Can you steal the most powerful wand in the wizarding world? - Dan Finkel

1,000,982 views ・ 2023-01-26

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Yip Yan Yeung 校对人员: Grace Man
00:06
The fabled Mirzakhani wand is the most powerful magical item ever created.
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传说中的米尔扎哈尼魔杖 是有史以来最强大的魔法物件。
00:12
And that’s why the evil wizard Moldevort is planning to use it
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这也就是为什么邪恶巫师 “魔地伏”(Moldevort)想用它
00:15
to conquer the world.
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征服世界。
00:17
You and Drumbledrore have finally discovered its hiding place in this cave.
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你和“邓布利卓” (Drumbledrore)
终于在这个洞穴里 找到了它的藏身之处。
00:23
The wand is hidden by a system of 100 magical stones—
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这个魔杖藏在一个 由 100 块魔石组成的系统中,
00:27
including a glowing keystone— and 100 platforms.
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其中有一个闪耀的关键石块, 还有 100 个底座。
00:32
If the keystone is placed on the correct platform,
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如果关键石块 被放在了正确的底座上,
00:35
the wand will be revealed.
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那魔杖就会出现。
00:37
If placed incorrectly, the entire cave will collapse.
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如果放错了, 那整个洞穴都会塌掉。
00:42
The keystone is immune to all magic, but the other stones aren't,
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关键石块对任何魔法免疫, 但其他石块不免疫,
00:46
meaning you can pick them up and cast a placement spell,
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意味着你可以把它们拿起来, 施一个放置咒语,
00:49
and the platform that stone belongs on will glow.
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然后石块该去的底座就会亮起来。
00:53
Place all 99 stones correctly
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把 99 块石头放在正确的位置,
00:55
and the final platform must be the keystone’s correct resting place.
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剩下的那个底座就是 关键石块该去的地方。
01:00
You’re about to get started when one of Moldevort’s henchmen arrives
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你刚要开始, “魔地伏”的一个手下就来了,
01:03
and irreversibly seals a random stone to a random platform.
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随机把一块石头定在了一个底座上 且操作无法撤回。
01:08
If you need to place a stone that belongs on a platform that's already occupied,
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如果你要放的石头 所属的底座已经被其他石头占据,
01:13
your spell will make some random unoccupied platform glow instead.
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你的咒语就会随机 让一个空置的底座亮起。
01:19
What are your odds of placing the keystone on the correct platform?
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那你能把关键石块放在 正确底座上的可能性有多大?
01:24
Pause now to figure it out for yourself. Answer in 3
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请暂停,思考一下答案。 三、
01:26
Answer in 2
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二、
01:28
Answer in 1
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一。
01:32
Let’s imagine we knew everything about this situation.
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假设我们对这个情况了如指掌。
01:35
With perfect knowledge, we could label the stones 1 to 100,
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在完全了解的情况下, 我们可以为石块编号 1 到 100,
01:39
based on the order we plan to place them,
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根据我们打算放置它们的顺序,
01:41
and label the platforms they belong on in the same way.
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然后以同样的方式 为石块所属的底座编号。
01:45
We’ll label the stone the henchmen placed as 1,
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我们把那个走狗放的石块 标为 1 号,
01:48
meaning it was supposed to go on platform 1,
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表示这块石头 本该被放在 1 号底座上,
01:51
and the keystone as 100, belonging on platform 100.
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把关键石块标为 100 号, 该被放在 100 号底座上。
01:56
Of course, we don’t know which platform is which,
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当然我们不知道 哪个底座对应的是什么,
01:59
so the numbering of the platforms is actually invisible to us.
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所以底座的编号 实际上对我们是不可见的。
02:03
There are three possibilities:
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有三种可能性:
02:05
one, that first stone was placed randomly onto its own platform,
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第一种可能:1 号石头 随手一放就放在了正确的底座上,
02:10
in which case, you’re guaranteed to succeed.
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这种情况下,你肯定能赢。
02:13
Two, it was placed on the keystone’s platform and you’re doomed to fail.
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第二种可能:1 号石头被放在了 关键石块的底座上,那你输定了。
02:18
But most likely— scenario three— it was placed somewhere else.
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但是最可能的是第三种情况: 它被放在了别的底座上。
02:23
Suppose the henchman placed stone 1 on, say, platform 45.
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假设走狗把 1 号石头 放在了 45 号底座上。
02:27
Then you’d place stone 2 on platform 2,
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然后你把 2 号石头 放在 2 号底座上,
02:31
3 on 3, and so on, until you got to stone 45.
