Can you solve the riddle and escape Hades? - Dan Finkel

2,772,101 views ใƒป 2020-10-13

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyeryung Kim
00:07
Maybe the fates got clumsy.
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์šด๋ช…์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€
00:09
Maybe Poseidon had one of his angry days.
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๊ทธ์ € ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด์ง€
00:12
However it happened, the underworld is overcrowded,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ผ์€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ง€ํ•˜์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
and Zeus has ordered Hades to let some spirits out.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ˜ผ๋“ค ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Hades arranges all the souls of the dead in a line before Cerberus.
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ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์˜ํ˜ผ๋“ค์„ ์ผ€๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋กœ์Šค ์•ž์— ํ•œ ์ค„๋กœ ์„ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
When one of his three heads bites down on the soul in front of it,
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฉด
00:28
theyโ€™ll get returned to the land of the living.
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๊ทธ ์˜ํ˜ผ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„์„œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
Anyone to the left must get out of line and stay in Hades forever.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋‚จ์€ ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ์ค„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ๊ณ์— ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
00:36
And everyone else shuffles forward, at which point Cerberus will feed again.
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๋‚จ์€ ์˜ํ˜ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ€๋กœ๋ฒ ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Each of the dogโ€™s heads has an equal chance of being the one to bite each time,
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์„ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™๊ณ 
00:47
and no two ever bite simultaneously.
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๋‘ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Unfortunately, Hadesโ€™ minions forgot to tell you what was happening,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ๊นœ๋นก ์žŠ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฅ์น  ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
00:55
and by the time you show up there are only 99 souls left in line.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด 99๋ช…๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
Hades looks furious and drawing attention to yourself wonโ€™t end well.
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ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ชน์‹œ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
But suddenly, time freezes, and Hermes steps out of the shadows.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ , ์–ด๋‘  ์†์—์„œ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋ฉ”์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋”๋‹ˆ
01:09
He tells you he can instantly put you into the line,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์•ž์ชฝ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
and no one will realize what happened.
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01:15
But heโ€™ll only grant his grace to someone clever enough
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๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์€์ด์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:19
to take full advantage of it.
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01:21
Choose the best place in line and heโ€™ll give you the spot.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
Choose wrong, and heโ€™ll leave you to rot.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ์„œ ์ฉ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Which spot should you pick?
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100๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:29
Pause the video to figure it out yourself.
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์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:31
Answer in 3
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3์ดˆ ํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ
01:32
Answer in 2
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2์ดˆ ํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ
01:35
Answer in 1
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1์ดˆ ํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ
01:37
Itโ€™s possible to calculate the exact probability of going free
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100๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:41
in all 100 spots.
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01:43
But thereโ€™s a much simpler path to the solution
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
that requires surprisingly little calculation.
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01:49
Imagine being anywhere in line.
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์ค„ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:52
Way up at the front, one of the three heads will pick someone at random,
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๋งจ ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์„ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and youโ€™ll move forward 1, 2, or 3 spaces.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‘˜, ํ˜น์€ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:59
Since each is equally likely,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
02:02
your chance of survival from wherever you started
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋“  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€
02:05
is the average of the chances from each of the three spaces in front of you.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
And this is where you can find a huge shortcut.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Averages must be on or between the extremes of what youโ€™re averagingโ€”
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ํ‰๊ท ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:20
they can never be higher than the highest value
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์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
02:23
or lower than the lowest.
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์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
So whatever your chances of survival are where you start,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์˜€๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์ด
02:29
one of the three places in front of you is at least as good,
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๋‹น์‹  ์•ž ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒํผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
and probably better.
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02:35
This observation is incredibly powerful.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํžŒํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
It means that wherever you are in line,
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์ด๋Š”, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋“ 
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
02:41
itโ€™d be wise to trade your place for one of the three spots in front of you.
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02:46
Letโ€™s ignore which for now and think of them as a trioโ€”
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์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:50
this trioโ€™s maximum value is better than this trioโ€™s, and so on.
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์ด ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€
์ด ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Keep going and youโ€™ll reach the front...
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค„์˜ ๋งจ ์•ž์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
These three spots must contain the extreme valuesโ€”
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์ด ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทนํ•œ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
the best and worst probabilitiesโ€”
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์ฆ‰, ์ค„ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ฃ .
03:04
for the entire line.
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03:05
In other words, theyโ€™re all we need to consider.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Place 1 is bad.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Head one would save you, and the other two doom you forever.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Thatโ€™s just a 1 in 3 chance to escape.
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ํƒˆ์ถœํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Place 2 is better: head two is great,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข‹๊ณ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜๊ณ ,
03:21
head 3 is bad, and head 1 is ok in that it gives you another chance.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:26
But place 3 is best, because head 3 saves you
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:31
while heads 1 and 2 both give you extra chances.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
If you did want to consider the exact probabilities,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:39
the odds of surviving in place 3 are 16 out of 27, or close to 60%.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 27๋ถ„์˜ 16, ๋˜๋Š” 60%์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
The spots later in line tend to be very close to having a 50% chance of survival.
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์ค„ ๋’ค์ชฝ์€ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Why 50%?
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์™œ 50%์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:52
Because every time Cerberus sends one soul up to be reborn,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ€๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ˜ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
03:57
he leaves 0, 1, or 2 souls in the underworld.
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0, 1 ํ˜น์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ,
04:01
That averages out to one person staying for each one who gets freed.
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์˜ํ˜ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๋ฉด, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ˜ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:07
But you can beat those odds handily with what you now know.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Hermes has places to be, and so do you.
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ํ—ค๋ฅด๋ฉ”์Šค๋„, ๋‹น์‹ ๋„, ๊ฐˆ ๊ณณ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
He rewards your insight by sneaking you into the third spot.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And from there itโ€™ll be just a short wait to learn your ultimate fate.
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์ด์ œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์šด๋ช…์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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