Zumbi: The last king of Palmares - Marc Adam Hertzman & Flavio dos Santos Gomes

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

During the 1600s, an expansive autonomous settlement called Palmares

1600 年代，在巴西 東北部的遼闊自治聚居地，

帕爾馬里斯進入到了頂盛時期。

reached its height in northeastern Brazil.

It was founded and led by people escaping from slavery, also called maroons.

成立和領導帕爾馬里斯的

是逃離奴隸制度的逃亡黑奴。

In fact, it was one of the world’s largest maroon communities,

事實上，這是世界上最大的 逃亡黑奴聚居地之一，

its population reaching beyond 10,000.

其人口數超過一萬。

And its citizens were at constant war with colonial forces.

而其居民經常與殖民軍隊交戰。

The records we have about Palmares mainly come from biased

關於帕爾馬里斯，我們 能找到的記錄主要都來自

Dutch and Portuguese sources,

有偏見的荷蘭及葡萄牙來源，

but historians have managed to piece much of its story together.

但歷史學家仍然設法 大致拼湊出它的故事。

During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 1500s,

跨大西洋奴隸貿易始於 1500 年代，在貿易期間，

nearly half of all enslaved African people were sent

被奴役的非洲人有近一半

被送到葡萄牙在美洲的 殖民地：巴西。

to Portugal’s American colony: Brazil.

Some escaped and sought shelter in Brazil’s interior regions,

有些人逃走了，在巴西 內部的地區尋找庇護，

where they formed settlements called mocambos or quilombos.

他們在那些地方形成聚居地， 稱為莫康柏或奇拉姆柏。

Fugitives from slavery probably arrived in the northeast in the late 1500s.

逃離的奴隸可能是在 1500 年代末底達東北部的，

By the 1660s, their camps had consolidated

到了 1660 年代， 他們的營地鞏固了，

into a powerful confederation known today as the Quilombo of Palmares.

成為強大的聯邦，即現今所知的 帕爾馬里斯聚居地。

It consisted of a central capital linking dozens of villages,

它有一個中央首都， 連結數十個村落，

which specialized in particular agricultural goods

村落專門從事生產特定的農業產品，

or served as military training grounds.

或當作軍事訓練地來使用。

Citizens of Palmares, or Palmaristas, were governed by a king

帕爾馬里斯的居民，亦稱帕爾馬里斯人

由一位國王統治，

and defended by an organized military.

並受到一支有組織的軍隊保護。

African people and Brazilian-born Black and Indigenous people

非洲人以及在巴西 出生的黑人和原住民

all came seeking refuge.

都來此尋求庇護。

They collectively fished, hunted, raised livestock,

他們一起捕魚、打獵、飼養家畜、

planted orchards, and grew crops like cassava, corn, and sugarcane.

栽種果園，

並種植作物，如樹薯、 玉米，及甘蔗。

They also made use of the abundant palm trees for which Palmares was named,

他們亦善用充足的棕櫚樹， 也是帕爾馬里斯名稱的由來，

turning palm products into butter, wine, and light.

他們將棕櫚產品製成 奶油、葡萄酒，和燈光。

Palmaristas crafted palm husks into pipes and leaves into mats and baskets.

帕爾馬里斯人將棕櫚樹皮製成煙斗，

樹葉製成墊子和籃子。

They traded some of these goods with Portuguese settlers

這些產品有部分被他們拿去 和葡萄牙移居者交易，

for products like gunpowder and salt.

換取如火藥和鹽等產品。

In turn, settlers avoided Palmares’ raids

反過來，移居者則可避開 帕爾馬里斯的襲擊，

during which they’d seize weapons and take captives.

在襲擊中，他們會 奪取武器並捉取俘虜。

The Portuguese were concerned with other invading imperialists,

其他的入侵帝國主義者 會讓葡萄牙人不安，

but regarded Indigenous uprisings and Palmares

但將原住民起義和帕爾馬里斯視為

as their internal threats.

他們的內部威脅。

Palmares endangered the very institution of slavery—

帕爾馬里斯危害到了奴隸制度——

the foundation of Brazil's economy.

該制度是巴西經濟的基礎。

During the 1670s, the Portuguese escalated their attacks.

