Jennifer 8. Lee: Who was General Tso? and other mysteries of

215,551 views ใƒป 2008-12-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Elvira Shafir ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
There are more Chinese restaurants in this country
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช
00:19
than McDonald's, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Wendy's, combined --
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ืžืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก, ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืงื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืก ื•ืงืื ื˜ืงื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฆ'ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ --
00:23
40,000, actually.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 40,000.
00:24
Chinese restaurants have played an important role in American history,
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ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
ืœืžืขืฉื”.
00:28
as a matter of fact.
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื” ื ืคืชืจ
00:29
The Cuban missile crisis was resolved in a Chinese restaurant
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ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช
ืฉืฉืžื” ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™.ืกื™,
00:32
called Yenching Palace in Washington, DC,
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ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:34
which unfortunately is closed now,
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00:35
and about to be turned into Walgreen's.
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ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื 'ืก.
00:37
And the house where John Wilkes Booth
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืงืก ื‘ื•ื˜'
ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ
00:39
planned the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:41
is also now a Chinese restaurant called Wok and Roll,
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ืฉืฉืžื” ื•ื•ืง ื ' ืจื•ืœ, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ H ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:45
on H Street in Washington.
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00:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:49
And it's not completely gratuitous,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
00:51
because "wok" and "roll" -- Chinese food and Japanese foods,
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ื›ื™ ื•ื•ืง ื•ืจื•ืœ --
ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ืคื ื™,
00:54
so it kind of works out.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•.
00:55
And Americans love their Chinese food so much,
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ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
00:57
they've actually brought it into space.
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ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืชื ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:59
NASA, for example, serves thermostabilized sweet-and-sour pork
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ื‘ื ืืกื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื ืช ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ืžื•ืฅ-ืžืชื•ืง ืžื™ื•ืฆื‘ ื˜ืจืžื™ืช
01:03
on its shuttle menu for its astronauts.
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ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:06
So, let me present the question to you:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”:
01:08
If our benchmark for Americanness is apple pie,
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ืื ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
01:11
you should ask yourself: how often do you eat apple pie,
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:14
versus how often do you eat Chinese food?
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01:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:20
And if you think about it,
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
01:23
a lot of the foods that we or Americans think of as Chinese food
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™
01:28
are barely recognizable to Chinese.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ื,
01:30
For example: beef with broccoli, egg rolls, General Tso's Chicken,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™, ืื’ืจื•ืœ, ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•,
01:34
fortune cookies, chop suey, the take-out boxes.
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ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ (ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืŸ ืงื•ืงื™ืก), ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™, ื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
01:37
For example, I took a whole bunch of fortune cookies back to China,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกื™ืŸ,
01:41
gave them to Chinese to see how they would react.
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ื ืชืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•.
ืžื” ื–ื”?
01:43
[What is this?]
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01:44
[Should I try it?]
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
01:46
[Try it!]
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ื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื”!
01:50
[What is this called?]
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ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”?
01:52
[Fortune cookie.]
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ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืŸ ืงื•ืงื™.
01:54
(Laughter)
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01:58
[There's a piece of paper inside!]
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ!
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
(Laughter)
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02:04
[What is this?]
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ืžื” ื–ื”?
02:07
[You've won a prize!]
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ื–ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืก!
02:12
[What is this?]
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ืžื” ื–ื”?
02:14
[It's a fortune!]
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ื–ื” ืžื–ืœ!
ื˜ืขื™ื!
02:19
[Tasty!]
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02:21
So where are they from?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•?
02:23
The short answer is, actually, they're from Japan.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ืคืŸ.
ื•ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
02:26
And in Kyoto, outside, there are still small family-run bakeries
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช
ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ,
02:30
that make fortune cookies, as they did over 100 years ago,
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ื•ืขืฉื• ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 100 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:33
30 years before fortune cookies were introduced in the United States.
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30 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจื”"ื‘.
02:37
If you see them side by side,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•,
02:39
there's yellow and brown.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื.
