How designing brand-new enzymes could change the world | Adam Garske

74,458 views ใƒป 2020-02-11

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: HASSANE KONE ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Shimaa Nabil
00:12
Growing up in central Wisconsin, I spent a lot of time outside.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ู†ุดุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ูˆูŠุณูƒูˆู†ุณู† ู‚ุถูŠุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
00:16
In the spring, I'd smell the heady fragrance of lilacs.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุจูŠุนุŒ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุดู…ู‘ ุนุจูŠุฑ ุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑ ุฃู„ู„ูŠู„ูƒ.
00:19
In the summer, I loved the electric glow of fireflies
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ุฃู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠูุŒ ุฃุญุจุจุชู ูˆู‡ุฌ ุงู„ูŠุฑุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถูŠุก
00:22
as they would zip around on muggy nights.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุชู†ู‚ู‘ู„ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุทุจุฉ.
00:24
In the fall, the bogs were brimming with the bright red of cranberries.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠูุŒ ุชุทุบู‰ ุญูู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ูˆุช ุงู„ุจุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ู‚ุนุงุช.
00:28
Even winter had its charms,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ู„ู‡ ุณุญุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุŒ
00:30
with the Christmassy bouquet emanating from pine trees.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู†ุจุซู‚ ุจุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฒู‡ูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุตู†ูˆุจุฑู.
00:33
For me, nature has always been a source of wonder and inspiration.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉู ู„ูŠุŒ ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉู ู…ุตุฏุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฅุนุฌุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ุงู….
00:37
As I went on to graduate school in chemistry, and in later years,
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ุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃูƒู…ู„ุช ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุกุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉุŒ
00:40
I came to better understand the natural world in molecular detail.
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ุชูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ูู‡ู… ุฃูุถู„ ุนู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุจุงู„ุชูุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠู‘.
00:43
All the things that I just mentioned,
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ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฐูƒุฑุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆุŒ
00:45
from the scents of lilacs and pines
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ุจุฏุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุดุฐู‰ ุฒู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ุตู†ูˆุจุฑ
00:47
to the bright red of cranberries and the glow of fireflies,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุญู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุช ุงู„ุจุฑูŠ ูˆุชูˆู‡ู‘ุฌ ุงู„ูŠุฑุงุนุงุชุŒ
00:50
have at least one thing in common:
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ู†ุชูู‚ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ
00:52
they're manufactured by enzymes.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
00:55
As I said, I grew up in Wisconsin, so of course, I like cheese
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ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑุนุฑุช ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ูˆูŠุณูƒูˆู†ุณู† ู„ุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ุงู„ุฌุจู† ุจุงู„ุทุจุน
00:58
and the Green Bay Packers.
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ูˆูุฑูŠู‚ ุบุฑูŠู† ุจุงูŠ ุจุงูƒุฑุฒ.
01:00
But let's talk about cheese for a minute.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุจู† ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
01:02
For at least the last 7,000 years,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณุจุนุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุนุงู… ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ
01:03
humans have extracted a mixture of enzymes
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ุงุณุชุฎู„ุต ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู…ุฒูŠุฌุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
01:06
from the stomachs of cows and sheep and goats
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ู…ู† ุฃู…ุนุงุก ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฎุฑุงูุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุนุฒ
01:08
and added it to milk.
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ูˆุฃุถุงููˆู‡ุง ู„ู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
01:10
This causes the milk to curdle -- it's part of the cheese-making process.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฎุซุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ- ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ุฌุจู†.
01:13
The key enzyme in this mixture is called chymosin.
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ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฒุฌ ูŠูุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู†.
01:15
I want to show you how that works.
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ุณุฃุดุฑุญู ู„ูƒู… ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
01:17
Right here, I've got two tubes,
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ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุชุงู†
01:19
and I'm going to add chymosin to one of these.
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ูˆุณุฃุถูŠู ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู†.
