How do glasses help us see? - Andrew Bastawrous and Clare Gilbert

2,287,637 views ใƒป 2016-04-05

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Won Jang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyunyoung Park
์•ฝ 2000๋…„ ์ „์—
00:06
Almost 2000 years ago,
0
6756
1964
00:08
the Roman philosopher Seneca peered at his book through a glass of water.
1
8720
5727
๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์„ธ๋„ค์นด๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ž”์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Suddenly, the text below was transformed.
2
14447
4057
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž, ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ๊ธ€์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
The words magically became clear.
3
18504
3286
๊ทธ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
00:21
But it wasn't until a millennium later that that same principle
4
21790
3251
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ฒœ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:25
would be used to create the earliest glasses.
5
25041
5102
์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Today, glasses can help millions of people with poor vision
6
30143
3479
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ต์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€
00:33
due to uncorrected refractive errors.
7
33622
3156
์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
The key to understanding what that means lies with the term refraction,
8
36778
4209
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด '๊ตด์ ˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
the ability of a transparent medium, like glass,
9
40987
2964
๊ตด์ ˆ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋งค์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜
00:43
water,
10
43951
1029
๋ฌผ
00:44
or the eye to change the direction of light passing through it.
11
44980
4802
๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค์งˆ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
The eye has two main refractive surfaces:
12
49782
2538
๋ˆˆ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ตด์ ˆ์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
the cornea and the lens.
13
52320
2480
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Ideally, these surfaces work together
14
54800
2579
์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
00:57
to refract light in a way that accurately focuses light onto the retina,
15
57379
4758
๋น›์„ ๋ง๋ง‰์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตด์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye
16
62137
3612
๋ง๋ง‰์ด๋ž€, ๋ˆˆ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น›์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ
01:05
that works with the brain to give rise to vision.
17
65749
3154
๋‡Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
But many people develop refractive errors,
18
68903
2539
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜
01:11
either during childhood as their eyes are growing,
19
71442
2771
01:14
or in later life as their eyes age.
20
74213
3189
๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๊ตด์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Imperfections in the cornea and lens
21
77402
2125
๊ฐ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€
01:19
cause refracted light to be focused in front of or behind the retina,
22
79527
4853
๊ตด์ ˆ๋œ ๋น›์ด ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ๋’ค์— ๋งบํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:24
making images appear blurry.
23
84380
2997
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
People with refractive errors can still see color,
24
87377
2511
๊ตด์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด๋‚˜
01:29
movement,
25
89888
1058
์›€์ง์ž„
01:30
and light,
26
90946
1126
๋น›์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:32
but the details of what they're looking at are out of focus.
27
92072
3488
๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
People experience refractive errors in different ways,
28
95560
3280
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
01:38
owing to differences in their eyes.
29
98840
2480
๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
In some, light refracts too much,
30
101320
2346
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋น›์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ตด์ ˆ๋˜๊ณ 
01:43
and in others, too little.
31
103666
2314
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Eyes with a focal point in front of the retina are called myopic,
32
105980
3481
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰ ์•ž์ชฝ์— ๋งบํžˆ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ทผ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
or short-sighted.
33
109461
1670
01:51
They can see close objects clearly,
34
111131
1935
๊ทผ์‹œ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋˜๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:53
but those far away are out of focus.
35
113066
2993
๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
But when the focus point is behind the retina,
36
116059
2286
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋ง๋ง‰ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋งบํžˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์›์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
people are hyperopic, or long-sighted.
37
118345
3282
02:01
For them, objects close up are unfocused,
38
121627
3243
์›์‹œ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
02:04
but distant objects are crystal clear.
39
124870
3037
๋จผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Finally, some people have a cornea with a non-spherical shape
40
127907
3952
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์ด ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
02:11
that causes astigmatism,
41
131859
1931
๋‚œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
a form of out-of-focus vision that makes all objects seem blurred,
42
133790
4250
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ƒ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
02:18
whether close or far.
43
138040
2316
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
As we age, our eyes face new challenges.
44
140356
2868
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
When we're young, the lens of the eye is flexible
45
143224
3188
์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:26
and can change shape to bring images into focus,
46
146412
3377
์ƒ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
02:29
something called accommodation.
47
149789
2192
์›๊ทผ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
This keeps objects in focus when we shift our gaze from far to near.
48
151981
5150
์ด ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋จผ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
02:37
But as we get older, the lens becomes less flexible,
49
157131
3313
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
02:40
and can't change shape when we want to look at near objects.
50
160444
3869
๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
This is called presbyopia,
51
164313
2091
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ธ์•ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
and it affects adults starting around the age of 40 years.
52
166404
4636
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ 40์„ธ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:51
Myopia,
53
171040
809
02:51
hyperopia,
54
171849
927
๊ทผ์‹œ
์›์‹œ
02:52
astigmatism,
55
172776
1058
๋‚œ์‹œ
02:53
and presbyopia.
56
173834
1641
๋…ธ์•ˆ
02:55
Each of these is a refractive error.
57
175475
2451
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด์ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
Nowadays we can fix them all with glasses or contact lenses,
58
177926
3831
์š”์ฆ˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฝ˜ํƒํŠธ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋กœ
03:01
which work by refocusing light so it strikes the retina precisely.
59
181757
5443
๋น›์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งบํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
It's even possible to correct vision with surgery
60
187200
2569
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
using lasers that change the shape of the cornea
61
189769
3317
๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
03:13
and alter its refractive properties.
62
193086
2570
๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ๋˜์ง€์š”.
03:15
But glasses remain the most popular.
63
195656
2257
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
By using carefully crafted lenses
64
197913
1967
์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋กœ
03:19
to steer light to exactly the right spot on the retina,
65
199880
3377
๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งบํžˆ๋„๋ก ๋น›์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:23
a person's clear vision can be restored.
66
203257
3803
์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ข‹์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
We've come a long way since Seneca's discovery
67
207060
2575
์„ธ๋„ค์นด์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‚ ์˜ ์กฐ์žกํ•œ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
03:29
and the crude glasses of yesteryear.
68
209635
2543
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ค˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
In 1727, a British optician named Edward Scarlett
69
212178
4146
1727๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ์ œ์ž‘์ž์ธ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์Šค์นผ๋ฆฟ์€
03:36
developed the modern style of glasses
70
216324
2808
์•ˆ๊ฒฝํ…Œ๋ฅผ ์–‘์ชฝ ๊ท€์— ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
03:39
which are kept in place with arms which hook over each ear.
71
219132
3565
ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Today's glasses take their inspiration from that design,
72
222697
3349
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์€ ์ด ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:46
but they're also much more precise and personal.
73
226046
3707
ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Each pair is tailored for an individual to bring out their unique powers of sight.
74
229753
5308
์ฐฉ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:55
So if you're one of the 500 million people with a problem with close or far vision,
75
235061
5537
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋จผ ๊ฒƒ, ํ˜น์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ด๋Š”50์–ต๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
04:00
or both,
76
240598
1285
04:01
there's a pair of glasses out there waiting to reveal a whole new world
77
241883
3706
์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
04:05
that's hiding in plain view.
78
245589
2074
๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7