Why certain naturally occurring wildfires are necessary - Jim Schulz

1,637,911 views ・ 2016-02-02

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Katherine Cho κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
There was a time before our ancestors smashed flint and steel together,
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μ˜›λ‚  μ˜›μ μ— 우리 쑰상듀이 λΆ€μ‹―λŒμ„ 쇠에 λΆ€λ”ͺ히고,
00:10
when they felt the cold lack of fire in their lives.
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삢에 μΆ”μœ„μ™€ 뢈이 μ—†λŠ” 것을 λΌˆμ €λ¦¬κ²Œ 느꼈던 λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
But anthropologists theorize that early hominids
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ, 졜초의 인간듀은
00:17
relied on lightning to cause forest fires,
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λ²ˆκ°œμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‚°λΆˆμ— μ˜μ§€ν•˜μ—¬
00:20
from which they could collect coals and burning sticks.
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석탄과 νƒ€λŠ” λ‚˜λ­‡κ°€μ§€λ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Fire gave them the ability to cook food and clear land,
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λΆˆμ€ κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μš”λ¦¬λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  토지λ₯Ό 정리할 수 있게 ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
00:26
and became central in many rituals and traditions.
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λ§Žμ€ μ˜μ‹κ³Ό μ „ν†΅μ˜ 쀑심이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
So instead of seeing forest fires as an exclusively bad thing,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚°λΆˆμ„ 맀우 λ‚˜μœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”,
00:33
ancient humans may have learned to appreciate them.
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졜초의 인간듀은 μ‚°λΆˆμ— κ°μ‚¬ν–ˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
Yet, it wasn't just humans who benefitted from these natural phenomena.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μΈκ°„λ“€λ§Œ 이런 μžμ—° ν˜„μƒμ— 이득을 λ³Έ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Even as they destroy trees, fires also help the forest themselves,
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직관에 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
산블은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 숲 μžμ²΄μ— 도움을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
however counterintuitive that seems.
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00:48
In fact, several forest species, such as select conifers,
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심지어, 선택 μΉ¨μ—½μˆ˜μ™€ 같은 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μˆ²μ† 쒅듀은
00:52
need fire to survive.
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살아남기 μœ„ν•΄ 뢈이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
But how can fire possibly create life in addition to destroying it?
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그런데 λΆˆμ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 생λͺ…을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— 생λͺ…을 λΆˆμ–΄λ„£λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
01:00
The answer lies in the way that certain forests grow.
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κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ νŠΉμ • μˆ²λ“€μ΄ μžλΌλŠ” 방법에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
In the conifer-rich forests of western North America,
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λΆμ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ μΉ¨μ—½μˆ˜κ°€ ν’λΆ€ν•œ μ„œμͺ½μ—λŠ”
01:07
lodgepole pines constantly seek the Sun.
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λ‘œμ§€ν΄ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ νƒœμ–‘μ„ μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
Their seeds prefer to grow on open sunny ground,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ 씨앗은 햇빛이 잘 λ“œλŠ” λ•…μ—μ„œ μžλΌλŠ” 것을 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬,
01:14
which pits saplings against each other as each tries to get more light
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μ–΄λ¦° λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ΄ μ£Όλ³€ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 곧고 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μžλΌλ©΄μ„œ
μ„œλ‘œ κ²½μŸν•˜λ©° 더 λ§Žμ€ 햇빛을 λ°›μœΌλ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
by growing straighter and faster than its neighbors.
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01:21
Over time, generations of slender, lofty lodgepoles
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 지남에 따라, λŠ˜μ”¬ν•˜κ³  ν’μ„±ν•œ λ‘œμ§€ν΄ μ„ΈλŒ€λ“€μ΄
01:24
form an umbrella-like canopy that shades the forest floor below.
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μš°μ‚° 같은 λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μš°κ±°μ Έμ„œ μ•„λž˜μ˜ 숲 λ°”λ‹₯이 κ·ΈλŠ˜μ§€λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
But as the trees' pine cones mature to release their twirling seeds,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ λΉ™κΈ€λΉ™κΈ€ λ„λŠ” 씨앗듀을 λ°°μΆœν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μžλΌλ©΄μ„œ,
01:33
this signals a problem for the lodgepoles' future.
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λ‘œμ§€ν΄ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 미래λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
Very few of these seeds will germintate in the cool, sunless shade
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우뚝 μ†Ÿμ€ λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ 생긴
01:39
created by their towering parents.
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μ‹œμ›ν•˜κ³  햇빛이 μ—†λŠ” κ·ΈλŠ˜μ—μ„œ 싹을 νŠΈλŠ” 씨앗은 μ•„μ£Ό 적은 μˆ˜μ— λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
These trees have adapted to this problem by growing two types of cones.
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이 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 두 쀑λ₯˜μ˜ μ†”λ°©μšΈμ„ κΈΈλŸ¬μ„œ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— μ μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
There are the regular annual cones that release seeds spontaneously,
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씨앗을 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ°°μΆœν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ 있고,
01:50
and another type called serotinous cones,
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ν™˜κ²½μ μΈ 자극이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ 씨앗을 λ°°μΆœν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
01:53
which need an environmental trigger to free their seeds.
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폐성ꡬ과 μ†”λ°©μšΈμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Serotinous cones are produced in thousands,
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폐성ꡬ과 μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ 수천 κ°œμ”© μƒμ‚°λ˜λ©°,
01:58
and are like waterproofed time capsules sealed with resinous pitch.
