Zumbi: The last king of Palmares - Marc Adam Hertzman & Flavio dos Santos Gomes

翻译人员: Sarah Chow 校对人员: Yan Li Xiao

During the 1600s, an expansive autonomous settlement called Palmares

17世纪，巴西东北部辽阔的 帕尔马雷斯（Palmares）自治区

reached its height in northeastern Brazil.

进入了鼎盛时期。

It was founded and led by people escaping from slavery, also called maroons.

该自治区是由黑人 逃亡奴隶建立和领导的。

In fact, it was one of the world’s largest maroon communities,

事实上，这是世界上 最大的逃亡黑奴聚居地之一，

its population reaching beyond 10,000.

总人口数超过一万。

And its citizens were at constant war with colonial forces.

当时，帕尔马雷斯居民 与殖民军队之间争战不断。

The records we have about Palmares mainly come from biased

目前关于帕尔马雷斯的记录 主要来源于

Dutch and Portuguese sources,

荷兰人和葡萄牙人片面的记载，

but historians have managed to piece much of its story together.

但历史学家仍然设法拼凑出了 在这里发生的大部分故事。

During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 1500s,

始于 16 世纪的 跨大西洋奴隶贸易期间，

nearly half of all enslaved African people were sent

有将近一半的非洲奴隶被送往

to Portugal’s American colony: Brazil.

葡萄牙在美洲的殖民地：巴西。

Some escaped and sought shelter in Brazil’s interior regions,

一些人逃到巴西的 内陆地区寻求庇护，

where they formed settlements called mocambos or quilombos.

在那里建立起一个个被称为 “逃奴堡”（mocambo/quilombo）的逃奴营地。

Fugitives from slavery probably arrived in the northeast in the late 1500s.

这些逃亡奴隶很可能是 16 世纪末抵达巴西东北部的。

By the 1660s, their camps had consolidated

17 世纪 60 年代， 各个逃奴营地联合起来，

into a powerful confederation known today as the Quilombo of Palmares.

组成一个强有力的联盟，史称 “帕尔马雷斯共和国”（Quilombo of Palmares）。

It consisted of a central capital linking dozens of villages,

该联盟由一个中央首都 和数十个聚落组成，

which specialized in particular agricultural goods

这些聚落要么负责 生产特定的农产品，

or served as military training grounds.

要么被用作军事训练场地。

Citizens of Palmares, or Palmaristas, were governed by a king

帕尔马雷斯人由国王统治，

and defended by an organized military.

并由一支组织有序的军队保护。

African people and Brazilian-born Black and Indigenous people

非洲人、巴西出生的黑人以及原住民

all came seeking refuge.

都来到帕尔马雷斯寻求避难。

They collectively fished, hunted, raised livestock,

他们一起捕鱼、打猎、畜牧、

planted orchards, and grew crops like cassava, corn, and sugarcane.

建造果园，以及种植木薯、 玉米和甘蔗等农作物。

They also made use of the abundant palm trees for which Palmares was named,

他们也充分利用当地大量的棕榈树， （“帕尔马雷斯”也就是“棕榈”的意思）

turning palm products into butter, wine, and light.

把棕榈产品制成黄油、 葡萄酒和燃油灯。

Palmaristas crafted palm husks into pipes and leaves into mats and baskets.

帕尔马雷斯人也把棕榈皮制成烟斗， 把棕榈叶制成垫子和篮子。

They traded some of these goods with Portuguese settlers

他们用这些制品中的一部分 与葡萄牙移民者进行物物交换，

for products like gunpowder and salt.

以换取火药和盐等产品。

In turn, settlers avoided Palmares’ raids

反过来，葡萄牙移民者则可以 避免遭受帕尔马雷斯的突袭，

during which they’d seize weapons and take captives.

帕尔马雷斯人会在突袭中 缴获武器并囚禁战俘。

The Portuguese were concerned with other invading imperialists,

葡萄牙人虽然也担心 其他帝国主义殖民者的攻击，

but regarded Indigenous uprisings and Palmares

但他们把原住民起义和帕尔马雷斯

as their internal threats.

视作内部威胁，

Palmares endangered the very institution of slavery—

因为帕尔马雷斯威胁到 他们维护的奴隶制——

the foundation of Brazil's economy.

该制度是巴西经济的基础。

During the 1670s, the Portuguese escalated their attacks.

17 世纪 70 年代， 葡萄牙人加大了攻击力度。

By this time, Ganga-Zumba was Palmares’ leader.