01:21
Just a second here.
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ู„ุญุธุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
01:23
Now my son Anthony, who is eight years old,
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ุงุจู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุชูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุนูˆุงู…ุŒ
01:27
was very interested in helping me figure out a demo for the TED Talk,
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู‡ุชู…ุงู‹ ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุชูŠ ููŠ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ ู„ุนุฑุถู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุตุฉ TED.
01:30
and so we were in the kitchen, we were slicing up pineapples,
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎ ู†ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃู†ุงู†ุงุณุŒ
01:34
extracting enzymes from red potatoes
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ูˆู†ุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุทุงุทุง ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก
01:38
and doing all kinds of demos in the kitchen.
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ูˆู†ุญุถู‘ุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎ.
01:40
And in the end, though,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ
01:41
we thought the chymosin demo was pretty cool.
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ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
01:44
And so what's happening here
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู†
01:45
is the chymosin is swimming around in the milk,
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ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู† ูŠุณุจุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจุŒ
01:49
and it's binding to a protein there called casein.
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ูˆูŠุฑุชุจุท ุจุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูŠูุทู„ูŽู‚ู ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฒูŠู†.
01:52
What it does then is it clips the casein --
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุดุงุจูƒ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฒูŠู†.
01:54
it's like a molecular scissors.
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ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุตู‘ุงุช ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ.
01:57
It's that clipping action that causes the milk to curdle.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุดุงุจูƒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฎุซู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
02:01
So here we are in the kitchen, working on this.
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ู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎุŒ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง.
02:04
OK.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
02:05
So let me give this a quick zip.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุญุฑู‘ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹.
02:08
And then we'll set these to the side and let these simmer for a minute.
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ูˆุณู†ุถุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฌุงู†ุจุงู‹ ูˆู†ุชุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุบู„ูŠ ุจุจุทุก.
02:11
OK.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
02:15
If DNA is the blueprint of life,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู…ุฎุทุท ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
02:17
enzymes are the laborers that carry out its instructions.
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ูุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ูุฐูŠู† ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุชู‡.
02:20
An enzyme is a protein that's a catalyst,
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ูƒู…ุญูู‘ุฒ.
02:22
it speeds up or accelerates a chemical reaction,
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ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุŒ
02:24
just as the chymosin over here is accelerating the curdling of the milk.
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุณุฑุนุฉ ุชุฎุซุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
02:28
But it's not just about cheese.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุฌุจู† ูู‚ุท.
02:30
While enzymes do play an important role in the foods that we eat,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุจุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡ุŒ
02:34
they also are involved in everything from the health of an infant
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุจุฏุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุฑุถูŠุน
02:37
to attacking the biggest environmental challenges
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ูˆุงู†ุชู‡ุงุกู‹ ุจู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุชู‡ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ
02:39
we have today.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ูˆุงุฌู‡ู‡ุง ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุงู‹.
02:41
The basic building blocks of enzymes are called amino acids.
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ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
02:45
There are 20 common amino acids,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 20 ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ุดุงุฆุนุงู‹ุŒ
02:47
and we typically designate them with single-letter abbreviations,
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ูˆุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ู†ุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุฃุญุฑู ู…ูุฑุฏุฉ ูƒุงุฎุชุตุงุฑุงุชุŒ
02:50
so it's really an alphabet of amino acids.
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ู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
02:53
In an enzyme, these amino acids are strung together,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทุฉ
02:55
like pearls on a necklace.
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ูƒู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุขู„ู‰ุก ููŠ ู‚ู„ุงุฏุฉ.
02:57
And it's really the identity of the amino acids,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
02:59
which letters are in that necklace,
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ุฃูŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏุŒ
03:01
and in what order they are, what they spell out,
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ูˆุจุญุณุจ ุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง ูŠุชู… ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒู‡ุงุŒ
03:03
that gives an enzyme its unique properties and differentiates it from other enzymes.