02:40
Theirs are actually flavored with miso and sesame paste,
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ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืกื• ื•ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื•ืžืฉื•ื,
02:43
so they're not as sweet as our version.
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:45
So how did they get to the US?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจื”"ื‘?
02:47
Well, the short answer is, the Japanese immigrants came over,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืืŸ,
02:50
and a bunch of the bakers introduced them --
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชืŸ --
02:52
including at least one in Los Angeles,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
02:54
and one here in San Francisco, called Benkyodo,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ืงื™ื•-ื“ื•, ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกืื˜ืจ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืงืื ืŸ
02:57
which is on the corner of Sutter and Buchanan.
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ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:59
Back then, they made fortune cookies using very much the similar kind of irons
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ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
03:04
that we saw back in Kyoto.
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ืœืืœื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•.
03:05
The interesting question is:
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื,
03:07
How do you go from fortune cookies being something that is Japanese
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ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื ื™
03:10
to being something that is Chinese?
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืกื™ื ื™?
03:12
Well, we locked up all the Japanese during World War II,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื,
ืฉื›ืœืื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:15
including those that made fortune cookies.
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ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ,
03:17
So that's when the Chinese moved in,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ื,
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•.
03:19
saw a market opportunity and took over.
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03:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:23
So, fortune cookies: invented by the Japanese,
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ืื–, ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ:
ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื,
03:25
popularized by the Chinese,
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ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื,
03:26
but ultimately consumed by Americans.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฆืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
03:28
They're more American than anything else.
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ื”ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ.
03:30
Another of my favorite dishes:
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื” ืžื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™:
03:32
General Tso's Chicken -- which, by the way, in the US Naval Academy
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ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื• --
ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
ืฉืžื• ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืฆื•.
03:35
is called Admiral Tso's Chicken.
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03:36
(Laughter)
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03:37
I love this dish.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:39
The original name of my book was "The Long March of General Tso."
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•,
03:42
And he has marched very far indeed,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืฆืขื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“,
03:43
because he is sweet, he is fried, and he is chicken --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฃ --
ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
03:47
all things that Americans love.
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03:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:50
He has marched so far, actually,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
ืฉื”ืฉืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื”
03:52
that the chef who originally invented the dish
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03:54
doesn't recognize it; he's kind of horrified.
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ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”; ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœ.
03:57
Video: (In Chinese)
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04:05
Audience: (Laughter)
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04:07
He's in Taiwan right now.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข.
04:09
He's retired, deaf and plays a lot of mahโ€“jongg.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ, ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื’'ื•ื ื’.
04:11
After I showed him this, he got up,
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ืื–, ื”ื•ื -- ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”,
ื”ื•ื ืงื,
04:14
and says, "mรฒmรญngqรญmiร o," which means, "This is all nonsense,"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” "ืžื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ืžื™ืืื•",
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช",
04:17
and goes back to play his mah-jongg game during the afternoon.
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžืื’'ื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืื—ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™. ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™.
04:21
Another dish, one of my favorites: beef with broccoli.
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04:24
Broccoli is not a Chinese vegetable;
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ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืจืง ืกื™ื ื™;
04:28
in fact, it is originally an Italian vegetable.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืง ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™.
04:30
It was introduced into the United States in the 1800s,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 19,
04:33
but became popularized in the 1920s and the 1930s.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 20 ื•ื”- 30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 20.
04:36
The Chinese have their own version of broccoli, called Chinese broccoli,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™,
ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื™,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืžื” -- ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
04:40
but they've now discovered American broccoli,
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04:42
and are importing it as a sort of exotic delicacy.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขื“ืŸ ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™.
04:46
I guarantee you, General Tso never saw a stalk of broccoli in his life.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื, ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื• ืœื ืจืื” ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืžื™ื• --
04:50
That was a picture of General Tso.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•.
04:52
I went to his home town.
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•.
04:54
This is a billboard that says:
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘:
04:55
"Welcome to the birthplace of General Tso."
