Why do buildings fall in earthquakes? - Vicki V. May

1,788,487 views ・ 2015-01-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Harun Delikaya Reviewer: Daban Q Jaff
00:07
Earthquakes have always been a terrifying phenomenon,
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Erdhej hergavan bûne fenomenên xofdar,
00:10
and they've become more deadly as our cities have grown,
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û bi mezinbûna bajaran bêtir kujende bûne,
bînayên ku hildiweşin xetereyeke pir mezin tînin meydanê.
00:14
with collapsing buildings posing one of the largest risks.
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00:17
Why do buildings collapse in an earthquake,
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Dema ku erdhej çêdibe bîna çima hildiweşin,
00:20
and how can it be prevented?
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û meriv çito dikare ber lê bigirê?
00:22
If you've watched a lot of disaster films,
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Eger ku te gelek ji fîlmên bobelatî temaşe kiribe,
00:24
you might have the idea
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dibe ku wiha bifikirî,
00:26
that building collapse is caused directly by the ground beneath them
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ji ber ku zemînê di bin bînayê da zêde diheje an jî diqelişe
00:29
shaking violently, or even splitting apart.
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bîna hildiweşe.
00:32
But that's not really how it works.
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Rastiya vê tiştekî din e.
00:35
For one thing, most buildings are not located right on a fault line,
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Di esasa xwe da, piraniya bînayan rasterast li ser xeta fayê cih nagirê,
00:39
and the shifting tectonic plates go much deeper than building foundations.
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û livîna lewheyên tektonîk ji bingeha avahiyê gelek gelekî kûrtir e.
00:43
So what's actually going on?
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Ka li wir çi diqewime?
00:46
In fact, the reality of earthquakes and their effect on buildings
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A rast, rastiya erdhejan û bandora wan ya li ser avahiyan
00:50
is a bit more complicated.
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piçek aloztir e.
Bo fêmkirina vê yekê, mîmar û endezyaran, hin model bi kar anîn ku
00:52
To make sense of it, architects and engineers use models,
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00:55
like a two-dimensional array of lines representing columns and beams,
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mîna xêzên du rehendî yên ku stûn û kêranan temsîl dikin,
00:59
or a single line lollipop with circles representing the building's mass.
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an jî lolîpopên biçember li ser xêzekî baristeya bînayê temsîl dikin.
01:05
Even when simplified to this degree, these models can be quite useful,
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Ev çende hêsankirî jî bin, dibe ku ev model gelekî kêrhatî bin.
01:09
as predicting a building's response to an earthquake
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Texmînkirina berteka avahiyan ya li hember erdhejê
01:12
is primarily a matter of physics.
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serê pêşîn mijara fizîkê ye.
01:14
Most collapses that occur during earthquakes
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Piraniya avahiyên di dema erdhejê de hildiweşin
01:16
aren't actually caused by the earthquake itself.
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sedema vê ya rastîn ne erdhej bixwe ye.
01:20
Instead, when the ground moves beneath a building,
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Li dewsa vê, dema ku zemînê di binê avahiyê de tevdigere,
01:23
it displaces the foundation and lower levels,
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ev yek bingeha avahiyê û tebeqeyên jêrîn diguherîne,
01:26
sending shock waves through the rest of the structure
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pêlên şokê dişîne beşa mayî ya avahiyê
01:28
and causing it to vibrate back and forth.
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û dibe sedema leqîna ber bi paş û pêş.
01:31
The strength of this oscillation depends on two main factors:
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Hêza hejikînê girêdayî du hêmanên sereke ye:
01:36
the building's mass, which is concentrated at the bottom,
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Baristeya avahiyê, ev li jêr tov dibe,
01:39
and its stiffness,
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û hişkahiya wan,
01:40
which is the force required to cause a certain amount of displacement.
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ya ku hêza pêwîst ya ji bo mîqdarek guhertina cih e.
01:44
Along with the building's material type and the shape of its columns,
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Digel cûreyê kereseyê û dirûvê stûnan,
01:48
stiffness is largely a matter of height.
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hişkahî bêhtir girêdayî bilindahiyê ye.
Avahiyên nizmtir bimeyl in ku hîn hişktir bin û kêmtir tevbigerin,
01:51
Shorter buildings tend to be stiffer and shift less,
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01:54
while taller buildings are more flexible.
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digel vê avahiyên berztir hîn çemînbartir in.
01:57
You might think that the solution is to build shorter buildlings
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Dibe tu bihizrî ku çareserî çêkirina bînayên nizm e,
02:00
so that they shift as little as possible.
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ji ber ku heya ji dest tê kêm tevdigere.
02:02
But the 1985 Mexico City earthquake is a good example of why that's not the case.
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Lê erdheja 1985î ya Meksîkoyê mînakek baş e, nîşan dide rewş cudatir e.
02:08
During the quake,
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Wexta ku erdhej çêbû,
02:09
many buildings between six and fifteen stories tall collapsed.
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bînayên di navbera şeş û pazdeh qatan de gelek ji wan hilweşiyan.