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ู…ุง ูŠุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุฎุตุงุฆุตู‡ ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ูˆูŠู…ูŠุฒู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
03:07
Now, this string of amino acids,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
03:10
this necklace,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุงุฏุฉ
03:11
folds up into a higher-order structure.
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ุชู†ุทูˆูŠ ููŠ ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ.
03:13
And if you were to zoom in at the molecular level
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ูู„ูˆ ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ
03:15
and take a look at chymosin, which is the enzyme working over here,
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ูˆุฃู„ู‚ูŠุชู… ู†ุธุฑุฉู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง
03:18
you would see it looks like this.
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ู„ูŽูˆูŽุฌุฏุชู… ุจุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
03:20
It's all these strands and loops and helices and twists and turns,
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชูุฑุนุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆุงู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุงู„ุชูุงูุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุนุทูุงุชุŒ
03:23
and it has to be in just this conformation to work properly.
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ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู„ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุง.
03:27
Nowadays, we can make enzymes in microbes,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ
03:29
and that can be like a bacteria or a yeast, for example.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹.
03:32
And the way we do this is we get a piece of DNA
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ูˆู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุฎุฐ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:35
that codes for an enzyme that we're interested in,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนุจูู‘ุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑุบุจ ุจู‡ุŒ
03:37
we insert that into the microbe,
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ูˆู†ุฏุฑุฌ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุŒ
03:39
and we let the microbe use its own machinery, its own wherewithal,
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ูˆู†ุฏุน ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุขู„ูŠูŽู‘ุชู‡ ูˆูˆุณุงุฆู„ู‡ุŒ
03:42
to produce that enzyme for us.
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ู„ูŠู†ุชุฌ ู„ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู….
03:45
So if you wanted chymosin, you wouldn't need a calf, nowadays --
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชูŽ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู† ู„ู† ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนูุฌู’ู„ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…
03:48
you could get this from a microbe.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจ.
03:50
And what's even cooler, I think,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ
03:51
is we can now dial in completely custom DNA sequences
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ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ู†ุชุตู„ ุจุณู„ุงุณู„ ุญู…ุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู…ุฎุตูŽู‘ุตุฉ
03:54
to make whatever enzymes we want,
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ู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุฃูŠ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ุŒ
03:55
stuff that's not out there in nature.
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
03:57
And, to me, what's really the fun part
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ุฅู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ูุณู„ู‘ูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ
03:59
is trying to design an enzyme for a new application,
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ
04:02
arranging the atoms just so.
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ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฑุชู‘ุจ.
04:05
The act of taking an enzyme from nature and playing with those amino acids,
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
04:09
tinkering with those letters,
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุฑู‚ูŠุน ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑูุŒ
04:11
putting some letters in, taking some letters out,
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ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู ูˆุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑูุŒ
04:13
maybe rearranging them a little bit,
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ู… ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ
04:15
is a little bit like finding a book
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู…ุซู„ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ูƒุชุงุจ
04:16
and editing a few chapters or changing the ending.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูุตูˆู„ ุฃูˆ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
04:20
In 2018, the Nobel prize in chemistry
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2018ุŒ ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ู†ูˆุจู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก
04:22
was given for the development of this approach,
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ู…ูู†ุญุช ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌุŒ
04:24
which is known as directed evolution.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนุฑู ุจุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ.
04:27
Nowadays, we can harness the powers of directed evolution
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุณุฎูŠุฑ ุทุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุดุฑ
04:31
to design enzymes for custom purposes,
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ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู„ุบุงูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุตูŽู‘ุตุฉุŒ
04:33
and one of these is designing enzymes for doing applications in new areas,
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ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
04:38
like laundry.
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ู…ุซู„ ุบุณูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณ.
04:40
So just as enzymes in your body
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ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ูƒู…
04:41
can help you to break down the food that you eat,
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ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุณุงุนุฏูƒู… ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆู†ู‡ุŒ
04:44
enzymes in your laundry detergent
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ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ููŠ ู…ุณุญูˆู‚ ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุฎุงุตู‘ุชูƒู…
04:45
can help you to break down the stains on your clothes.