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3 号石头放在 3 号底座等等, 直到 45 号石头。
02:35
Its platform being taken, a random platform would light up.
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45 号底座已经放有石头, 于是有一个底座就会随机亮起。
02:39
And here, there are three possibilities:
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此时,有三个可能性:
02:42
If it’s platform 1, you’ll win,
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如果亮起的底座是 1 号, 那你就会赢,
02:44
because all of the remaining stones will go to the correct platforms.
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因为其余的石头都会 被放在正确的底座上。
02:48
If platform 100 lights up, you lose,
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如果 100 号底座亮起, 那你就会输,
02:51
because the keystone’s spot will be taken.
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因为关键石块的位置被抢走了。
02:54
Any other platform, and you’re essentially back where you started,
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如果是其他任何底座, 其实你就是回到了起点,
02:57
just with 54 remaining stones and one on the wrong platform.
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只是还剩 54 块石头 和一块被放错的石头。
03:02
In that scenario, let’s say the spell tells us to place stone 45 on platform 82.
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在这种情况下,假设咒语让我们把 45 号石头放在 82 号底座上。
03:08
Then we place 46 to 81 correctly, and 82 at random.
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然后我们正确放置了 46 到 81 号石头,
要随机放置 82 号石头。
03:13
And here we reach the same three possibilities:
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此时,我们眼前 又是那三个可能性:
03:16
pedestal 1, you win, pedestal 100, you lose,
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放在了 1 号底座上,你会赢, 放在了 100 号底座上,你会输,
03:20
any other, you continue the process.
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放在了其他号码上, 重复此过程。
03:23
In other words, you’re playing a game where you have equal chances
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换句话说,你玩的这个游戏 输赢概率参半,
03:27
to win and lose,
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03:28
and some chance to delay the decisive moment.
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只是有机会推迟决胜时刻。
03:32
No matter how many times this process repeats,
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无论这个过程重复多少遍,
03:35
you’ll inevitably either place a stone on pedestal 1 or pedestal 100
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你都无法避免 在拿到关键石块之前
把某块石头放在 1 号底座 或 100 号底座上。
03:40
before you reach the keystone.
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03:42
That’s all that determines whether you succeed or fail,
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这个行为就决定了 你会赢还是会输,
03:45
and critically, the chances of those events are equal.
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严格地说,输、赢这两个事件 发生的可能性是相等的。
03:49
This can be unintuitive, so let’s imagine another, similar game.
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这么说可能不太好懂, 所以我们来想象一个类似的游戏。
03:53
Say Drumbledrore magically generates numbers from 1 to 100.
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假设“邓布利卓”要用魔法 选 1 到 100 之间的一个数字。
03:57
If it’s a 1, you win.
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如果是 1,你就赢了。
03:59
If it’s 100, you lose.
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如果是 100,你就输了。
04:01
If it’s anything else, he picks again.
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如果是其他数字, 他就会再选一次。
04:04
Since the odds of winning by getting 1 are the same as losing by getting a 100,
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由于由 1 获胜和 由 100 败北的几率是一样的,
04:09
this is a game you’re just as likely to win as to lose.
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你赢得或输掉这个游戏的可能性 也是相同的。
04:13
It might take a while, but the delays don’t give an advantage
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这个游戏可能会花点时间, 但是延迟决胜时刻不会
04:16
to getting a 1 before 100, or vice versa.
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让你更容易在 100 之前获得 1, 反之亦然。
04:19
The same essential reasoning applies to our situation.
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背后的逻辑同样 适用于刚才的情形。
04:23
You’re debating whether it’s worth risking a 50/50 chance of a cave-in
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当你还在纠结要不要 冒着一半一半的风险收手时,
04:28
when Drumbledrore reveals his secret weapon:
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“邓布利卓”拿出了他的秘密武器:
04:31
a rare felush felucious potion,
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稀有的狗屎运药水。
04:34
which grants extraordinary luck for a brief period of time.
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可以让你在一小段时间内 获得超级好运。
04:38
There’s a 1 in 100 chance the keystone’s platform was taken
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有百分之一的几率 1 号石头 被放在了关键石块的底座上,
04:42
by the first stone and you’ve lost already,
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这样的话你已经输了,
04:45
but otherwise, you’ve got even odds to win or lose.
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但是其他情况, 你输赢的可能性是一样的。
04:49
And right now, you’re feeling lucky.
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此时此刻,你感觉自己很幸运。
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