Can you steal the most powerful wand in the wizarding world? - Dan Finkel

1,000,982 views ・ 2023-01-26

TED-Ed


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譯者: Camila Lin 審譯者: H.L. Au
00:06
The fabled Mirzakhani wand is the most powerful magical item ever created.
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傳說中的米爾札哈尼魔杖, 是史上最強大的魔法器。
00:12
And that’s why the evil wizard Moldevort is planning to use it
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而這就是邪惡巫師佛地魔 想取得它的原因:
00:15
to conquer the world.
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征服世界。
00:17
You and Drumbledrore have finally discovered its hiding place in this cave.
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你和鄧不利多終於發現, 魔杖藏在這個洞窟的某處。
00:23
The wand is hidden by a system of 100 magical stones—
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守衛魔杖的系統, 由 99 顆魔法石、
00:27
including a glowing keystone— and 100 platforms.
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1 顆閃亮的「拱心石」, 以及 100 個平台所組成。
00:32
If the keystone is placed on the correct platform,
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如果拱心石被放到正確的位置,
00:35
the wand will be revealed.
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魔杖就會現身。
00:37
If placed incorrectly, the entire cave will collapse.
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但如果放在錯誤的位置, 洞窟就會崩塌。
00:42
The keystone is immune to all magic, but the other stones aren't,
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拱心石能抵抗所有魔法, 但其他石頭則能被魔法移動。
00:46
meaning you can pick them up and cast a placement spell,
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意思是你能拿起它們, 並施展「歸位咒」,
00:49
and the platform that stone belongs on will glow.
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而那顆石頭對應的平台就會發光。
00:53
Place all 99 stones correctly
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只要把 99 顆石頭 都放到正確的平台上,
00:55
and the final platform must be the keystone’s correct resting place.
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剩下的平台,就是屬於拱心石的了。
01:00
You’re about to get started when one of Moldevort’s henchmen arrives
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你正要開始, 但佛地魔的一個手下來了,
01:03
and irreversibly seals a random stone to a random platform.
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將一顆石頭封印到某個平台, 你們無法逆轉他的咒語。
01:08
If you need to place a stone that belongs on a platform that's already occupied,
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如你所放的石頭所屬的平台 已被其他石頭佔據,
01:13
your spell will make some random unoccupied platform glow instead.
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你的咒語會讓隨機的空閒平台發亮。
01:19
What are your odds of placing the keystone on the correct platform?
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你成功把拱心石放到 對應平台上的機率是多少?
01:24
Pause now to figure it out for yourself. Answer in 3
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在這裡按下暫停,試著想想答案。
三,
01:26
Answer in 2
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二,
01:28
Answer in 1
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一。
01:32
Let’s imagine we knew everything about this situation.
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假設我們已經了解了整個情況。
01:35
With perfect knowledge, we could label the stones 1 to 100,
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我們就能從 1 開始, 為這一百顆石頭依序編號,
01:39
based on the order we plan to place them,
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編號的順序會和我們計畫 移動它們的順序一致,
01:41
and label the platforms they belong on in the same way.
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而它們對應的平台, 也會得到相同的編號。
01:45
We’ll label the stone the henchmen placed as 1,
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我們把佛地魔手下 移動的石頭設為 1 號,
01:48
meaning it was supposed to go on platform 1,
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意思就是它應該放在 1 號平台上,
01:51
and the keystone as 100, belonging on platform 100.
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而拱心石的編號是 100 , 需要放在 100 號平台上。
01:56
Of course, we don’t know which platform is which,
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當然,我們不知道 哪個平台對應哪顆石頭,
01:59
so the numbering of the platforms is actually invisible to us.
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所以我們也無法看見平台的編號。
02:03
There are three possibilities:
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現在有三種可能。
02:05
one, that first stone was placed randomly onto its own platform,
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第一種情況: 1 號石頭 剛好被放到 1 號平台上,
02:10
in which case, you’re guaranteed to succeed.
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代表我們一定能成功破解系統。
02:13
Two, it was placed on the keystone’s platform and you’re doomed to fail.
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第二種情況: 1 號石頭被放到 拱心石的位置,代表我們注定失敗。
02:18
But most likely— scenario three— it was placed somewhere else.
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但第三種情況最有可能發生: 它被隨機放在其他石頭的平台上。
02:23
Suppose the henchman placed stone 1 on, say, platform 45.
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我們假設 1 號石頭 被放到 45 號平台上,
02:27
Then you’d place stone 2 on platform 2,
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然後你會把 2 號 石頭放上 2 號平台,
02:31
3 on 3, and so on, until you got to stone 45.
