Zumbi: The last king of Palmares - Marc Adam Hertzman & Flavio dos Santos Gomes

210,874 views ・ 2022-12-13

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hana Lee κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
During the 1600s, an expansive autonomous settlement called Palmares
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1600λ…„λŒ€ νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€λΌλŠ” κ΄‘λŒ€ν•œ 자치 μ •μ°©μ΄Œμ΄
00:12
reached its height in northeastern Brazil.
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브라질 λ™λΆλΆ€μ—μ„œ μ „μ„±κΈ°λ₯Ό 이루고 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
00:15
It was founded and led by people escaping from slavery, also called maroons.
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λ§ˆλ£¬μ΄λΌλŠ” 도망 λ…Έμ˜ˆλ“€μ΄ μ„Έμš΄ κ³³μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
In fact, it was one of the world’s largest maroon communities,
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사싀 이곳은 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 마룬 κ³΅λ™μ²΄λ‘œ
00:24
its population reaching beyond 10,000.
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인ꡬ가 만 λͺ…이 λ„˜μœΌλ©°
00:28
And its citizens were at constant war with colonial forces.
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식민지 μ„Έλ ₯κ³Ό λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ „μŸμ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:32
The records we have about Palmares mainly come from biased
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 기둝은
주둜 λ„€λœλž€λ“œμ™€ 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ˜ 편ν–₯된 μžλ£Œμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
00:36
Dutch and Portuguese sources,
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00:38
but historians have managed to piece much of its story together.
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역사가듀이 이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄을 λ§žμΆ°μ„œ 정리할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 1500s,
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1500λ…„λŒ€μ— μ‹œμž‘λœ λŒ€μ„œμ–‘ λ…Έμ˜ˆ λ¬΄μ—­μ—μ„œ
00:47
nearly half of all enslaved African people were sent
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λ…Έμ˜ˆλ‘œ νŒ”λ €κ°„ 아프리카 인듀 거의 μ ˆλ°˜μ€
포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ˜ 아메리카 식민지인 브라질둜 λ³΄λ‚΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
to Portugal’s American colony: Brazil.
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00:54
Some escaped and sought shelter in Brazil’s interior regions,
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ„λ§μ³μ„œ 브라질의 λ‚΄λ₯™ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ ν”Όλ‚œμ²˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜κ³ 
00:58
where they formed settlements called mocambos or quilombos.
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λͺ¨μΊ„보 λ˜λŠ” ν€Όλ‘¬λ³΄λΌλŠ” 곡동체λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Fugitives from slavery probably arrived in the northeast in the late 1500s.
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νƒˆμΆœν•œ λ…Έμ˜ˆλ“€μ€ 1500λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— 동뢁뢀에 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
By the 1660s, their camps had consolidated
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1660λ…„λŒ€μ— 이λ₯΄λŸ¬ 이듀 μ§„μ˜μ€
01:12
into a powerful confederation known today as the Quilombo of Palmares.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€ ν€Όλ‘¬λ³΄λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ—°λ§ΉμœΌλ‘œ ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
It consisted of a central capital linking dozens of villages,
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λ§ˆμ„ μˆ˜μ‹­ 개λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 쀑앙 μˆ˜λ„κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:21
which specialized in particular agricultural goods
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νŠΉμ • 농산물을 μ „λ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ μƒμ‚°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:24
or served as military training grounds.
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ꡰ사 ν›ˆλ ¨μž₯으둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
Citizens of Palmares, or Palmaristas, were governed by a king
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€ μ‹œλ―Ό, 즉, νŒ”λ§ˆλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€λŠ”
왕이 ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆκ³  κ΅°λŒ€κ°€ λ³΄ν˜Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
and defended by an organized military.
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01:35
African people and Brazilian-born Black and Indigenous people
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아프리카 인과 λΈŒλΌμ§ˆκ³„ 흑인, ν† μ°©λ―Ό
01:39
all came seeking refuge.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ ν”Όλ‚œμ²˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„ μ™”μ£ .
01:41
They collectively fished, hunted, raised livestock,
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그듀은 κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ‚šμ‹œμ™€ 사λƒ₯을 ν•˜κ³  가좕을 κΈ°λ₯΄λ©°, 과일을 심고
01:44
planted orchards, and grew crops like cassava, corn, and sugarcane.
