What is the universe expanding into? - Sajan Saini

1,794,709 views ・ 2018-09-06

TED-Ed


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:06
The universe began its cosmic life in a big bang
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宇宙的生命,開始於大爆炸,
00:10
nearly fourteen billion years ago,
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大約發生在 140 億年前,
00:12
and has been expanding ever since.
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且從此之後就不斷擴張。
00:15
But what is it expanding into?
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但,它會擴張到哪裡去?
00:18
That's a complicated question.
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那是個複雜的問題。
00:21
Here's why:
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原因如下:
愛因斯坦的廣義相對論方程式
00:23
Einstein's equations of general relativity
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00:25
describe space and time as a kind of inter-connected
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把空間和時間描述成
一種相互連結的宇宙構造。
00:29
fabric for the universe.
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00:31
This means that what we know of as space and time
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意思就是說,我們對於 空間和時間所知的一切,
都只是宇宙的一部分, 存在於宇宙中,不是宇宙外。
00:35
exist only as part of the universe and not beyond it.
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00:38
Now, when everyday objects expand, they move out
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當日常的物品擴張的時候,
它們會向外移動到更多的空間中。
00:42
into more space.
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00:43
But if there is no such thing as space to expand into,
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但如果沒有更多的空間 可以擴張下去,
00:47
what does expanding even mean?
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那擴張又是什麼意思呢?
00:50
In 1929 Edwin Hubble's astronomy observations
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1929 年,愛德溫哈伯的天文觀察
00:54
gave us a definitive answer.
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給了我們決定性的答案。
00:57
His survey of the night sky found all faraway galaxies
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他對於夜空的調查發現 所有的遙遠銀河
01:00
recede, or move away, from the Earth.
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都會後退,或是說遠離地球。
01:03
Moreover, the further the galaxy, the faster it recedes.
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此外,越遠的銀河, 後退的速度越快。
01:08
How can we interpret this?
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我們要如何詮釋這項觀察?
01:10
Consider a loaf of raisin bread rising in the oven.
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想想看,有一條葡萄乾 麵包在爐中發酵。
01:14
The batter rises by the same amount in between each
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麵糊的發酵依據的就是
每兩個葡萄乾之間的量。
01:18
and every raisin.
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01:19
If we think of raisins as a stand-in for galaxies,
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如果我們把葡萄乾比喻成銀河,
01:22
and batter as the space between them,
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麵糊是銀河之間的空間,
01:25
we can imagine that the stretching or expansion
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我們就可以想像, 兩個銀河之間的空間
01:28
of intergalactic space will make the galaxies recede from each other,
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若延伸或擴張,就會讓 這兩個銀河退開遠離彼此,
01:32
and for any galaxy, its faraway neighbors will recede a larger
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對任何銀河而言,在同樣的 時間內,比起相近的鄰居,
01:37
distance than the nearby ones
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遙遠的鄰居會退開的 距離就比較大。
01:39
in the same amount of time.
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01:41
Sure enough, the equations of general relativity predict a cosmic
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當然,廣義相對論的方程式預測
01:46
tug-of-war between gravity and expansion.
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在引力和擴張之間 會發生宇宙拔河。
01:49
It's only in the dark void between galaxies where expansion wins out,
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只有在銀河之間的黑暗空間內,
擴張才會勝出,空間才會延伸。
01:54
and space stretches.
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01:55
So there's our answer.
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所以,我們的答案是:
01:58
The universe is expanding unto itself.
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宇宙會擴張到它自己裡面。
02:01
That said, cosmologists are pushing the limits of mathematical models
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然而,宇宙學家還在 將數學模型的極限向外推,
02:06
to speculate on what, if anything, exists beyond our spacetime.
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來推斷在我們的空間時間之外 有什麼存在(如果有的話)。
02:11
These aren't wild guesses, but hypotheses that tackle
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這些不是瞎猜, 而是假設,為了處理
02:15
kinks in the scientific theory of the Big Bang.
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大爆炸科學理論中的 扭曲而做的假設。
02:18
The Big Bang predicts matter to be distributed evenly across the universe,
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大爆炸預測物質會平均地 分佈到整個宇宙,
02:23
as a sparse gas --but then, how did galaxies and stars come to be?
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以稀疏氣體的形式散播,
但,這樣的話,銀河 和星星又是怎麼生成的?
02:28
The inflationary model describes a brief era
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膨脹模型就描述了
一個非常快速擴張的簡短時代,
02:32
of incredibly rapid expansion
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02:34
that relates quantum fluctuations in the energy of the early universe,
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讓早期宇宙能量中的 量子擾動與氣體塊的形成
02:38