1670 年代，葡萄牙人的攻擊加劇。

By this time, Ganga-Zumba was Palmares’ leader.

此時，

帕爾馬里斯的領導者是甘加‧尊巴。

He ruled from the Macaco, which functioned as the capital.

他從首都的馬卡科來統治。

His allies and family members governed the other villages—

他的盟友及親人管理其他村落——

with women playing crucial roles in operation and defense.

女性在營運和防禦方面 扮演關鍵的角色。

As they fought the Portuguese, Palmaristas used the landscape to their advantage.

當他們對抗葡萄牙人時，

帕爾馬里斯人善用 他們的地景來提高優勢。

Camouflaged and built in high places, their mocambos offered superior lookouts.

有偽裝掩護又建在高處，

他們的莫康柏提供極佳的瞭望點。

They constructed hidden ditches lined with sharp stakes

他們建立隱藏式溝渠， 搭配一整排銳利的樁，

that swallowed unsuspecting soldiers and false roads that led to ambushes.

吞噬沒有警覺的士兵，

還有假造的道路，導向埋伏。

They launched counterattacks under the cover of night

在夜晚的掩護下，他們發動反擊，

and were constantly abandoning and building settlements

且經常會拋棄

及建立聚居地，以躲避葡萄牙人。

to elude the Portuguese.

In 1678, after years of failed attacks,

1678 年，

攻擊一直失敗了數年之後，

the Portuguese offered to negotiate a peace treaty with Ganga-Zumba.

葡萄牙人向甘加‧尊巴 提出和平協議的協商。

The terms they agreed upon recognized Palmares’ independence

雙方達成共識的條件包括 承認帕爾馬里斯的獨立，

and the freedom of anyone born there.

以及在該地出生的人的自由。

However, the treaty demanded that Palmares pledge loyalty to the crown

然而，該協議要求帕爾馬里斯

要對王權宣誓效忠，

and return all past and future fugitives from slavery.

並將過去及未來所有 逃跑的奴隸遣返。

Many Palmaristas dissented,

許多帕爾馬里斯人有異議，

among them Zumbi— Ganga-Zumba’s nephew— a rising leader himself.

其中包括尊比—— 甘加‧尊巴的姪子——

他本身是後起之秀。

Before long, Ganga-Zumba was killed,

不久，甘加‧尊巴被殺害，

likely by a group affiliated with his nephew.

兇手可能是隸屬於 他姪子的一個團體。

As Palmares’ new leader, Zumbi rejected the treaty

尊比身為帕爾馬里斯的 新領袖，回決了協議，

and resumed resistance for another 15 years.

並又再持續抵抗了十五年。

But in February of 1694,

但，1694 年二月，

the Portuguese captured the capital after a devastating siege.

在一場慘烈的圍攻之後， 葡萄牙人奪下了首都。

Zumbi escaped, but they eventually found and ambushed him.

尊比逃走了，但他們 最終找到並伏擊他。

And on November 20th, 1695, Portuguese forces killed Zumbi.

1695 年十一月二十日，

葡萄牙軍隊殺害了尊比。

His death was not the end of Palmares, but it was a crushing blow.

他的死並非帕爾馬里斯的終點 ，

卻是粉碎性的重擊。

After years of warfare, there were far fewer rebels in the area.

經過數年的戰爭，

該區域的反抗軍少了很多。

Those who remained rallied around new leaders and maintained a presence,

殘存的反抗軍靠新領袖來重整，

並持續存在，即使勢力非常小，

however small, through the 1760s.

這樣度過了 1760 年代。

Though, Palmares is no more thousands of other quilombos persist to this day.

雖然帕爾馬里斯不再，

數千個其他的奇拉姆柏， 一直留存至今。

November 20th, the day of Zumbi’s death, is celebrated across Brazil

十一月二十日，

尊比的祭日，巴西 各地都會舉行慶祝，

as the Day of Black Consciousness.

稱為「黑人意識日」。

But Zumbi was just one of many Palmaristas.

但尊比只是許多帕爾馬里斯人之一，

We only know some of their names,

我們只知道其中一些人的名字，

but their fight for freedom echoes centuries later.

但他們為自由所做的抗戰， 數世紀後仍然在迴響。