Can stereotypes ever be good? - Sheila Marie Orfano and Densho

646,718 views ・ 2021-12-02

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sora Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In 2007, researchers surveyed over 180 teachers
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2007λ…„, μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ ꡐ사듀 180λͺ… μ΄μƒμ—κ²Œ 섀문쑰사λ₯Ό ν•΄μ„œ
00:11
to understand if they held stereotypes about students from three racial groups.
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μ„Έ 인쒅 집단 학생듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 고정관념이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
The results surfaced several negative stereotypes,
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°€μ§€ 뢀정적인 고정관념이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
labeling Black students as aggressive and stubborn,
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흑인 학생듀은 곡격적이며 고집이 μ„Έκ³ ,
00:23
white students as selfish and materialistic,
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백인 학생듀은 이기적이고 물질주의적이며,
00:25
and Asian students as shy and meek.
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μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 학생듀은 수쀍음 많고 μ˜¨μˆœν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
00:28
But regardless of the teachers’ other biases,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŽΈκ²¬κ³ΌλŠ” 상관없이
00:31
the most commonly held opinion was that Asian students
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κ°€μž₯ 일반적인 생각은 μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 학생듀이
00:34
were significantly more industrious, intelligent, and gentle than their peers.
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λ˜λž˜λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 λΆ€μ§€λŸ°ν•˜κ³ , λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜λ©° μ˜¨μˆœν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
On the surface, this might seem like a good thing,
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μ™Έκ²¬μƒμœΌλ‘œ, 이 생각이 μ’‹κ²Œ 보이고
00:42
or at least better than other, negative characterizations.
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적어도 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀정적인 것듀보닀 λ‚˜μ•„ 보일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
But treating this seemingly favorable stereotype as reality
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그런데 이런 겉보기에 호의적인 고정관념을 μ§„μ‹€λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” 것은
00:49
can actually cause a surprising amount of harmβ€”
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사싀 λ†€λž„ μ •λ„μ˜ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
to those it describes, those it doesn’t, and even those who believe it to be true.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ¬˜μ‚¬λœ 학생듀, κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 학생듀,
그리고 그것이 사싀이라 믿은 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ—κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€μš”.
00:56
This image of humble, hard-working Asians is actually well-known
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κ²Έμ†ν•œ κ·Όλ©΄ν•œ μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” 인상은
사싀 β€˜λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜β€™λΌλŠ” κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μœΌλ‘œ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
as the β€œmodel minority” stereotype.
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01:03
Versions of this stereotype emerged in the mid-20th century
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20μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜μ— 이런 고정관념듀이 μƒκ²¨λ‚œ 것은
01:06
to describe Chinese Americans.
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쀑ꡭ계 미ꡭ인듀을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
But following World War II,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ 후에,
01:10
the label became commonly used to claim that Japanese Americans
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κ·Έ κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œκ°€ 주둜 μ‚¬μš©λœ 곳은 일본계 미ꡭ인듀이
01:14
had overcome their mistreatment in US incarceration camps,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μˆ˜μš©μ†Œμ—μ„œ ν•™λŒ€λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
01:18
and successfully integrated into American society.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έκ΅­ μ‚¬νšŒμ— ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•  λ•Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Former incarcerees were praised as compliant, diligent,
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수감 κ²½ν—˜μžλ“€μ€ μˆœμ’…μ μ΄κ³  λΆ€μ§€λŸ°ν•˜λ©°
κΆŒμœ„λ₯Ό μ‘΄μ€‘ν•œλ‹€κ³  μΈμ •λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
and respectful of authority.
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01:27
In the following decades, β€œmodel minority” became a label
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λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ—μ„œ, β€˜λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜β€™λŠ”
미ꡭ에 μ‚¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μΈλ“€μ˜ κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
for many Asian populations in the US.
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01:33
But the truth behind this story of thriving Asian Americans
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ‹œμ•„κ³„ 미ꡭ인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 이 λ¬΄μ„±ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 진싀은
01:36
is much more complicated.
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훨신 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
During World War II,
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제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ 쀑에
01:41
the US government tried to β€œAmericanize” incarcerated Japanese Americans.