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3 號石頭放到 3 號平台, 以此類推,直到 45 號石頭。
02:35
Its platform being taken, a random platform would light up.
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因為 45 號平台已被佔據, 因此魔法會隨機讓某個空平台發光。
02:39
And here, there are three possibilities:
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這樣一來,又出現了三種可能性:
02:42
If it’s platform 1, you’ll win,
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如果發光的是 1 號平台, 那你就能成功完成任務,
02:44
because all of the remaining stones will go to the correct platforms.
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因為剩下的石頭, 都能被放到對應的平台上。
02:48
If platform 100 lights up, you lose,
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如果發光的是 100 號平台,你就會失敗,
02:51
because the keystone’s spot will be taken.
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因為那是拱心石的台子。
02:54
Any other platform, and you’re essentially back where you started,
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如果是其他平台發光, 你就必須繼續施法,
02:57
just with 54 remaining stones and one on the wrong platform.
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把剩下的 54 個石頭 放上對應的平台,
最後一個則放到錯的平台上。
03:02
In that scenario, let’s say the spell tells us to place stone 45 on platform 82.
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這樣一來,我們可以假設咒語
要我們把 45 號石頭 放在 82 號平台上。
03:08
Then we place 46 to 81 correctly, and 82 at random.
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因此我們把 46 號石頭 放上 81 號平台,
又把 82 號石頭放上其他平台。
03:13
And here we reach the same three possibilities:
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現在又有三種可能性了:
03:16
pedestal 1, you win, pedestal 100, you lose,
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放在 1 號平台,任務成功; 放到 100 號平台,任務失敗;
03:20
any other, you continue the process.
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放上其他平台,繼續施咒。
03:23
In other words, you’re playing a game where you have equal chances
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也就是說,這個任務成功 或失敗的機率,機率都是一樣的,
03:27
to win and lose,
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03:28
and some chance to delay the decisive moment.
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雖然也有些機會, 能拖遲決定性的一刻到來。
03:32
No matter how many times this process repeats,
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不論你重複相同的動作幾次,
03:35
you’ll inevitably either place a stone on pedestal 1 or pedestal 100
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你最後都必須將一顆石頭, 放在 1 號或 100 號平台上,
03:40
before you reach the keystone.
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這會發生在你移動拱心石之前,
03:42
That’s all that determines whether you succeed or fail,
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而這也是決定你任務成敗的關鍵。
03:45
and critically, the chances of those events are equal.
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重點是,這些可能性 發生的機率都相同,
03:49
This can be unintuitive, so let’s imagine another, similar game.
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這聽起來可能有點難理解, 所以我們可以想想一個類似的狀況。
03:53
Say Drumbledrore magically generates numbers from 1 to 100.
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假設鄧布利多能用魔法 變出 1 到 100 ,
03:57
If it’s a 1, you win.
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如果抽到 1 ,你就贏了;
03:59
If it’s 100, you lose.
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如果抽到 100 ,你就輸了。
04:01
If it’s anything else, he picks again.
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抽到其他數字, 鄧不利多會重新再抽一次。
04:04
Since the odds of winning by getting 1 are the same as losing by getting a 100,
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因為抽中 1 和 100 的機率都一樣,
04:09
this is a game you’re just as likely to win as to lose.
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所以你獲勝和輸掉比賽的機率也一樣。
04:13
It might take a while, but the delays don’t give an advantage
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抽到其他數字可能會讓勝負延後, 但不會讓你更具優勢,
04:16
to getting a 1 before 100, or vice versa.
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讓你先抽到 1 ,反之亦然。
04:19
The same essential reasoning applies to our situation.
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這個道理也適用於我們現在的狀況。
04:23
You’re debating whether it’s worth risking a 50/50 chance of a cave-in
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你正在爭論這個任務是否值得 冒輸贏參半的巨大風險,
04:28
when Drumbledrore reveals his secret weapon:
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但這時鄧布利多拿出了秘密武器:
04:31
a rare felush felucious potion,
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稀有的福來福喜藥水,
04:34
which grants extraordinary luck for a brief period of time.
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能讓人在短時間內變得非常幸運。
04:38
There’s a 1 in 100 chance the keystone’s platform was taken
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有百分之一的機率, 1 號石頭已經佔據拱心石的平台,
04:42
by the first stone and you’ve lost already,
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而你已經輸了,
04:45
but otherwise, you’ve got even odds to win or lose.
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但反過來說,任務成功和 失敗的機率都一樣。
04:49
And right now, you’re feeling lucky.
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而現在,你覺得你很幸運。
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