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"ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•."
04:57
And I went looking for chicken.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ืฃ.
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืคืจื” --
04:59
Finally found a cow --
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื’ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:01
and did find chicken.
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
05:04
Believe it or not, these guys were actually crossing the road.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
ื• --
05:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:10
And I found a whole bunch of General Tso's relatives
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-- ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•
05:13
who are still in the town.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”.
05:14
This guy is now five generations removed from the General;
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ;
ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืขื”.
05:17
this guy is about seven.
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05:18
I showed them the pictures of General Tso Chicken,
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ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
05:21
and they were like,
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:22
"We don't know this dish. Is this Chinese food?"
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™?
05:24
Because it doesn't look like Chinese food to them.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™.
05:27
But they weren't surprised I traveled around the world to visit them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื
ืฉื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื,
05:31
because in their eyes he is, after all,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
05:33
a famous Qing dynasty military hero.
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฆ'ื™ื ื’.
05:35
He played an important role in the Taiping Rebellion,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืคื™ื ื’,
ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ
05:38
a war started by a guy who thought he was the son of God
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
05:40
and baby brother of Jesus Christ.
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ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•.
ื•ื’ืจื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ --
05:42
He caused a war that killed 20 million people --
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05:44
still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day.
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ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:48
So, you know, I realized when I was there,
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื,
05:51
General Tso is kind of a lot like Colonel Sanders in America,
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ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืกืื ื“ืจืก ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:54
in that he's known for chicken and not war.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืœื—ืžื”.
05:56
But in China, this guy's actually known for war and not chicken.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฃ.
06:00
But the granddaddy of all the Chinese American dishes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
06:03
we probably ought to talk about is chop suey,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ
ื”ื™ื ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
06:06
which was introduced around the turn of the 20th century.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื”
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก,
06:10
According to the New York Times in 1904,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
06:12
there was an outbreak of Chinese restaurants all over town,
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06:14
and "... the city has gone 'chop suey' mad."
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ื• "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื” ืขืœ 'ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™'."
06:17
So it took about 30 years before the Americans realized
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืฉื ื”
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”,
06:21
that chop suey is actually not known in China,
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ื•ื•ืื•, ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
06:24
and as this article points out,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
"ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
06:26
"The average native of any city in China knows nothing of chop suey."
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™."
06:30
Back then it was a way to show you were sophisticated and cosmopolitan;
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™:
ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”,
06:34
a guy who wanted to impress a girl could take her on a chop suey date.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™.
06:37
I like to say chop suey is the biggest culinary joke
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ
ืฉืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:40
one culture ever played on another,
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ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
06:42
because "chop suey," translated into Chinese,
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ื›ื™ ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืกื™ื ื™ืช,
06:44
means "jaahp-seui," which, translated back, means "odds and ends."
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืืค ืกื•ืื™
ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช".
ืื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
06:47
So, these people are going around China asking for chop suey,
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06:50
which is sort of like a Japanese guy coming here and saying,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™
ืฉื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
06:53
"I understand you have a very popular dish in your country
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“
ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช", ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ --
06:56
called 'leftovers.'"
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06:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:59
Right?
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-- ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:01
(Laughter)
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”:
07:03
And not only that:
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07:05
"This dish is particularly popular
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ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:07
after that holiday you call 'Thanksgiving.'"
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:10
So, why and where did chop suey come from?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” -- ืœืžื” ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ --
ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™?
07:13
Let's go back to the mid-1800s,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19
07:16
when the Chinese first came to America.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:18
Back then, Americans were not clamoring to eat Chinese food.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
ืœื ื ื”ืจื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™.
07:21
In fact, they saw these people who landed at their shores as alien.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื”ื ื›ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
07:27
These people weren't eating dogs, they were eating cats.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืื›ืœื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ื --
ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื --
07:29
If they weren't eating cats, they were eating rats.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืื›ืœื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื -- ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก, ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™,
07:32
In fact, The New York Times, my esteemed employer,
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ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘- 1883 ืžืืžืจ ืฉืฉืืœ,
07:34
in 1883 ran an article that asked,
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"ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช?"