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 일본계 미ꡭ인 μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ„ β€˜λ―Έκ΅­ν™”β€™ν•˜λ € ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
They did this through English language classes, patriotic exercises,
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그듀은 이λ₯Ό λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…, μ• κ΅­ ν™œλ™κ³Ό
01:50
and lessons on how to behave in white American society.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 백인 μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ˜ˆμ˜λ²”μ ˆμ„ κ°€λ₯΄μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
When incarcerees were released,
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μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ΄ 풀렀났을 λ•Œ,
01:56
they were instructed to avoid returning to their own communities
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그듀은 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ 문화적 κ΄€μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” 것을 ν”Όν•˜κ³ 
01:59
and cultural practices,
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02:00
and instead, integrate into white society.
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λŒ€μ‹  백인 μ‚¬νšŒμ— ν†΅ν•©λ˜λ„λ‘ μ§€μ‹œλ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
But after decades of anti-Asian policies and propaganda,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„κ°„μ˜ 반 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μ •μ±…κ³Ό κ³Όμž₯된 μ„ μ „ ν›„μ˜€κΈ°μ—
02:07
white Americans had to be persuaded that Japanese Americans
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백인 λ―Έκ΅­μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 일본계 미ꡭ인이
더 이상 μœ„ν˜‘μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  섀득해야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
were no longer a threat.
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02:12
So the government organized media coverage to transform the public perception
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 언둠을 μ‘°μž‘ν•΄μ„œ
일본계 미ꡭ인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ 인식을
02:17
of Japanese Americans from suspected traitors to an American success story.
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μ˜μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ λ°˜μ—­μžμ—μ„œ 미ꡭ의 성곡 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
In fact, the phrase β€œmodel minority” was coined by one such article from 1966.
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사싀 β€˜λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜β€™λΌλŠ” λ¬Έκ΅¬λŠ”
1966λ…„ μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
But this article, and others like it,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 기사와 같은 기사듀은
02:31
didn’t just cast Asian Americans as an obedient and respectful β€œmodel minority."
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μ•„μ‹œμ•„κ³„ 미ꡭ인을 μˆœμ’…μ μ΄κ³  κ³΅μ†ν•œ
β€˜λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜β€™λ‘œ μΉ˜μΌœμ„Έμš΄ κ²ƒλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
They also criticized so-called β€œproblem minorities,”
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그듀은 μ†Œμœ„ β€˜λ¬Έμ œμ  μ†Œμˆ˜β€™λ₯Ό λ˜ν•œ λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
primarily Black Americans.
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주둜 ν‘μΈμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:43
Politicians who were threatened by the rising Civil Rights movement
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λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 민ꢌ μš΄λ™μ— μœ„ν˜‘μ„ λŠλ‚€ μ •μΉ˜κ°€λ“€μ€
02:47
used this rhetoric to discredit Black Americans’ demands
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이 λ―Έμ‚¬μ—¬κ΅¬λ‘œ λ―Έκ΅­ ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜ μ •μ˜μ™€ 평등에 λŒ€ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν„ν›Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
for justice and equality.
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02:52
They presented a fabricated story of Asian American success
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그듀은 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆκ³„ 미ꡭ인의 μ‘°μž‘λœ 성곡 이야기λ₯Ό 보여주며
02:56
to paint struggling Black communities as inferior.
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ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜ νˆ¬μŸμ„ μ—΄λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ κ·Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
This narrative put a wedge between Black and Asian Americans.
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이런 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” 흑인과 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆκ³„ 미ꡭ인 사이λ₯Ό κ°ˆλΌλ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
It erased their shared history of fighting oppression
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμ™Έλœ 집단과 ν•¨κ»˜ μ–΅μ••κ³Ό μ‹Έμ› λ˜
03:06
alongside other marginalized groups,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ³΅ν†΅λœ 역사λ₯Ό μ§€μ›Œλ²„λ Έκ³ 
03:08
and pit the two communities against each other.
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두 곡동체가 μ„œλ‘œ λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
In doing so, the model minority myth also enforced a racial hierarchy,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λŠ” 쀑에 λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜ μ‹ ν™”λŠ” 인쒅별 계급도 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
with white Americans on top and everyone else underneath.
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백인이 제일 μœ„μ— 있고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀은 μ•„λž˜μ— 있죠.
03:20
Certainly, many people who still believe the model minority stereotype,
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ, λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜λΌλŠ” 고정관념을 μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λ―Ώκ³  μžˆλŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
03:25
either consciously or unconsciously, might not agree with that idea.
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μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œλ“  μ•„λ‹ˆλ“  간에, 이런 생각에 λ™μ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
But comparing the imagined strengths and weaknesses of racial groups
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인쒅 μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œ κ°€μƒμ˜ 강점과 약점듀을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λŠ” 것은
03:33
places value on how well those groups meet certain standardsβ€”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 집단이 νŠΉμ • 기쀀을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
typically, standards set by a white majority.