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μˆ˜μ§€λ‘œ λ΄‰μΈλœ 방수 νƒ€μž„μΊ‘μŠ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Many are able to stay undamaged on the tree for decades.
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λŒ€κ°œλŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ†μƒλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ±„λ‘œ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
Cones that fall to the ground can be viable for several years, as well.
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λ•…μœΌλ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But when temperatures get high enough, the cones pop open.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜¨λ„κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 높아지면, μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ ν„°μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Let's see that in action.
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μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:17
Once it's gotten started, a coniferous forest fire
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ν•œ 번 μ‹œμž‘λ˜λ©΄, μΉ¨μ—½μˆ˜ λΆˆμ€
02:20
typically spreads something like this.
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이와 같은 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ νΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Flames ravage the thick understory provided by species like douglas fir,
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λΆˆκΈΈμ€ λ‘œμ§€ν΄ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ λ°‘μ—μ„œ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”
μ‘λ‹¬μ—μ„œ μžλΌλŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄μΈ
02:27
a shade-tolerant tree that's able to thrive
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02:29
under the canopy of lodgepole pines.
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미솑과 같은 쒅에 μ˜ν•΄ μ œκ³΅λ˜λŠ” λ‘κΊΌμš΄ ν•˜μΈ΅ 식생을 ν™©νν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
02:32
The fire uses these smaller trees as a step ladder
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λΆˆμ€ 이 μž‘μ€ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ„ κ³„λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
02:35
to reach the higher canopy of old lodgepole pines.
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였래된 λ‘œμ§€ν΄ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 가지와 잎이 λ¬΄μ„±ν•œ 높은 λΆ€λΆ„κΉŒμ§€ λ‹ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
That ignites a tremendous crown fire
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그것은 화씨 2400λ„κΉŒμ§€ μ˜¬λΌκ°€λŠ”
02:41
reaching temperatures of up to 2400 degrees Fahrenheit.
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μ™•κ΄€λͺ¨μ–‘ λΆˆμ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
That's well more than the 115-140 degrees
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그것은 폐성ꡬ과 μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ΄ ν’€λ¦¬λŠ”
02:48
that signal the moment when serotinous seeds can be freed.
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115-140도보닀 훨씬 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
At those temperatures, the cones burst open,
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κ·Έ μ˜¨λ„μ—μ„œ μ†”λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ 터지고,
02:55
releasing millions of seeds,
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수 백만 개의 씨앗을 λ°©μΆœν•˜κ³ ,
02:57
which are carried by the hot air to form new forests.
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μ΄λŠ” 뜨거운 곡기에 μ˜ν•΄ λ‚ μ•„κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ²λ“€μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
After the fire, carbon-rich soils and an open sunlit landscape
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뢈 이후에, νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ ν’λΆ€ν•œ ν† μ–‘κ³Ό 탁 트인 햇빛이 λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 풍경은
03:05
help lodgepole seeds germinate quickly and sprout in abundance.
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λ‘œμ§€ν΄ μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄ 씨앗듀이 빨리 μ‹ΉνŠΈκ³  ν’λΆ€ν•˜κ²Œ μžλž„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
From the death of the old forest comes the birth of the new.
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였래된 숲의 μ£½μŒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 숲이 νƒ„μƒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Fires are also important for the wider ecosystem as a whole.
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λΆˆμ€ μƒνƒœκ³„ μ „μ²΄μ—κ²Œλ„ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Without wildfires to rejuvenate trees, key forest species would disappear,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ„ 젊게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚°λΆˆμ΄ μ—†μœΌλ©΄ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 쒅듀은 μ—†μ–΄μ§ˆ 것이고,
03:22
and so would the many creatures that depend on them.
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그에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 생물듀도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
And if a fire-dependent forest goes too long without burning,
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그리고 λΆˆμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 숲이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ˜€λž˜λ™μ•ˆ 타지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
03:29
that raises the risk of a catastrophic blaze,
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숲 μ „μ²΄λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 집과 생λͺ…κΉŒμ§€ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
03:31
which could destroy a forest completely,
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λŒ€μž¬μ•™μ  뢈길의 κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ†’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
not to mention people's homes and lives.
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03:37
That's why forest rangers sometimes intentionally start controlled burns
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ μ‚Όλ¦Ό κ°μ‹œμ›λ“€μ΄ 가끔 μΌλΆ€λŸ¬ ν†΅μ œλœ λΆˆμ„ λ‚΄μ„œ
03:41
to reduce fuels in order to keep the more dangerous wildfires at bay.
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λ”μš± μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ‚°λΆˆλ“€μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
They may be frightening and destructive forces of nature,
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μ‚°λΆˆμ€ μžμ—°μ˜ 무섭고 파괴적인 쑴재일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:48
but wildfires are also vital
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μ‚°λΆˆμ€ λ˜ν•œ
03:50
to the existence of healthy boreal forest ecosystems.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λΆν’μ˜ 숲 μƒνƒœκ³„μ˜ 생쑴에 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
By coming to terms with that,
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그것과 ν•©μ˜λ₯Ό λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
03:56
we can protect ourselves from their more damaging effects
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ λ”μš± 파괴적인 λ©΄μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 우리λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•¨κ³Ό λ™μ‹œμ—
03:59
while enabling the forests, like the legendary phoenix,
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전섀적인 ν”Όλ‹‰μŠ€μ²˜λŸΌ
μˆ²λ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ μž¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μž¬νƒ„μƒν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
to rise reborn from their own ashes.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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