Zumbi: The last king of Palmares - Marc Adam Hertzman & Flavio dos Santos Gomes

209,213 views ・ 2022-12-13

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Sarah Chow 校对人员: Yan Li Xiao
00:06
During the 1600s, an expansive autonomous settlement called Palmares
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17世纪,巴西东北部辽阔的 帕尔马雷斯(Palmares)自治区
00:12
reached its height in northeastern Brazil.
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进入了鼎盛时期。
00:15
It was founded and led by people escaping from slavery, also called maroons.
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该自治区是由黑人 逃亡奴隶建立和领导的。
00:21
In fact, it was one of the world’s largest maroon communities,
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事实上,这是世界上 最大的逃亡黑奴聚居地之一,
00:24
its population reaching beyond 10,000.
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总人口数超过一万。
00:28
And its citizens were at constant war with colonial forces.
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当时,帕尔马雷斯居民 与殖民军队之间争战不断。
00:32
The records we have about Palmares mainly come from biased
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目前关于帕尔马雷斯的记录 主要来源于
00:36
Dutch and Portuguese sources,
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荷兰人和葡萄牙人片面的记载,
00:38
but historians have managed to piece much of its story together.
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但历史学家仍然设法拼凑出了 在这里发生的大部分故事。
00:42
During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 1500s,
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始于 16 世纪的 跨大西洋奴隶贸易期间,
00:47
nearly half of all enslaved African people were sent
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有将近一半的非洲奴隶被送往
00:51
to Portugal’s American colony: Brazil.
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葡萄牙在美洲的殖民地:巴西。
00:54
Some escaped and sought shelter in Brazil’s interior regions,
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一些人逃到巴西的 内陆地区寻求庇护,
00:58
where they formed settlements called mocambos or quilombos.
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在那里建立起一个个被称为 “逃奴堡”(mocambo/quilombo)的逃奴营地。
01:03
Fugitives from slavery probably arrived in the northeast in the late 1500s.
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这些逃亡奴隶很可能是 16 世纪末抵达巴西东北部的。
01:08
By the 1660s, their camps had consolidated
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17 世纪 60 年代, 各个逃奴营地联合起来,
01:12
into a powerful confederation known today as the Quilombo of Palmares.
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组成一个强有力的联盟,史称 “帕尔马雷斯共和国”(Quilombo of Palmares)。
01:18
It consisted of a central capital linking dozens of villages,
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该联盟由一个中央首都 和数十个聚落组成,
01:21
which specialized in particular agricultural goods
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这些聚落要么负责 生产特定的农产品,
01:24
or served as military training grounds.
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要么被用作军事训练场地。
01:27
Citizens of Palmares, or Palmaristas, were governed by a king
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帕尔马雷斯人由国王统治,
01:32
and defended by an organized military.
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并由一支组织有序的军队保护。
01:35
African people and Brazilian-born Black and Indigenous people
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非洲人、巴西出生的黑人以及原住民
01:39
all came seeking refuge.
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都来到帕尔马雷斯寻求避难。
01:41
They collectively fished, hunted, raised livestock,
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他们一起捕鱼、打猎、畜牧、
01:44
planted orchards, and grew crops like cassava, corn, and sugarcane.
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建造果园,以及种植木薯、 玉米和甘蔗等农作物。
01:50
They also made use of the abundant palm trees for which Palmares was named,
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他们也充分利用当地大量的棕榈树, (“帕尔马雷斯”也就是“棕榈”的意思)
01:54
turning palm products into butter, wine, and light.
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把棕榈产品制成黄油、 葡萄酒和燃油灯。
01:58
Palmaristas crafted palm husks into pipes and leaves into mats and baskets.
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帕尔马雷斯人也把棕榈皮制成烟斗, 把棕榈叶制成垫子和篮子。
02:04
They traded some of these goods with Portuguese settlers
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他们用这些制品中的一部分 与葡萄牙移民者进行物物交换,
02:08
for products like gunpowder and salt.
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以换取火药和盐等产品。
02:11
In turn, settlers avoided Palmares’ raids
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反过来,葡萄牙移民者则可以 避免遭受帕尔马雷斯的突袭,
02:14
during which they’d seize weapons and take captives.
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帕尔马雷斯人会在突袭中 缴获武器并囚禁战俘。
02:18
The Portuguese were concerned with other invading imperialists,
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葡萄牙人虽然也担心 其他帝国主义殖民者的攻击,
02:22
but regarded Indigenous uprisings and Palmares
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但他们把原住民起义和帕尔马雷斯
02:26
as their internal threats.
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视作内部威胁,
02:28
Palmares endangered the very institution of slavery—
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因为帕尔马雷斯威胁到 他们维护的奴隶制——
02:31
the foundation of Brazil's economy.
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该制度是巴西经济的基础。
02:34
During the 1670s, the Portuguese escalated their attacks.