07:36
"Do Chinese eat rats?"
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ืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืจืงื˜ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:37
Not the most PC question to be asked today,
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07:41
but if you look at the popular imagery of the time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
07:44
not so outlandish.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืชืคืก.
07:45
This is actually a real advertisement for rat poison
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ื–ื• ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืจืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื
ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19,
07:50
from the late 1800s.
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07:51
And if you see under the word "Clears" -- very small --
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืžื ืงื”" -- ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ --
07:54
it says, "They must go," which refers not only to the rats,
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช,"
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
ืืœื ื’ื ืœืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
07:57
but to the Chinese in their midst,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืชืคืก
07:59
because the way that the food was perceived
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
08:02
was that these people who ate foods different from us
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08:05
must be different from us.
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ื”ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
08:06
Another way that you saw this antipathy towards the Chinese
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
ืื ื˜ื™ืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
08:10
is through documents like this.
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก;
08:11
This is in the Library of Congress.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืข"ื™ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ืžืคืจืก,
08:13
It's a pamphlet published by Samuel Gompers,
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
08:15
hero of our American labor movement.
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08:17
It's called, "Some Reason for Chinese Exclusion:
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื, "ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื"
08:19
Meat versus Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism:
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ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืจื–: ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืกื™ืืชื™ืช:
08:23
Which shall survive?"
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“?
08:24
And it basically made the argument
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ
08:26
that Chinese men who ate rice
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ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ืื•ืจื–
08:28
would necessarily bring down the standard of living
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ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
08:30
for American men who ate meat.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ.
08:32
And as a matter of fact, then,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื–,
08:34
this is one of the reasons we must exclude them from this country.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
08:37
So, with sentiments like these,
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ืื–, ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
08:39
the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed between 1882 and 1902,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1882 ื•- 1902,
08:45
the only time in American history
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
08:47
when a group was specifically excluded
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
08:49
for its national origin or ethnicity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ื”ืืชื ื™ ืฉืœื”.
08:52
So in a way, because the Chinese were attacked,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื•,
08:54
chop suey was created as a defense mechanism.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™ ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื”.
08:58
Who came up with the idea of chop suey?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™?
09:00
There's a lot of different mysteries and legends,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืจื‘, ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
09:02
but of the ones I've found,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:03
the most interesting is this article from 1904.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืž- 1904.
09:06
A Chinese guy named Lem Sen
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืœื ืกืŸ
09:08
shows up in Chinatown, New York City, and says,
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ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
09:10
"I want you all to stop making chop suey,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
09:12
because I am the original creator and sole proprietor of chop suey.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™.
09:15
And the way he tells it,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ,
09:17
there was a famous Chinese diplomat that showed up,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ
ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข
09:22
and he was told to make a dish that looked very popular
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื ื” ืฉืชื™ืจืื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“
ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ, ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜, "ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ" ื›ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
09:25
and could, quote, "pass" as Chinese.
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09:26
And as he said -- we would never print this today --
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ --
ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื --
09:29
but basically, the American man has become very rich.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคืš ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
09:33
Lem Sen: "I would've made this money, too, but I spent all this time
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ืœื ืกืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”:
ื’ื ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
09:36
looking for the American man who stole my recipe.
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ืฉื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
09:38
Now I've found him and I want my recipe back,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•,
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
09:41
and I want everyone to stop making chop suey,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
09:43
or pay me for the right to do the same.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื
09:45
So it was an early exercise of intellectual property rights.
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™.
09:48
The thing is, this idea of Chinese-American food
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ืื– ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
09:52
doesn't exist only in America.
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
09:55
In fact, Chinese food is the most pervasive food on the planet,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:58
served on all seven continents, even Antarctica,
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ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:01
because Monday night is Chinese food night at McMurdo Station,
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ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื•,
10:04
which is the main scientific station in Antarctica.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:07
You see different varieties of Chinese food.