当时，甘加·赞巴（Ganga-Zumba） 是帕尔马雷斯的领导人。

He ruled from the Macaco, which functioned as the capital.

他坐镇首都马卡科，施行统治。

His allies and family members governed the other villages—

其他聚落则由 他的盟友及亲属管理——

with women playing crucial roles in operation and defense.

其中，女性在聚落经营 和防御方面发挥了关键作用。

As they fought the Portuguese, Palmaristas used the landscape to their advantage.

帕尔马雷斯人利用 地形优势与葡萄牙人作战。

Camouflaged and built in high places, their mocambos offered superior lookouts.

他们各处的“逃奴堡”隐蔽在丛林中， 又建在高处，相当于视野极佳的瞭望台。

They constructed hidden ditches lined with sharp stakes

他们挖凿沟渠， 在里面放上锋利的木桩并隐藏好。

that swallowed unsuspecting soldiers and false roads that led to ambushes.

这些暗渠让没有防备的敌军深陷其中。 帕尔马雷斯人还修假路，把敌军引入埋伏。

They launched counterattacks under the cover of night

他们趁着夜色进行反击，

and were constantly abandoning and building settlements

经常需要离开旧的住所， 去建立新的定居点

to elude the Portuguese.

以躲避葡萄牙人。

In 1678, after years of failed attacks,

1678 年，葡萄牙人 多年的袭击均以失败告终，

the Portuguese offered to negotiate a peace treaty with Ganga-Zumba.

于是提出与甘加·赞巴和谈。

The terms they agreed upon recognized Palmares’ independence

双方商议的和平条约承认 帕尔马雷斯获得独立，

and the freedom of anyone born there.

同时承认在那里出生的人 拥有自由身份。

However, the treaty demanded that Palmares pledge loyalty to the crown

然而，条约要求帕尔马雷斯 向葡萄牙国王宣誓效忠，

and return all past and future fugitives from slavery.

并交出所有过去和以后的逃亡奴隶。

Many Palmaristas dissented,

许多帕尔马雷斯人提出异议，

among them Zumbi— Ganga-Zumba’s nephew— a rising leader himself.

其中包括新兴领袖赞比（Zumbi）， 他是甘加·赞巴的侄子。

Before long, Ganga-Zumba was killed,

不久之后，甘加·赞巴被杀，

likely by a group affiliated with his nephew.

他可能是被赞比的部下所杀。

As Palmares’ new leader, Zumbi rejected the treaty

作为帕尔马雷斯的新领导人， 赞比拒绝接受和平条约，

and resumed resistance for another 15 years.

并与葡萄牙人又抗争了 15 年。

But in February of 1694,

但是 1694 年 2 月，

the Portuguese captured the capital after a devastating siege.

葡萄牙人发动了一场围攻，占领了 首都马卡科，给帕尔马雷斯带来致命一击。

Zumbi escaped, but they eventually found and ambushed him.

战败后，赞比虽然暂时逃脱， 但他最后还是被葡萄牙人发现，惨遭伏击。

And on November 20th, 1695, Portuguese forces killed Zumbi.

1695 年 11 月 20 日， 赞比最终被葡萄牙军队所杀。

His death was not the end of Palmares, but it was a crushing blow.

虽然赞比的死尚未导致帕尔马雷斯灭亡， 但这却是一个毁灭性的打击。

After years of warfare, there were far fewer rebels in the area.

经过多年的战争，在帕尔马雷斯 发动起义的人数大大减少。

Those who remained rallied around new leaders and maintained a presence,

帕尔马雷斯的新领导人 把剩下的居民团结起来。

however small, through the 1760s.

虽然人数不多，但整个 18 世纪 60 年代 都仍然能看到他们的身影。

Though, Palmares is no more thousands of other quilombos persist to this day.

尽管如此，不同于其他众多有幸留存至今的 “逃奴堡”，帕尔马雷斯早已不复存在。

November 20th, the day of Zumbi’s death, is celebrated across Brazil

如今，巴西把赞比牺牲 的 11 月 20 日设立为

as the Day of Black Consciousness.

黑人觉醒日。

But Zumbi was just one of many Palmaristas.

但赞比只是 众多帕尔马雷斯人中的一员。

We only know some of their names,

我们只知道其中一些 帕尔马雷斯人的名字，

but their fight for freedom echoes centuries later.

但他们为自由而战的呼声 依然在几个世纪后的今天回响。