The physics of playing guitar - Oscar Fernando Perez

Fizika sviranja gitare - Oskar Fernando Perez (Oscar Fernando Perez)

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Hendrix, Cobain and Page.

Hendriks, Kobejn i Pejdž.

They can all shred,

Svi su imali brze prste,

but how exactly do the iconic contraptions in their hands

ali kako su tačno kultne čudesne naprave u njihovim rukama

produce notes, rhythm, melody and music.

proizvodile note, ritam, melodiju i muziku.

When you pluck a guitar string, you create a vibration called a standing wave.

Kada trgnete žicu gitare, stvarate vibraciju koja se zove stojeći talas.

Some points on the string, called nodes, don't move at all,

Neke tačke na žici, koje se zovu čvorovi, se uopšte ne pokreću,

while other points, anti-nodes, oscillate back and forth.

dok druge tačke, trbusi, osciluju napred i nazad.

The vibration translates through the neck and bridge to the guitar's body,

Vibracija se prenosi kroz vrat i most do tela gitare,

where the thin and flexible wood vibrates,

gde tanko i elastično drvo vibrira,

jostling the surrounding air molecules together and apart.

gurajući okolne molekule vazduha da se spajaju i razdvajaju.

These sequential compressions create sound waves,

Ova sekvencijalna sabijanja stvaraju zvučne talase

and the ones inside the guitar mostly escape through the hole.

a talasi unutar gitare se uglavnom iskradaju kroz rupu.

They eventually propagate to your ear,

Oni će naposletku da se rasprše do vašeg uha,

which translates them into electrical impulses

koje će ih pretvoriti u električne impulse

that your brain interprets as sound.

koje vaš um prepoznaje kao zvuk.

The pitch of that sound depends on the frequency of the compressions.

Visina zvuka zavisi od frekvencije sabijanja.

A quickly vibrating string will cause a lot of compressions close together,

Brzo vibrirajuća žica će da uzrokuje mnogo stisnutih sabijanja,

making a high-pitched sound,

stvarajući tako visoke tonove,

and a slow vibration produces a low-pitched sound.

a spora vibracija proizvodi niske tonove.

Four things affect the frequency of a vibrating string:

Četiri stvari utiču na frekvenciju vibrirajuće žice:

the length, the tension, the density and the thickness.

dužina, zategnutost, gustina i debljina.

Typical guitar strings are all the same length,

Tipične gitarske žice su sve iste dužine

and have similar tension, but vary in thickness and density.

i slično su zategnute, ali im debljina i gustina variraju.

Thicker strings vibrate more slowly, producing lower notes.

Deblje žice vibriraju sporije, proizvodeći niže tonove.

Each time you pluck a string,

Svaki put kada trgnete žicu,

you actually create several standing waves.

vi zapravo stvarate nekoliko stojećih talasa.

There's the first fundamental wave, which determines the pitch of the note,

Imamo prvi osnovni talas, koji određuje visinu note,

but there are also waves called overtones,

ali imamo i talase koje zovemo harmonicima,

whose frequencies are multiples of the first one.

čije su frekvencije umnošci osnovne frekvencije.

All these standing waves combine to form a complex wave with a rich sound.

Svi ovi talasi se udružuju kako bi obrazovali složen talas bogatog zvuka.

Changing the way you pluck the string affects which overtones you get.

Promena načina na koji trzate žicu utiče na harmonike koje dobijate.

If you pluck it near the middle,

Ako žicu trzate blizu središta,

you get mainly the fundamental and the odd multiple overtones,

uglavnom dobijate osnovni ton i neobične višestruke harmonike,

which have anti-nodes in the middle of the string.

koji imaju trbuhe na središtu žice.

If you pluck it near the bridge, you get mainly even multiple overtones

Ako je trzate blizu mosta, uglavnom dobijate ravne višestruke harmonike

and a twangier sound.

i zvonkiji zvuk.