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ืื–, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
10:09
For example, there is French Chinese food,
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ื”ื ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™,
10:11
where they serve salt and pepper frog legs.
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ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ.
10:14
There is Italian Chinese food, where they don't have fortune cookies,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™,
ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ,
10:18
so they serve fried gelato.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ืช.
10:19
My neighbor, Alessandra, was shocked when I told her,
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช, ืืœืกื ื“ืจื”,
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”,
10:22
"Dude, fried gelato is not Chinese."
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"ืื—ื•ืชื™, ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ืช ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ื ื™."
10:24
She's like, "It's not? But they serve it in all the Chinese restaurants in Italy."
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื”, "ื–ื” ืœื?
ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:28
(Laughter)
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10:32
Even the Brits have their own version.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœื”ื.
10:34
This is a dish called "crispy shredded beef,"
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ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช,
10:36
which has a lot of crisp, a lot of shred, and not a lot of beef.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจ.
10:39
There is West Indian Chinese food, there's Jamaican Chinese food,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
10:42
Middle Eastern Chinese food, Mauritian Chinese food.
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื’'ืžืื™ื™ืงื ื™,
ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™,
ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืื•ืจื™ื˜ื ื™.
10:45
This is a dish called "Magic Bowl," that I discovered.
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ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืงืขืจืช ื”ืคืœื
ืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™.
10:48
There's Indian Chinese food, Korean Chinese food,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™,
ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื ื™,
10:51
Japanese Chinese food,
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื™ืคื ื™,
10:52
where they take the bao, the little buns, and make them into pizza versions.
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ืฉื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืื•, ื”ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืคื™ืฆื”,
ื•ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื --
10:56
(Laughter)
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10:57
And they totally randomly take Chinese noodle dishes,
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ื•ื”ื -- ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืœืก ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
11:01
and just ramenize them.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืืžืŸ-ืฆื™ื”.
11:02
This is something that, in the Chinese version, has no soup.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืจืง.
11:05
So, there's Peruvian Chinese food,
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืคืจื•ืื ื™,
11:07
which should not be mixed with Mexican Chinese food,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™,
11:09
where they basically take things and make it look like fajitas.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช.
11:12
(Laughter)
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ื•ืื– -- ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“:
11:13
And they have things like risotto chop suey.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™ ืจื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•.
ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ื™
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:16
My personal favorite of all the restaurants
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11:18
I've encountered around the world
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11:19
was this one in Brazil, called "Kung Food."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืฉืžืข "ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื“", ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
11:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:25
So, let's take a step back and understand
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
ื•ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:28
what is to be appreciated in America.
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ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
11:31
McDonald's has garnered a lot of attention, a lot of respect,
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ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš,
ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
11:36
for basically standardizing the menu, decor and dining experience
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื—ื™ื“
ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜, ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”
11:42
in post-World War II America.
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
11:43
But you know what?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช
11:45
They did so through a centralized headquarters out of Illinois.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช
11:48
Chinese restaurants have done largely the same thing, I would argue,
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ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื™,
11:51
with the menu and the decor, even the restaurant name,
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ืขื ื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ --
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช --
11:53
but without a centralized headquarters.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”
11:55
So, this actually became very clear to me
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ื‘ื”ื’ืจืœืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ื• ื‘- 30 ืœืžืจืฅ, 2005,
11:58
with the March 30, 2005 Powerball drawing,
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12:01
where they expected, based on the number of ticket sales they had,
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ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ืคื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื,
12:04
to have three or four second-place winners,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืฉื ื™ --
12:06
people who match five or six Powerball numbers.
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ืืœื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื—ืฉื™ื 5 ืื• 6 ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
12:08
Instead, they had 110, and they were completely shocked.