Tiştê ecêb ev e ku bînayên nizm ên li kêlekê li piya man,
02:14
What's strange is that while shorter buildings nearby did keep standing,
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02:17
buildings taller than fifteen stories were also less damaged,
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bînayên ji panzdeh qatî berztir jî kêm zirar girtin,
02:22
and the midsized buildings that collapsed
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û bînayên navîncî yên ku hilweşiyan e
02:24
were observed shaking far more violently than the earthquake itself.
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di dema erdhejê de hîn dijwartir hejiyane.
02:28
How is that possible?
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Çawa pêkan e gelo?
02:30
The answer has to do with something known as natural frequency.
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Cewab di frekansa xwezayî de weşarî ye.
02:34
In an oscillating system,
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Di sîstemeke hejikê de,
02:35
the frequency is how many back and forth movement cycles occur within a second.
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frekans hêjmara çerxa hareketa ber bi paş û pêş e ya di çirkekî de pêk tê.
02:41
This is the inverse of the period,
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Ev berovajî periyodê ye,
02:43
which is how many seconds it takes to complete one cycle.
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hêjmara çirkên pêwîst e bo temamkirina dewrekî.
02:47
And a building's natural frequency, determined by its mass and stiffness,
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Di bînayekî de frekansa xwezayî, ji layê bariste û hişkahiya wê ve diyar dibe,
02:51
is the frequency that its vibrations will tend to cluster around.
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ev frekansa xwezayî meyla kombûna li dor lerzan e.
02:55
Increasing a building's mass slows down the rate at which it naturally vibrates,
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Zêdekirina baristeya bînayekî rêjeya lerizîna xwezayî kêm dike,
03:00
while increasing stiffness makes it vibrate faster.
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zêdekirina hişkahiya wê jî lerizîna wê lezgîntir dike.
03:03
So in the equation representing their relationship,
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Ango di hevsenga têkiliyan de ,ku ev têkiliyan temsîl dike,
03:06
stiffness and natural frequency are proportional to one another,
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hişkahî û frekansa xwezayî rêjedarên hev in,
03:09
while mass and natural frequency are inversely proportional.
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wê demê bariste û frekansa xwezayî dij-rêjedarên hev in.
03:14
What happened in Mexico City was an effect called resonance,
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Tiştê ku li Meksîkoyê rû dabû bandora resonansê bû.
03:17
where the frequency of the earthquake's seismic waves
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Frekansa pêlên sîsmîk yên erdhejê,
03:20
happen to match the natural frequency of the midsized buildings.
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di bînayên navîncî de hevberê frekansa xwezayî bû.
03:24
Like a well-timed push on a swingset,
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Wekî ku hêlekaneke ku tam di wextê xwe hatiye defdan,
03:27
each additional seismic wave amplified the building's vibration
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her pêleke sîsmîk ya pêvek lerza bînayê ya di hêla
03:31
in its current direction,
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heyî de zêde dike.
03:33
causing it to swing even further back, and so on,
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Dibe sedema zêdetir kilîna ber bi paş û hwd,
03:36
eventually reaching a far greater extent than the initial displacement.
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dawiya dawî guhertina cih ji ya ewil derbas dibe.
03:41
Today, engineers work with geologists and seismologists
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Îro, endezyar digel jeologan û sîsmologan dixebitin
03:44
to predict the frequency of earthquake motions at building sites
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ku di qadên avahiyan de frekansa hareketa erdhejê pêşbînî bikin.
03:48
in order to prevent resonance-induced collapses,
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Bo rê li ber girtina hilweşînên sedem-resonansî bigire,
03:51
taking into account factors such as soil type and fault type,
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faktorên notanî cûreya axê û cûreya fayê dide ber çavan,
03:55
as well as data from previous quakes.
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him jî ji daneyên erdhejên pêşîn sûd werdigire.
03:57
Low frequencies of motion will cause more damage to taller
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Hareketa frekans nizm, zirarê bêhtir dide bînayên berztir
04:00
and more flexible buildings,
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û çemînbartir.
04:02
while high frequencies of motion pose more threat
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Wê demê hareketa frekans berz, gefan bêhtir li
04:05
to structures that are shorter and stiffer.
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bînayên nizmtir û hişktir dixwe.
04:08
Engineers have also devised ways to abosrb shocks
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Endezyar di heman wextî de rêyên mêtina şokan digerin
04:11
and limit deformation using innovative systems.
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û ji bo teşe guhertinan sînordar bikin sîstemên nûjen bi kar dînin.
04:14
Base isolation uses flexible layers
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Di îzolasyona bermalê de tebeqên çemînbar tên bikaranîn
04:17
to isolate the foundation's displacement from the rest of the building,
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da ku cih guhertina bingehê ji beşa din ya avahiyê îzole bike.
04:21
while tuned mass damper systems cancel out resonance
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Sîstema bariste damper ya sazkirî, bi hejika derveyî fazê
04:25
by oscillating out of phase with the natural frequency
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04:28
to reduce vibrations.
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resonansê parseng dike.
04:30
In the end, it's not the sturdiest buildings that will remain standing
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Dawîn, bînayên herî saxlem na bînayên herî zîrek
04:33
but the smartest ones.
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li piya dimînin.
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