The familiar Western scale is based on the overtone series of a vibrating string.

Poznata zapadna skala se bazira na nizu harmonika vibrirajuće žice.

When we hear one note played with another that has exactly twice its frequency,

Kada čujemo jednu notu odsviranu s drugom koja ima tačno dvostruko veću frekvenciju,

its first overtone,

to je prvi harmonik,

they sound so harmonious that we assign them the same letter,

pošto zvuče tako harmonično dodeljujemo im isto slovo,

and define the difference between them as an octave.

a razliku među njima definišemo kao oktavu.

The rest of the scale is squeezed into that octave

Ostatak skale je uguran u tu oktavu,

divided into twelve half steps

podeljenu na dvanaest polustepena

whose frequency is each 2^(1/12) higher than the one before.

gde je frekvencija svakog za 2^(1/12) viša od prethodnog.

That factor determines the fret spacing.

Taj faktor određuje udaljenost pragova.

Each fret divides the string's remaining length by 2^(1/12),

Svaki prag deli preostalu dužinu žice za 2^(1/12),

making the frequencies increase by half steps.

na taj način se frekvencija uvećava za pola stepena.

Fretless instruments, like violins,

Instrumenti bez pragova, poput violina,

make it easier to produce the infinite frequencies between each note,

olakšavaju stvaranje beskonačnih frekvencija između svake note,

but add to the challenge of playing intune.

ali je i izazov svirati u štimu.

The number of strings and their tuning

Broj žica i njihovo štimovanje

are custom tailored to the chords we like to play

su prilagođeni akordima koje volimo da sviramo

and the physiology of our hands.

i fiziologiji naših ruku.

Guitar shapes and materials can also vary,

Oblici i materijali gitara takođe mogu da variraju

and both change the nature and sound of the vibrations.

i menjaju prirodu i zvuk vibracija.

Playing two or more strings at the same time

Sviranje dve ili više žica istovremeno

allows you to create new wave patterns like chords and other sound effects.

vam omogućava da stvarate nove zvučne obrasce,

poput akorda i drugih zvučnih efekata.

For example, when you play two notes whose frequencies are close together,

Na primer, kada svirate dve note čije su frekvencije približne,

they add together to create a sound wave whose amplitude rises and falls,

one se udružuju kako bi stvorile zvučni talas čije amplitude rastu i opadaju,

producing a throbbing effect, which guitarists call the beats.

stvarajći efekat lupkanja koji gitaristi zovu bitom.

And electric guitars give you even more to play with.

A električne gitare vam pružaju dodatni prostor za igru.

The vibrations still start in the strings,

Vibracije i dalje nastaju na žicama,

but then they're translated into electrical signals by pickups

ali ih potom magneti prevode u električne signale

and transmitted to speakers that create the sound waves.

i odašiljaju do zvučnika kako bi se stvorili zvučni talasi.

Between the pickups and speakers,

Između magneta i zvučnika,

it's possible to process the wave in various ways,

moguće je obraditi talas na više načina,

to create effects like distortion, overdrive, wah-wah, delay and flanger.

da bi stvorili efekte, poput: distorzije, overdrajva, waha, kašnjenja i flangera.

And lest you think that the physics of music is only useful for entertainment,

A kako ne biste pomislili da je fizika muzike jedino korisna u svetu zabave,

consider this.

pazite ovo.

Some physicists think that everything in the universe

Neki fizičari smatraju da je sve u univerzumu

is created by the harmonic series of very tiny, very tense strings.

stvoreno zahvaljujući harmoničnom nizu veoma sićušnih, veoma nategnutih struna.

So might our entire reality

Da li bi naša celokupna stvarnost

be the extended solo of some cosmic Jimi Hendrix?

mogla da bude produženi solo nekakvog kosmičkog Džimija Hendriksa?

Clearly, there's a lot more to strings than meets the ear.

Očito, ima u strunama mnogo više od onoga što dopire do ušiju.