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ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 110,
ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:11
They looked all across the country and discovered it couldn't be fraud,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื’ื™ืœื•
ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื”,
12:14
since it happened in different states, across different computer systems.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
12:18
Whatever it was, it caused people to behave in a mass-synchronized way.
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ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื•
ื‘ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื–ื”.
12:21
So, OK, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the pieces of paper,
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ืื–, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื•.ืงื™ื™., ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” --
12:25
like it was a diamond, or diagonal.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ืœื•ื,
ืื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ.
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
12:28
It wasn't that, so they're like, OK, let's look at television.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื•,
ืื•.ืงื™ื™., ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื ื” ืœื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
12:31
So they looked at an episode of "Lost."
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ืื– ื”ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืœ "ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื".
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
12:33
Now, I don't have a TV,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช --
12:34
which makes me a freak, but very productive --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:36
(Laughter)
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12:38
And there's an episode of "Lost" where one guy has a lucky number,
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ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ "ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื", ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”,
ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื–ืœ
12:42
but it's not a lucky number, it's why he's on the island,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื–ืœ,
ืืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื•,
12:45
but they looked and the numbers did not match.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื•.
ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช "ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื ื•ื—",
12:47
They looked at "The Young and The Restless." It wasn't that, either.
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ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
ืื– ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืžื—ืจืช,
12:51
It wasn't until the first guy shows up the next day and they ask him,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื•,
12:54
"Where did you get your number?"
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"ืžืื™ืคื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœืš?"
12:55
He said, "I got it from a fortune cookie."
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”, "ืื”, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ืœ".
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ืคืชืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื,
12:57
This is a slip one of the winners had,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืกื™
12:59
because the Tennessee lottery security officials
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื•, ืœื -- ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:02
were like, "Oh, no, this can't be true."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:04
But it was true.
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13:05
Basically, of those 110 people,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžืชื•ืš 110 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:08
104 of them or so had gotten their number from a fortune cookie.
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ื•ื›- 104 ืžืชื•ื›ื
ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ืœ.
13:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:13
Yeah. So I went and started looking.
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ื›ืŸ. ืื–, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ.
13:16
I went across the country, looking for these restaurants
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”,
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:18
where these people had gotten their fortune cookies from.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”,
13:22
There are a bunch of them, including Lee's China in Omaha --
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ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืžื”ื” --
13:25
which is actually run by Koreans, but that's another point,
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ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช --
ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืคื” ืกื™ืŸ.
13:28
and a bunch of them named "China Buffet."
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13:30
What's interesting is that their stories were similar, but different.
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:34
It was lunch, it was take-out, it was sit-down, it was buffet,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ืœืงื—ืช,
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
13:37
it was three weeks ago, it was three months ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:39
But at some point, all these people had a very similar experience
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™
13:42
that converged at a fortune cookie and a Chinese restaurant.
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ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ืœ ื•ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
13:45
And all these restaurants were serving fortune cookies,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ,
13:48
which, of course, aren't even Chinese to begin with.
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ืฉื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
13:50
It's part of the phenomenon I called "spontaneous self-organization,"
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืคืขื”
ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื” ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช, ื›ืŸ,
13:54
where, like in ant colonies, little decisions made on the micro level
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ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื,
ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืข"ื™ -- ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•
13:59
actually have a big impact on the macro level.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืงืจื•.
14:02
A good contrast is Chicken McNuggets.
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ืื–, ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘
ื”ื•ื ื ืื’ื˜ืก ืขื•ืฃ.
14:06
McDonald's actually spent 10 years coming out with a chicken-like product.
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ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืจ ื“ืžื•ื™-ืขื•ืฃ.
14:10
They did chicken pot pie, fried chicken, and finally introduced Chicken McNuggets.
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื˜ื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืฃ,
ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ,
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื ืื’ื˜ืก ืขื•ืฃ.