to the formation of clumps of gas that eventually led to galaxies.
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拉上關係,最終, 這些氣體塊造成了銀河。
02:42
If we accept this paradigm, it may also imply our universe represents
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如果我們接受這個範式, 那可能也意味著我們的宇宙代表
02:47
one region in a greater cosmic reality that undergoes endless, eternal inflation.
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一個更大的宇宙現實 當中的一個區域,
而這個更大的宇宙正在 經歷無盡、永恆的膨脹。
02:53
We know nothing of this speculative inflating reality,
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我們完全不了解這個 推測出來的膨脹現實,
02:57
save for the mathematical prediction that its endless expansion
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我們只有數學預測, 預測這無止境的擴張
03:01
may be driven by an unstable quantum energy state.
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可能是由一個不穩定的 量子能量狀態所驅動的。
03:04
In many local regions, however, the energy may settle by random
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然而,在許多當地的區域, 能量可能會隨機地安頓下來,
03:09
chance into a stable state, stopping inflation and forming bubble universes.
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進入穩定的狀態,不再膨脹, 也不再形成泡泡宇宙。
03:15
Each bubble universe —ours being one of them
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每一個泡泡宇宙—— 我們的宇宙是其中之一——
03:18
—would be described by its own Big Bang and laws of physics.
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可以用它自己的大爆炸 和物理法則來描述。
03:21
Our universe would be part of a greater multiverse,
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我們的宇宙只是更大的 多重宇宙的一部分,
03:25
in which the fantastic rate of eternal inflation makes it impossible
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在多重宇宙中, 永恆膨脹的驚人速度
讓我們沒機會遇到 任何一個鄰接的宇宙。
03:29
for us to encounter a neighbor universe.
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03:31
The Big Bang also predicts that in the early, hot universe, our fundamental forces
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大爆炸也預測,在早期高溫的 宇宙中,我們的基本「力」
03:37
may unify into one super-force.
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可能會統一成一股超級力。
03:40
Mathematical string theories suggest descriptions of this unification,
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數學弦理論中,除了亞原子夸克
03:44
in addition to a fundamental structure for sub-atomic quarks and electrons.
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和電子的基礎結構之外, 也描述了這種統一。
03:49
In these proposed models, vibrating strings are the building blocks of the universe.
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在這些被提出的模型中, 震動的弦是建造宇宙的積木。
03:54
Competing models for strings have now been consolidated into a unified description,
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其他競爭的弦模型現在已經 被整合成了統一的描述,
03:59
and suggest these structures may interact with massive, higher dimensional surfaces called branes.
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指出這些結構 可能會和「膜」互相影響,
膜就是更高質量高維度的表面。
04:06
Our universe may be contained within one such brane,
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我們的宇宙可能就是 在一個這樣的膜當中,
04:09
floating in an unknown higher dimensional place, playfully named “the bulk,” or hyperspace.
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漂浮在一個更高維度的未知之地,
它有個有趣的名字 叫「體」,或超空間。
04:16
Other branes—containing other types of universes—may co-exist in hyperspace,
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其他的膜—— 內含其他類型的宇宙——
可能也共同存在於超空間中,
04:22
and neighboring branes may even share certain fundamental forces like gravity.
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而相鄰的膜可能還會共享 某些基礎的力,比如引力。
04:27
Both eternal inflation and branes describe a multiverse,
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永恆的膨脹以及膜, 都是在描述一個多種宇宙,
04:31
but while universes in eternal inflation are isolated, brane universes could bump into each other.
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但,雖然永恆膨脹的 宇宙是孤立的,
膜宇宙則有可能會相撞。
04:37
An echo of such a collision may appear in the cosmic microwave background
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每一次這類的碰撞的回響都可能會 出現在宇宙微波背景中——
04:42
—a soup of radiation throughout our universe, that’s a relic from an early Big Bang era.
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也就是從早期大爆炸時殘留下來, 遍及我們的整個宇宙中的輻射。
04:46
So far, though, we’ve found no such cosmic echo.
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不過,目前我們還沒有 找到這種宇宙回響。
04:50
Some suspect these differing multiverse hypotheses may eventually coalesce into a common description,
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有些人懷疑 這些不同的多種宇宙假設
最終可能會結合成一個共同假設,
04:57
or be replaced by something else.
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或是被其他說法取代。
04:59
As it stands now, they’re speculative explorations of mathematical models.
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在目前的情況下, 它們僅是數學模型的推測探究。
05:04
While these models are inspired and guided by many scientific experiments,
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雖然這些模型的靈感和引導 是來自許多科學實驗,
05:09
there are very few objective experiments to directly test them, yet.
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卻很少有客觀的實驗 來直接測試這些模型。
05:13
Until the next Edwin Hubble comes along,
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在下一個愛德溫哈伯出現之前,
05:15
scientists will likely be left to argue about the elegance of their competing models…
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科學家很可能會要繼續爭論 他們各自的競爭模型的精確性。
05:20
and continue to dream about what, if anything, lies beyond our universe.
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並持續夢想著
在我們的宇宙之外 有什麼(如果有的話)。
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