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ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุณุงุนุฏูƒู… ููŠ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุจู‚ุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุงุจุณูƒู….
04:49
It turns out that about 90 percent of the energy
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ูŠุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ %90 ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ
04:52
that goes into doing the wash
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„
04:53
is from water heating.
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ู…ู† ุชุณุฎูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
04:55
And that's for good reason --
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุณุจุจ ุฌูŠุฏ.
04:56
the warmer water helps to get your clothes clean.
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ุณุฎุงู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู ู…ู„ุงุจุณูƒู….
04:58
But what if you were able to do the wash in cold water instead?
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชูƒู… ุงู„ุบุณู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏุŸ
05:02
You certainly would save some money,
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ู„ูƒู†ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุณุชูˆูุฑูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงู„
05:03
and in addition to that,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
05:04
according to some calculations done by Procter and Gamble,
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ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ุง ุจุฑูˆูƒุชุฑ ุฃู†ุฏ ุฌุงู…ุจู„ุŒ
05:07
if all households in the US were to do the laundry in cold water,
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ู„ูˆ ู‚ุงู…ุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุจุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏุŒ
05:10
we would save the emissions of 32 metric tons of CO2 each year.
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ุณู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชูˆููŠุฑ 32 ุทู† ู…ุชุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹.
05:15
That's a lot,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ
05:17
that's about the equivalent
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ูŠูƒุงูุฆ
05:18
of the carbon dioxide emitted by 6.3 million cars.
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ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุจุนุซ ู…ู† 6.5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ.
05:21
So, how would we go about designing an enzyme
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ูƒูŠู ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…
05:24
to realize these changes?
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ู„ู†ุญู‚ู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุชุŸ
05:25
Enzymes didn't evolve to clean dirty laundry,
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู… ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ุชู†ุธูู ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฐุฑุŒ
05:28
much less in cold water.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ู„ ุชุทูˆุฑุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏ.
05:30
But we can go to nature, and we can find a starting point.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ.
05:33
We can find an enzyme that has some starting activity,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุจุนุถ ู†ุดุงุทุงุช ุงู„ุจุฏุกุŒ
05:36
some clay that we can work with.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจู‡.
05:37
So this is an example of such an enzyme, right here on the screen.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู† ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ.
05:40
And we can start playing with those amino acids, as I said,
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ูˆุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑุชุŒ
05:43
putting some letters in, taking some letters out,
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ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑูุŒ ูˆุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู.
05:46
rearranging those.
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ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง.
05:47
And in doing so, we can generate thousands of enzymes.
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ูˆุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู†ุชุฌ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
05:50
And we can take those enzymes,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุชุŒ
05:52
and we can test them in little plates like this.
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ูˆุชุฌุฑุจุชู‡ู… ููŠ ู„ูˆุญุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
05:56
So this plate that I'm holding in my hands
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุญู…ู„ู‡ุง ุจูŠุฏุงูŠ
05:59
contains 96 wells,
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ุชุญุชูˆูŠ 96 ุญูุฑุฉุŒ
06:00
and in each well is a piece of fabric with a stain on it.
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ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ุญูุฑุฉ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‚ู…ุงุด ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจู‚ุนุฉ.
06:04
And we can measure how well each of these enzymes
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
06:07
are able to remove the stains from the pieces of fabric,
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ููŠ ู‚ุฏุฑุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู‚ุน ู…ู† ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงุดุŒ
06:10
and in that way see how well it's working.
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ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง.
06:12
And we can do this using robotics,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุชุŒ
06:13
like you'll see in just a second on the screen.
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ูƒู…ุง ุณุชุฑู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ.
06:19
OK, so we do this, and it turns out
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆูŠุชุถุญ ู„ู†ุง
06:21
that some of the enzymes are sort of in the ballpark
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ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹
06:24
of the starting enzyme.