14:14
And the great innovation of Chicken McNuggets was not nuggifying them,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืื’ื˜ืก ืขื•ืฃ
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœื ืื’ื˜ืก,
14:18
that's kind of an easy concept.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
ืืœื ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื’ื˜ืก ื”ื™ื”,
14:20
The trick was, they were able to remove the chicken from the bone
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžื”ืขืฆื
14:23
in a cost-efficient manner,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืชืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
14:25
which is why it took so long for people to copy them -- 10 years,
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
ืœืงื— 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
14:28
then within a couple months, it was such a hit,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜
14:30
they introduced it across the entire McDonald's system in the country.
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ื”ื ืจืง ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืื•ืชื
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:33
In contrast is General Tso's Chicken,
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ืœืฉื ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“,
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•,
14:35
which actually started in New York City in the early 1970s,
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ื•ื”ื•ืžืฆื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
14:38
as I was also started in this universe in New York City in the early 1970s.
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
14:42
(Laughter)
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14:43
And this logo!
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื–ื”!
14:44
So me, General Tso's Chicken and this logo are all karmicly related.
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ืื– ืื ื™, ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•, ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื–ื”
ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืžื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืงื— 10 ืฉื ื™ื
14:47
But that dish also took about 10 years to spread across America
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ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
14:50
from a restaurant in New York City.
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ืžืžืกืขื“ื” ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™.
14:52
Someone's like, "It's sweet, it's fried, it's chicken --
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
ืื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื -- ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืง, ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ืฃ:
14:54
Americans will love this."
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:56
So what I like to say, this being Bay Area, Silicon Valley,
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ --
15:00
is that we think of McDonald's as sort of the Microsoft of dining experiences.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก
ื›ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”.
15:04
We can think of Chinese restaurants perhaps as Linux,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก:
15:07
sort of an open-source thing, right?
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—, ื›ืŸ,
15:09
(Laughter)
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ืื™ืคื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
15:10
Where ideas from one person can be copied and propagated
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืชืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”,
15:14
across the entire system,
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15:15
that there can be specialized versions of Chinese food,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™,
15:19
depending on the region.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
15:20
For example, in New Orleans we have Cajun Chinese food,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืงืื’'ื•ืŸ,
15:24
where they serve Sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish.
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ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืชื ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืฆ'ื•ืืŸ ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืžืชื•ืง, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
15:27
And in Philadelphia, you have Philadelphia cheesesteak roll,
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ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
15:31
which is like an egg roll on the outside and cheesesteak on the inside.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืื’ืจื•ืœ,
ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื’ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
15:34
I was surprised to discover that not only in Philadelphia, but also in Atlanta.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”,
15:38
What had happened was,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
15:39
a Chinese family had moved from Philadelphia to Atlanta,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื”
ืžืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ืœ -- ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืžืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืœืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”,
15:44
and brought that with them.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืชื”.
15:45
So the thing is,
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ืื– ื›ื›ื”,
15:47
our historical lore, because of the way we like narratives,
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื,
ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
15:50
is full of vast characters, such as Howard Schultz of Starbucks
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ื›ืžื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื•ืœืฅ ืžืกื˜ืืจื‘ืงืก
15:53
and Ray Kroc with McDonald's
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ื•ืจื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืง ืขื ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก
15:55
and Asa Candler with Coca-Cola.
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ื•ืืกื ืฆ'ืื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”.
15:58
But, you know, it's very easy to overlook the smaller characters.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ืื•ืคืก --
16:02
For example, Lem Sen, who introduced chop suey,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ืกืŸ,
ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆ'ื•ืค ืกื•ืื™,
16:05
Chef Peng, who introduced General Tso's Chicken,
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ืฉืฃ ืคื ื’,
ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฆื•,
16:07
and all the Japanese bakers who introduced fortune cookies.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื
ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืœ.
16:11
So, the point of my presentation is to make you think twice;
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ืื–, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
16:14
that those whose names are forgotten in history
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
16:17
can often have had as much, if not more,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”,
ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื•, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:19
impact on what we eat today.
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16:21
Thank you very much.
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ืื–. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:22
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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