.
13:39
But at some point, all these people had a very similar experience
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุง ุŒ
ูˆูƒุงู† ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุง
13:42
that converged at a fortune cookie and a Chinese restaurant.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ุงู‚ุช ููŠ ุจุณูƒูˆูŠุช ุงู„ุญุธ ูˆ ู…ุทุนู… ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุŒ
13:45
And all these restaurants were serving fortune cookies,
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ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ
ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ
13:48
which, of course, aren't even Chinese to begin with.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุŒ
ู„ูŠุณ ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ.
13:50
It's part of the phenomenon I called "spontaneous self-organization,"
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ
ุณู…ูŠุชู‡ุง ุนููˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุŒ
13:54
where, like in ant colonies, little decisions made on the micro level
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ุญูŠุซ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ู…ุณุชุนู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ู…ู„ ุŒ
ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุฎุฐ -- ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠ
13:59
actually have a big impact on the macro level.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ
14:02
A good contrast is Chicken McNuggets.
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ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุจุงูŠู† ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ
ู‡ูˆ '' ุงู„ู…ุงูƒ ู†ุงุฌุชุณ '' ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
14:06
McDonald's actually spent 10 years coming out with a chicken-like product.
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ู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ ุฃู†ูู‚ุช ูกู  ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุนู„ู‰
ุฅุฎุชุฑุงุน ู…ู†ุชุฌ ูŠู…ุงุซู„ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
14:10
They did chicken pot pie, fried chicken, and finally introduced Chicken McNuggets.
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ุตู†ุนูˆุง ูˆุนุงุก ูุทูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุŒ
ุตู†ุนูˆุง ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูŠ ุŒ
ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ู‚ุฏู…ูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุงูƒ ู†ุงุฌุชุณ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ.
14:14
And the great innovation of Chicken McNuggets was not nuggifying them,
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ูˆุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ูƒุงู† '' ุงู„ู…ุงูƒ ู†ุงุฌุชุณ '' ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ
ูˆ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุจุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ููŠ ู‚ุทุนู‡ู…ุŒ
14:18
that's kind of an easy concept.
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุณู‡ู„ ุŒ
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฎุฏุนุฉ ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงูƒ ู†ุงุฌุชุณ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุŒ
14:20
The trick was, they were able to remove the chicken from the bone
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธู….
14:23
in a cost-efficient manner,
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ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุŒ
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ูˆู‚ุชุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุง
14:25
which is why it took so long for people to copy them -- 10 years,
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ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู„ู†ุณุฎู‡.
ูˆุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูกู  ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุŒ
14:28
then within a couple months, it was such a hit,
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ุซู… ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุŒ
ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุถุฑุจุฉ ู…ูˆูู‚ุฉ
14:30
they introduced it across the entire McDonald's system in the country.
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุนุฑุถูˆู‡ุง ูˆุชุฏุญุฑุฌุช ุนุจุฑ
ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡.
14:33
In contrast is General Tso's Chicken,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุŒ
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ
14:35
which actually started in New York City in the early 1970s,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏุฃ ูุนู„ุง ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
14:38
as I was also started in this universe in New York City in the early 1970s.
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ูŠุงุช ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ...
14:42
(Laughter)
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14:43
And this logo!
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุฑ!
14:44
So me, General Tso's Chicken and this logo are all karmicly related.
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ูŠ ุŒุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุฑ
ู‡ู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ู…ุชุตู„ูˆู† ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒูˆู†ูŠ.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ู†ุญูˆ ูกู  ุงุนูˆุงู…
14:47
But that dish also took about 10 years to spread across America
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ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง
14:50
from a restaurant in New York City.
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ู…ู† ู…ุทุนู… ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
14:52
Someone's like, "It's sweet, it's fried, it's chicken --
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ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ ุŒ
ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠ -- ุงู†ู‡ุง ุญู„ูˆุฉ ุŒ ู…ู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฏุฌุงุฌ :
14:54
Americans will love this."
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒูŠูŠู† ุณูŠุญุจูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง.
14:56
So what I like to say, this being Bay Area, Silicon Valley,
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ู…ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆ ุŒ ูˆุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุณู„ูŠูƒูˆู† --
15:00
is that we think of McDonald's as sort of the Microsoft of dining experiences.
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ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ
ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูˆูุช ููŠ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู….
15:04
We can think of Chinese restaurants perhaps as Linux,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฑุจู…ุง '' ู„ูŠู†ูƒุณ '' :
15:07
sort of an open-source thing, right?