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ู…ู† ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจุฏุก.
06:25
That's nothing to write home about.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู…ูŠุฒ ู„ูŠูุฐูƒุฑ.
06:27
Some are worse, so we get rid of those.
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ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุฃุณูˆุฃุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
06:29
And then some are better.
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ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ุฃูุถู„.
06:30
Those improved ones become our version 1.0s.
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุฑุฉ ุชุตุจุญ ุฅุตุฏุงุฑู†ุง 1.0s.
06:33
Those are the enzymes that we want to carry forward,
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ุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ู…ุถูŠ ุจู‡ุง ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ุŒ
06:36
and we can repeat this cycle again and again.
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ูˆุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒุฑุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ ุชู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
06:38
And it's the repetition of this cycle that lets us come up with a new enzyme,
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ุฅู† ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุจุชูƒุฑ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ุŒ
06:41
something that can do what we want.
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ุดูŠุก ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ.
06:43
And after several cycles of this,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฏูˆุฑุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก
06:45
we did come up with something new.
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ุงุจุชูƒุฑู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
06:47
So you can go to the supermarket today, and you can buy a laundry detergent
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู„ู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ุชุดุชุฑูˆุง ู…ุณุญูˆู‚ ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„
06:50
that lets you do the wash in cold water because of enzymes like this here.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒูู‘ู†ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏ ุจุณุจุจ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
06:54
And I want to show you how this one works too.
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
06:57
So I've got two more tubes here,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุชุงู† ุฅุถุงููŠุชุงู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
06:59
and these are both milk again.
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ูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠุงู† ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
07:02
And let me show you,
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ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃูุฑูŠูƒู…ุŒ
07:03
I've got one that I'm going to add this enzyme to
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ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุถุงูุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ุง
07:06
and one that I'm going to add some water to.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุณุฃุถูŠู ู…ุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
07:08
And that's the control,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู…ุŒ
07:09
so nothing should happen in that tube.
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุฉ.
07:11
You might find it curious that I'm doing this with milk.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุณูŠุซูŠุฑ ูุถูˆู„ูƒู… ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
07:14
But the reason that I'm doing this
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ู„ูƒู† ุณุจุจ ู‚ูŠุงู…ูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง
07:16
is because milk is just loaded with proteins,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
07:19
and it's very easy to see this enzyme working in a protein solution,
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ูˆุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ
07:22
because it's a master protein chopper,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูุฑู…ุฉ ุจุงุฑุนุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
07:25
that's its job.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ู‡.
07:27
So let me get this in here.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุถุน ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง.
07:30
And you know, as I said, it's a master protein chopper
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ูุฑู…ุฉ ุจุงุฑุนุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
07:34
and what you can do is you can extrapolate what it's doing in this milk
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ูˆุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุณุชู‚ุฑุฆูˆุง ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ
07:38
to what it would be doing in your laundry.
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ูˆู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุจุบุณูŠู„ูƒู….
07:40
So this is kind of a way to visualize what would be happening.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุฏุซ.
07:43
OK, so those both went in.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุชู… ูˆุถุน ูƒู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง.
07:46
And I'm going to give this a quick zip as well.
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ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุบู„ู‚ู‡ุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ.
07:55
OK, so we'll let these sit over here with the chymosin sample,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุณู†ุฏุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุน ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู†ุŒ
07:58
so I'm going to come back to those toward the end.
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ู„ุฃุนูˆุฏ ู„ู‡ู… ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
08:03
Well, what's on the horizon for enzyme design?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุณูŠุญุฏุซ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุŸ
08:06
Certainly, it will get it faster --
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ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุŒ ุณุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ -
08:07
there are now approaches for evolving enzymes
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
08:09
that allow researchers to go through far more samples
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู† ุจุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
08:12
than I just showed you.