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카사바 , μ˜₯수수, μ‚¬νƒ•μˆ˜μˆ˜ 같은 λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ„ ν‚€μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
They also made use of the abundant palm trees for which Palmares was named,
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λ˜ν•œ νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ 이름을 λ”°μ˜¨ μ•Όμžμˆ˜λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•΄
01:54
turning palm products into butter, wine, and light.
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버터, 와인, λž¨ν”„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Palmaristas crafted palm husks into pipes and leaves into mats and baskets.
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μ•Όμž κ»μ§ˆλ‘œλŠ” νŒŒμ΄ν”„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžŽμœΌλ‘œλŠ” κΉ”κ°œμ™€ λ°”κ΅¬λ‹ˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
02:04
They traded some of these goods with Portuguese settlers
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κ³ λŠ” 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ μ •μ°©λ―Όκ³Ό 이듀 μ œν’ˆμ„ κ±°λž˜ν•΄μ„œ
02:08
for products like gunpowder and salt.
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ν™”μ•½κ³Ό μ†ŒκΈˆ 같은 μƒν’ˆμ„ μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
In turn, settlers avoided Palmares’ raids
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ 정착민듀은 νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μŠ΅κ²©μ„ ν”Όν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
02:14
during which they’d seize weapons and take captives.
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무기λ₯Ό λΊκΈ°κ±°λ‚˜ 포둜둜 μž‘ν˜€κ°€λŠ” 일이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
The Portuguese were concerned with other invading imperialists,
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포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ 인듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ œκ΅­μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄ μΉ¨λž΅ν•΄ μ˜€λŠ” 것을 κ±±μ •ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:22
but regarded Indigenous uprisings and Palmares
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μ›μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ 봉기와 νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€λŠ”
02:26
as their internal threats.
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λ‚΄λΆ€ μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
Palmares endangered the very institution of slaveryβ€”
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€λŠ” 브라질 경제의 근간인 λ…Έμ˜ˆ μ œλ„λ₯Ό
02:31
the foundation of Brazil's economy.
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μœ„νƒœλ‘­κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:34
During the 1670s, the Portuguese escalated their attacks.
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1670λ…„λŒ€μ— 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ 인은 곡격을 κ°•ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
By this time, Ganga-Zumba was Palmares’ leader.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ κ°•κ°€ μ€Œλ°”λŠ” νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ‘œμ„œ
02:42
He ruled from the Macaco, which functioned as the capital.
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μˆ˜λ„ 역할을 ν–ˆλ˜ λ§ˆμΉ΄μ½”λ₯Ό ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
His allies and family members governed the other villagesβ€”
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그의 무리와 가쑱은 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§ˆμ„λ“€μ„ λ‹€μŠ€λ ΈμœΌλ©°
02:50
with women playing crucial roles in operation and defense.
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여성듀은 운영과 λ°©μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
As they fought the Portuguese, Palmaristas used the landscape to their advantage.
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€λŠ” 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ 인과 μ‹Έμš°λ©΄μ„œ μ§€ν˜•μ„ μœ λ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œμš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
Camouflaged and built in high places, their mocambos offered superior lookouts.
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높은 곳에 짓고 μœ„μž₯ν•œ λͺ¨μΊ„λ³΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 κ°μ‹œ μ΄ˆμ†Œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:04
They constructed hidden ditches lined with sharp stakes
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λ˜ν•œ λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 말뚝이 λŠ˜μ–΄μ„  μˆ¨μ€ λ„λž‘μ„ κ±΄μ„€ν•΄μ„œ
03:08
that swallowed unsuspecting soldiers and false roads that led to ambushes.
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λ°©μ‹¬ν•œ ꡰ인듀이 빠지도둝 ν–ˆκ³  λ§€λ³΅ν•˜κΈ° 쒋은 κ°€μ§œ λ„λ‘œλ„ λ‹¦μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
They launched counterattacks under the cover of night
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€λŠ” 어둠을 ν‹ˆνƒ€ λ°˜κ²©μ„ ν–ˆκ³ 
03:18
and were constantly abandoning and building settlements
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정착지λ₯Ό 짓고 버리기λ₯Ό λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ„ ν”Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
to elude the Portuguese.