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ูƒุดูŠุก ู…ูุชูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุŒ ุตุญูŠุญ ุŒ
15:09
(Laughter)
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†
15:10
Where ideas from one person can be copied and propagated
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ู†ุณุฎู‡ุง ูˆู†ุดุฑู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ ุ›
15:14
across the entire system,
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15:15
that there can be specialized versions of Chinese food,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฎุตุฎุตุชู‡ุง ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏุง ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุŒ
15:19
depending on the region.
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ุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ
15:20
For example, in New Orleans we have Cajun Chinese food,
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ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆ ุงูˆุฑู„ูŠุงู†ุฒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุทุนู… ุงู„ูƒุงุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุŒ
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ููŠู‡ '' ุณูŠุชุดูˆุงู† ุงู„ุชู…ุณุงุญ '' ูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑ ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
15:24
where they serve Sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ููŠู‡ '' ุณูŠุชุดูˆุงู† ุงู„ุชู…ุณุงุญ '' ูˆ '' ุงู„ุญู„ูˆ ู…ุฑ ุณู…ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆ ''ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
15:27
And in Philadelphia, you have Philadelphia cheesesteak roll,
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ูˆููŠ ููŠู„ุงุฏู„ููŠุง ุŒ
ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู„ูุช ุงู„ุฌุจู† ุงู„ุณุชูŠูƒ ููŠู„ุงุฏู„ููŠุง ุŒ
15:31
which is like an egg roll on the outside and cheesesteak on the inside.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุŒ
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ูุช ุงู„ุฌุจู† ุงู„ุณุชูŠูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„.
ูƒู†ุช ู…ู†ุฏู‡ุดู‡ ุญู‚ุง ู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
15:34
I was surprised to discover that not only in Philadelphia, but also in Atlanta.
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ููŠู„ุงุฏู„ููŠุง ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุฃุชู„ุงู†ุชุง ุŒ
15:38
What had happened was,
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ
15:39
a Chinese family had moved from Philadelphia to Atlanta,
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ุฃู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ
ู…ู† ุงุชู„ุงู†ุชุง ู„-- ุนุฐุฑุง ุŒ ู…ู† ููŠู„ุงุฏู„ููŠุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงุชู„ุงู†ุชุง ุŒ
15:44
and brought that with them.
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ูˆุฌู„ุจุช ู…ุนู‡ุง.
15:45
So the thing is,
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ุŒ
15:47
our historical lore, because of the way we like narratives,
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ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุŒ
ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุจ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุฑุฏ ุŒ
ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช
15:50
is full of vast characters, such as Howard Schultz of Starbucks
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ู…ุซู„ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ู‡ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุดูˆู„ุชุฒ ู…ู† ุณุชุงุฑุจูƒุณ
15:53
and Ray Kroc with McDonald's
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ูˆุฑุงูŠ ูƒุฑูˆูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุงูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ
15:55
and Asa Candler with Coca-Cola.
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ูˆุขุณุง ุชุดุงู†ุฏู„ุฑ ู…ู† ุดุฑูƒุฉ ูƒูˆูƒุง ูƒูˆู„ุง.
15:58
But, you know, it's very easy to overlook the smaller characters.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ
ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุง ุฃู† ู†ุบูู„ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช -- ุนููˆุง --
16:02
For example, Lem Sen, who introduced chop suey,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู„ูŠู… ุณูŠู† ุŒ
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุดูˆุจ ุณูˆูŠ ุŒ
16:05
Chef Peng, who introduced General Tso's Chicken,
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ุงู„ุดูŠู ุจู†ุบ
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏู… ุฏุฌุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฑุงู„ ุชุณูˆ ุŒ
16:07
and all the Japanese bakers who introduced fortune cookies.
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ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุจุฒ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠุฉ
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุช ุจุณูƒูˆุช ุงู„ุญุธ.
16:11
So, the point of my presentation is to make you think twice;
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูุฅู† ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ
ู„ุฃุฌุนู„ูƒู… ุชููƒุฑูˆู† ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ุŒ
16:14
that those whose names are forgotten in history
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ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุฑุฏ ุงุณู…ุงุคู‡ู… ุทูŠ ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
16:17
can often have had as much, if not more,
363
977423
2087
ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡ู…ุŒ
ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุŒุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ู†ุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
16:19
impact on what we eat today.
364
979534
1895
16:21
Thank you very much.
365
981453
1151
ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹
16:22
(Applause)
366
982628
6151
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7