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ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุทู„ุนุชูƒู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
08:14
And in addition to tinkering with natural enzymes,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ
08:16
like we've been talking about,
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ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ
08:17
some scientists are now trying to design enzymes from scratch,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑุŒ
08:20
using machine learning, an approach from artificial intelligence,
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชูŽุนู„ู‘ูู… ุงู„ุขู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุŒ
08:24
to inform their enzyme designs.
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ู„ุชู…ุฏ ุชุตุงู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุฎุงุตุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
08:26
Still others are adding unnatural amino acids to the mix.
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ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ูŠุถูŠู ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฒูŠุฌ.
08:30
We talked about the 20 natural amino acids,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„20 ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ
08:33
the common amino acids, before --
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ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉุŒ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹
08:34
they're adding unnatural amino acids
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุถูŠููˆู† ุฃุญู…ุงุถุงู‹ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ
08:36
to make enzymes with properties unlike those that could be found in nature.
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ู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู„ุง ุชุดุจู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
08:40
That's a pretty neat area.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุฐูƒูŠ.
08:42
How will designed enzymes affect you in years to come?
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ูƒูŠู ุณุชุคุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุตู…ูŽู‘ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉุŸ
08:46
Well, I want to focus on two areas:
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุณุฃุฑูƒู‘ุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุงู„ูŠู†:
08:48
human health and the environment.
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ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
08:52
Some pharmaceutical companies
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ุจุนุถ ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ
08:53
now have teams that are dedicated to designing enzymes
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู† ูุฑู‚ ู…ุฎุตุตุฉ ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
08:56
to make drugs more efficiently and with fewer toxic catalysts.
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ู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุจู…ุญูุฒุงุช ุณุงู…ุฉ ุฃู‚ู„.
09:00
For example, Januvia,
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ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุฌุงู†ูˆููŠุงุŒ
09:02
which is a medication to treat type 2 diabetes,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฏูˆุงุก ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุŒ
09:04
is made partially with enzymes.
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ุชูุตู†ูŽุน ุฌุฒุฆูŠู‘ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
09:06
The number of drugs made with enzymes is sure to grow in the future.
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ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุตู†ูŽุน ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุณูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
09:10
In another area,
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ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุขุฎุฑุŒ
09:11
there are certain disorders
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช
09:13
in which a single enzyme in a person's body doesn't work properly.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ุง ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ.
09:16
An example of this is called phenylketonuria,
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ูˆู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ููŠู†ูŠู„ ูƒูŠุชูˆู†
09:18
or PKU for short.
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ุฃูˆ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ PKU .
09:20
People with PKU are unable to properly metabolize or digest phenylalanine,
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูŠุถ ุฃูˆ ู‡ุถู… ุงู„ููŠู†ูŠู„ ุฃู„ุงู†ูŠู†ุŒ
09:24
which is one of the 20 common amino acids that we've been talking about.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€20 ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ุดุงุฆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ู….
09:27
The consequence of ingesting phenylalanine for people with PKU
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ุนุงู‚ุจุฉ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ููŠู†ูŠู„ ุฃู„ุงู†ูŠู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจุฉ ุจุจูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ููŠู†ูˆู„ ูƒูŠุชูˆู†
09:31
is that they are subject to permanent intellectual disabilities,
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ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ู…ุนุฑุถูŠู† ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ุฐู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ
09:36
so it's a scary thing to have.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ู…ุฎูŠู.
09:38
Now, those of you with kids --
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู…ู†ูƒู… ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏ
09:40
do you guys have kids, here, which ones have kids?
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ู‡ู„ ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏุŸ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู…ู† ู…ู†ูƒู… ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏุŸ
09:42
A lot of you.
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ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ูƒู….
09:43
So may be familiar with PKUs,
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ูุฑุจู…ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุจูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ููŠู†ูˆู„ ูƒูŠุชูˆู†ุŒ
09:45
because all infants in the US are required to be tested for PKU.
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ู„ุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฑูู‘ุถุน ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุชู… ูุญุตู‡ู… ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ.