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03:24
In 1678, after years of failed attacks,
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1678λ…„ μˆ˜λ…„κ°„ 곡격에 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ€
03:27
the Portuguese offered to negotiate a peace treaty with Ganga-Zumba.
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κ°•κ°€ μ€Œλ°”μ—κ²Œ 평화 μ‘°μ•½ ν˜‘μƒμ„ μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμ£ .
03:32
The terms they agreed upon recognized Palmares’ independence
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그듀이 ν•©μ˜ν•œ 쑰건은 νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ˜ 독립과
03:36
and the freedom of anyone born there.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 자유λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
However, the treaty demanded that Palmares pledge loyalty to the crown
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 쑰약은 νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ 왕싀에 좩성을 λ§Ήμ„Έν•˜κ³ 
03:43
and return all past and future fugitives from slavery.
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λ„λ§μΉœ λ…Έμ˜ˆλ‚˜ ν–₯ν›„ 도망쳐 μ˜€λŠ” λ…Έμ˜ˆλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ λŒλ €λ³΄λ‚Ό 것을 μš”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Many Palmaristas dissented,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ νŒ”λ§ˆλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€κ°€ λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:51
among them Zumbiβ€” Ganga-Zumba’s nephewβ€” a rising leader himself.
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κ·Έμ€‘μ—λŠ” κ°•κ°€ μ€Œλ°”μ˜ 쑰카이자 λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” μ§€λ„μžμΈ μ€ŒλΉ„λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Before long, Ganga-Zumba was killed,
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μ–Όλ§ˆ λ’€ κ°•κ°€ μ€Œλ°”λŠ”
03:59
likely by a group affiliated with his nephew.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 쑰카와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ¬΄λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ‚΄ν•΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
As Palmares’ new leader, Zumbi rejected the treaty
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νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μƒˆ μ§€λ„μž μ€ŒλΉ„λŠ” 이 쑰약을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜κ³ 
04:05
and resumed resistance for another 15 years.
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15λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ‹€μ‹œ μ €ν•­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
But in February of 1694,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 1694λ…„ 2월에
04:12
the Portuguese captured the capital after a devastating siege.
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포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ ν¬μœ„ 곡격 끝에 μˆ˜λ„λ₯Ό μ λ Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Zumbi escaped, but they eventually found and ambushed him.
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μ€ŒλΉ„λŠ” νƒˆμΆœν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ΅­ 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ€ κ·Έλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ–΄ μŠ΅κ²©ν–ˆκ³ 
04:21
And on November 20th, 1695, Portuguese forces killed Zumbi.
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1695λ…„ 11μ›” 20일 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ ꡰ은 μ€ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ£½μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
His death was not the end of Palmares, but it was a crushing blow.
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μ€ŒλΉ„κ°€ 죽음으둜써 νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ λλ‚œ 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
이듀은 큰 타격을 μž…μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
After years of warfare, there were far fewer rebels in the area.
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μˆ˜λ…„κ°„μ˜ μ „νˆ¬κ°€ λλ‚˜κ³  이 μ§€μ—­μ—λŠ” 반ꡰ의 μˆ«μžκ°€ 무척 μ€„μ—ˆμ£ .
04:36
Those who remained rallied around new leaders and maintained a presence,
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남아 있던 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ κ²°μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬
04:40
however small, through the 1760s.
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1760λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ μž‘μ§€λ§Œ λͺ…λ§₯을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
Though, Palmares is no more thousands of other quilombos persist to this day.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŒ”λ§ˆλ ˆμŠ€μ—λŠ” 더 이상 수천 개 퀼둬보가 남아 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
04:49
November 20th, the day of Zumbi’s death, is celebrated across Brazil
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μ€ŒλΉ„κ°€ μ‚¬λ§ν•œ 11μ›” 20일은 브라질 μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ
04:54
as the Day of Black Consciousness.
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'흑인 μΈμ‹μ˜ λ‚ '둜 κΈ°λ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
But Zumbi was just one of many Palmaristas.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€ŒλΉ„λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ νŒ”λ§ˆλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
We only know some of their names,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 였직 λͺ‡ λͺ…λ§Œ μ•Œμ§€λ§Œ
05:02
but their fight for freedom echoes centuries later.
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자유λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ νˆ¬μŸμ€ 수 μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ μ§€λ‚œ 후에도 울렀 퍼지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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