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17 世纪 70 年代, 葡萄牙人加大了攻击力度。
02:39
By this time, Ganga-Zumba was Palmares’ leader.
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当时,甘加·赞巴(Ganga-Zumba) 是帕尔马雷斯的领导人。
02:42
He ruled from the Macaco, which functioned as the capital.
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他坐镇首都马卡科,施行统治。
02:46
His allies and family members governed the other villages—
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其他聚落则由 他的盟友及亲属管理——
02:50
with women playing crucial roles in operation and defense.
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其中,女性在聚落经营 和防御方面发挥了关键作用。
02:54
As they fought the Portuguese, Palmaristas used the landscape to their advantage.
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帕尔马雷斯人利用 地形优势与葡萄牙人作战。
02:59
Camouflaged and built in high places, their mocambos offered superior lookouts.
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他们各处的“逃奴堡”隐蔽在丛林中, 又建在高处,相当于视野极佳的瞭望台。
03:04
They constructed hidden ditches lined with sharp stakes
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他们挖凿沟渠, 在里面放上锋利的木桩并隐藏好。
03:08
that swallowed unsuspecting soldiers and false roads that led to ambushes.
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这些暗渠让没有防备的敌军深陷其中。 帕尔马雷斯人还修假路,把敌军引入埋伏。
03:15
They launched counterattacks under the cover of night
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他们趁着夜色进行反击,
03:18
and were constantly abandoning and building settlements
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经常需要离开旧的住所, 去建立新的定居点
03:21
to elude the Portuguese.
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以躲避葡萄牙人。
03:24
In 1678, after years of failed attacks,
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1678 年,葡萄牙人 多年的袭击均以失败告终,
03:27
the Portuguese offered to negotiate a peace treaty with Ganga-Zumba.
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于是提出与甘加·赞巴和谈。
03:32
The terms they agreed upon recognized Palmares’ independence
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双方商议的和平条约承认 帕尔马雷斯获得独立,
03:36
and the freedom of anyone born there.
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同时承认在那里出生的人 拥有自由身份。
03:39
However, the treaty demanded that Palmares pledge loyalty to the crown
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然而,条约要求帕尔马雷斯 向葡萄牙国王宣誓效忠,
03:43
and return all past and future fugitives from slavery.
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并交出所有过去和以后的逃亡奴隶。
03:49
Many Palmaristas dissented,
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许多帕尔马雷斯人提出异议,
03:51
among them Zumbi— Ganga-Zumba’s nephew— a rising leader himself.
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其中包括新兴领袖赞比(Zumbi), 他是甘加·赞巴的侄子。
03:56
Before long, Ganga-Zumba was killed,
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不久之后,甘加·赞巴被杀,
03:59
likely by a group affiliated with his nephew.
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他可能是被赞比的部下所杀。
04:02
As Palmares’ new leader, Zumbi rejected the treaty
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作为帕尔马雷斯的新领导人, 赞比拒绝接受和平条约,
04:05
and resumed resistance for another 15 years.
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并与葡萄牙人又抗争了 15 年。
04:09
But in February of 1694,
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但是 1694 年 2 月,
04:12
the Portuguese captured the capital after a devastating siege.
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葡萄牙人发动了一场围攻,占领了 首都马卡科,给帕尔马雷斯带来致命一击。
04:17
Zumbi escaped, but they eventually found and ambushed him.
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战败后,赞比虽然暂时逃脱, 但他最后还是被葡萄牙人发现,惨遭伏击。
04:21
And on November 20th, 1695, Portuguese forces killed Zumbi.
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1695 年 11 月 20 日, 赞比最终被葡萄牙军队所杀。
04:27
His death was not the end of Palmares, but it was a crushing blow.
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虽然赞比的死尚未导致帕尔马雷斯灭亡, 但这却是一个毁灭性的打击。
04:31
After years of warfare, there were far fewer rebels in the area.
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经过多年的战争,在帕尔马雷斯 发动起义的人数大大减少。
04:36
Those who remained rallied around new leaders and maintained a presence,
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帕尔马雷斯的新领导人 把剩下的居民团结起来。
04:40
however small, through the 1760s.
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虽然人数不多,但整个 18 世纪 60 年代 都仍然能看到他们的身影。
04:43
Though, Palmares is no more thousands of other quilombos persist to this day.
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尽管如此,不同于其他众多有幸留存至今的 “逃奴堡”,帕尔马雷斯早已不复存在。
04:49
November 20th, the day of Zumbi’s death, is celebrated across Brazil
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如今,巴西把赞比牺牲 的 11 月 20 日设立为
04:54
as the Day of Black Consciousness.
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黑人觉醒日。
04:57
But Zumbi was just one of many Palmaristas.
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但赞比只是 众多帕尔马雷斯人中的一员。
05:00
We only know some of their names,
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我们只知道其中一些 帕尔马雷斯人的名字,
05:02
but their fight for freedom echoes centuries later.
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但他们为自由而战的呼声 依然在几个世纪后的今天回响。
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