09:50
I remember when Anthony, my son, had his heel pricked to test for it.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู… ูุญุต ุงุจู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุชูˆู†ูŠ ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจูˆุฎุฒ ูƒุนุจ ู‚ุฏู…ู‡.
09:54
The big challenge with this is: What do you eat?
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ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ู‡ูˆ: ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุฃูƒู„ุŸ
09:57
Phenylalanine is in so many foods, it's incredibly hard to avoid.
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ููŠู†ูˆู„ ุฃู„ุงู†ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทุนู…ุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุชุฌู†ุจู‡.
10:00
Now, Anthony has a nut allergy, and I thought that was tough,
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ุฃู†ุชูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุญุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูุณุชู‚ุŒ ูˆุงุนุชู‚ุฏุชู ุจุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุตุนุจุงู‹ุŒ
10:03
but PKU's on another level of toughness.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ PKU ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ.
10:06
However, new enzymes may soon enable PKU patients
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุณุชูู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู€ PKU
10:09
to eat whatever they want.
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ุฃู† ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆุง ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู†.
10:11
Recently, the FDA approved an enzyme designed to treat PKU.
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ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงูู‚ุช ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ูุตู…ู… ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ PKU.
10:15
This is big news for patients,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ุŒ
10:17
and it's actually very big news
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ
10:18
for the field of enzyme-replacement therapy more generally,
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ู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุนู…ุŒ
10:21
because there are other targets out there where this would be a good approach.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃู‡ุฏุงู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ู…ุนู‡ุง.
10:26
So that was a little bit about health.
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ.
10:28
Now I'm going to move to the environment.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุณุฃู†ุชู‚ู„ ู„ุฃุชุทุฑู‚ ู„ู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
10:31
When I read about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch --
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃุชู ุนู† ุฑู‚ุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏุฆุŒ
10:33
by the way, that's, like, this huge island of plastic,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ูƒู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุงุฏู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ
10:37
somewhere between California and Hawaii --
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ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ูˆู‡ุงูˆุงูŠ.
10:39
and about microplastics pretty much everywhere,
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ูˆุงู„ู„ุฏุงุฆู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
10:42
it's upsetting.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ูุญุฒู†.
10:43
Plastics aren't going away anytime soon.
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ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ ู„ู† ูŠุฎุชููŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹.
10:45
But enzymes may help us in this area as well.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ุณุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
10:48
Recently, bacteria producing plastic-degrading enzymes were discovered.
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ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู†ุชุฌุฉ ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ.
10:52
Efforts are already underway to design improved versions
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ุงู„ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ุชูุจุฐูŽู„ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ู…ูุทูˆูŽู‘ุฑุฉ
10:55
of these enzymes.
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
10:56
At the same time, there are enzymes that have been discovered
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ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง
10:59
and that are being optimized
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ูˆูŠุชู… ุงู„ุขู† ุชุญุณูŠู†ู‡ุง
11:00
to make non-petroleum-derived biodegradable plastics.
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ู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ ู…ูุดุชูŽู‚ ู…ู† ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุจุชุฑูˆู„ูŠ ูˆู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุญู„ู‘ู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ.
11:05
Enzymes may also offer some help in capturing greenhouse gases,
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุชู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุฏููŠุฆุฉ
11:08
such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
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ู…ุซู„ ุบุงุฒ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ูˆุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฒ.
11:12
Now, there is no doubt, these are major challenges,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุดูƒุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
11:14
and none of them are easy.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุณู‡ู„.
11:16
But our ability to harness enzymes may help us to tackle these in the future,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุณุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุณุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุŒ
11:21
so I think that's another area to be looking forward.
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู†ุชุทู„ู‘ุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
11:23
So now I'm going to get back to the demo --
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุณุฃุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ
11:25
this is the fun part.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ุณู„ูŠ.
11:26
So we'll start with the chymosin samples.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุณู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู†.