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λŒ€κ°œ λ‹€μˆ˜μΈ 백인이 기쀀을 μ •ν•˜μ£ .
03:40
In this case, the model minority stereotype
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이런 κ²½μš°μ— λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜ 고정관념은
03:43
suggests that marginalized groups who are compliant, gentle, and respectful
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μˆœμ’…μ μ΄κ³  μ˜¨ν™”ν•˜λ©° 백인의 κΆŒμœ„λ₯Ό μ‘΄μ€‘ν•˜λŠ”
03:47
of white authority are deserving of tolerance,
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μ†Œμˆ˜ 집단은 인정받을 자격이 μžˆλŠ” 반면,
03:50
while groups that challenge the status quo are not.
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ν˜„μƒμ— λ„μ „ν•˜λŠ” 집단은 κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
This stereotype also negatively impacts the Asian individuals it describes.
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이 고정관념은 λ˜ν•œ 그것이 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ μ’‹μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
According to a psychological phenomenon known as stereotype threat,
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β€˜κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘β€™μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 심리학적 ν˜„μƒμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
04:04
members of a group often place pressure on their individual actions
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μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ ꡬ성원듀은 ν”νžˆ 각자의 행동에 μ••λ ₯을 κ°€ν•΄μ„œ
04:08
to avoid encouraging negative group stereotypes.
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뢀정적인 집단 고정관념듀을 λΆ€μΆ”κΈ°λŠ” 것을 ν”Όν•˜λ € ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
But this phenomenon can occur around seemingly positive stereotypes as well.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 ν˜„μƒμ€ 겉보기에 긍정적인 고정관념에도 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
The pressure associated with living up to impossibly high standards
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ μœΌλ‘œ 높은 기쀀에 λ§žμΆ”λ €λŠ” 압박은
04:20
can lead to poor performance.
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μ €μ‘°ν•œ μ„±κ³Όλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
And teachers are less likely to notice when Asian students are struggling.
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ꡐ사듀은 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 학생듀이 νž˜λ“€μ–΄ ν•  λ•Œ 이λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦΄ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
Outside the classroom, social programs catering to Asian communities
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ꡐ싀 λ°–μ—μ„œ μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 곡동체λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒ 사업듀은
04:31
are frequently overlooked or cut,
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κ°„κ³Όλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ€‘λ‹¨λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ μž¦μ€λ°
04:33
because they’re assumed to need less support than other disadvantaged groups.
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그듀이 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμ™Έ 계측보닀 지원이 덜 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  보기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
The favorable portrait created by this stereotype
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이 κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ κ·Έ 호의적인 μ΄ˆμƒμ€
04:41
can also make it harder to recognize racially motivated violence
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인쒅적인 동기에 μ˜ν•œ 폭λ ₯κ³Ό μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆκ³„ 미ꡭ인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 차별을
04:45
and discrimination against Asian Americans.
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μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것을 더 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
And since this stereotype carelessly groups all Asians under the same umbrella,
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이 고정관념은 λͺ¨λ“  μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 인듀을 큰 고렀없이 같은 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ¬ΆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:53
it impacts people with various backgrounds and unique histories of discrimination.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό κ³ μœ ν•œ μ°¨λ³„μ˜ 역사가 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
So while the model minority label might appear
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λͺ¨λ²”적 μ†Œμˆ˜λΌλŠ” κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œκ°€
μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 도움이 될지 λͺ°λΌλ„
05:01
to benefit Asian populations at first,
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05:03
in practice, it works like every other racial stereotype.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  인쒅 고정관념과 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
It reduces a group of people to a one-dimensional image.
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ν•œ 집단을 일차원적인 μΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:12
And that single image hinders our ability to understand the history,
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κ·Έ 단일 인상은 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•΄μ„œ
05:16
struggles, and triumphs of the individuals within that group.
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집단 μ•ˆ 개인의 역사, 투쟁, 승리λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
Acknowledging and challenging these labels is essential for building coalitions
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œλ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  λ”°μ§€λŠ” 것은
μ‚¬νšŒ μ „λ°˜μ— 걸쳐 연합을 κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κ³ 
05:25
across communities and eliminating harmful stereotypes for good.
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ 고정관념을 μ˜μ›νžˆ μ—†μ• λŠ” 데에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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