11:31
So let me get these over here.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุถุน ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง.
11:33
And you can see here,
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ูˆุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง
11:35
this is the one that got the water,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒ
11:36
so nothing should happen to this milk.
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
11:38
This is the one that got the chymosin.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูˆูŠ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูˆุณูŠู†.
11:41
So you can see that it totally clarified up here.
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ูุตูŽูู‘ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰.
11:43
There's all this curdled stuff, that's cheese,
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ูุชุฎุซูู‘ุฑุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจู†ุŒ
11:45
we just made cheese in the last few minutes.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆ ุจุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฌุจู† ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚.
11:48
So this is that reaction
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„
11:49
that people have been doing for thousands and thousands of years.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนุจุฑ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
11:52
I'm thinking about doing this one at our next Kids to Work Day demo
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ุฃููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุนุฑุถ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„
11:55
but they can be a tough crowd, so we'll see.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุญุดุฏุงู‹ ู…ุดุงูƒุณุงู‹ุŒ ุณู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
11:57
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
11:59
And then the other one I want to look at is this one.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡.
12:02
So this is the enzyme for doing your laundry.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠูุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุบุณูŠู„ูƒู….
12:06
And you can see that it's different than the one that has the water added.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูุถูŠููŽ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
12:09
It's kind of clarifying,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุงุŒ
12:11
and that's just what you want for an enzyme in your laundry,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุบุณูŠู„ูƒู…ุŒ
12:13
because you want to be able to have an enzyme
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…
12:16
that can be a protein chowhound, just chew them up,
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ู…ููˆู„ูŽุน ุจุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ูู‚ุท ุจุงู„ุชู‡ุงู…ู‡ุŒ
12:19
because you're going to get different protein stains on your clothes,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู…ู„ุงุจุณูƒู… ุณุชุชุนุฑู‘ุถ ู„ุจู‚ุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†
12:22
like chocolate milk or grass stains, for example,
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ู…ุซู„ ุญู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ุดูˆูƒูˆู„ุงุชุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุจู‚ุน ุนุดุจูŠุฉ
12:24
and something like this is going to help you get them off.
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ูˆุดูŠุก ูƒู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠุณุงุนุฏูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ู‘ุต ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
12:27
And this is also going to be the thing that allows you
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู‘ู†ูƒู…
12:30
to do the wash in cold water, reduce your carbon footprint
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุบุณูŠู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏ ูˆุชุฎููŠู ุจุตู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฎุงุตุชูƒู…
12:32
and save you some money.
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ูˆุชูˆููŠุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒู….
12:36
Well, we've come a long way,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฌุชุฒู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ
12:38
considering this 7,000-year journey from enzymes in cheese making
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ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑุญู„ุฉ 7,000 ุณู†ุฉ ุจุฏุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ููŠ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฌุจู†
12:43
to the present day and enzyme design.
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑ ูˆุชุตู…ูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู….
12:45
We're really at a creative crossroads,
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ู†ุญู† ุญู‚ู‘ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ูุชุฑู‚ ุทุฑู‚ ู…ุจุฏุนุŒ
12:47
and with enzymes, can edit what nature wrote
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ูˆุจุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุชุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ู…ุง ูƒุชุจุชู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ
12:51
or write our own stories with amino acids.
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ุฃูˆ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู‚ุตุตู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
12:54
So next time you're outdoors on a muggy night
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ููŠ ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุญุงุฑู‘ุฉ
12:58
and you see a firefly,
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ูˆุชุฑูŽูˆู† ุงู„ูŠุฑุงุนุงุชุŒ
12:59
I hope you think of enzymes.
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ุขู…ู„ ุฃู† ุชููƒุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
13:01
They're doing amazing things for us today.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ู„ุตุงู„ุญู†ุง.
13:03
And by design,
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู…ุŒ
13:05
they could be doing even more amazing things tomorrow.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุบุฏุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑูˆุนุฉ.
13:07
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
13:08
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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