Ugly History: The U.S. Syphilis Experiment - Susan M. Reverby

575,808 views ・ 2021-06-08

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyeona Seo κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:08
In the 1930s, the United States was ravaged by syphilis.
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1930λ…„λŒ€ 미ꡭ은 λ§€λ…μœΌλ‘œ ν”Όνν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
This sexually transmitted infection afflicted nearly 1 in 10 Americans,
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μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°μ—Όλ˜λŠ” 이 병은 거의 미ꡭ인 10λͺ… 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…을 κ΄΄λ‘­ν˜”κ³ 
00:15
producing painful sores and rashes that persisted for roughly two years.
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λŒ€λž΅ 2λ…„ 정도 μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 염증과 λ°œμ§„μ„ μΌμœΌμΌ°μ–΄μš”.
00:20
After these initial symptoms, late-stage syphilis was known to cause organ damage,
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이런 초기 증상 이후에 ν›„κΈ° 맀독은 μž₯κΈ° 손상을 μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
00:25
heart and brain disorders, and even blindness.
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심μž₯κ³Ό λ‡Œ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λ©°, 심지어 λˆˆλ„ λ©€κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
It was incredibly difficult to slow the disease’s spread.
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λ§€λ…μ˜ 확산을 λŠ¦μΆ”κΈ°λŠ” 정말 μ–΄λ €μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
Experts cautioned against unprotected sex,
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전문가듀은 λ¬΄λ°©λΉ„ν•œ 성관계λ₯Ό μ§€μ–‘ν•˜λΌκ³  κ²½κ³ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:35
but the infection could also be passed during childbirth.
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맀독은 μΆœμ‚°μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•„μ΄μ—κ²Œ μ „μ—Όλ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:38
Worse still, existing treatments like mercury and bismuth
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μˆ˜μ€κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ€λ¬΄νŠΈ 같은 기쑴의 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€
00:42
were considered unreliable at best and potentially harmful at worst.
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μ‹ λ’°ν•  수 μ—†κ±°λ‚˜ 잠재적으둜 ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²Όμ§€μš”.
00:47
Today these heavy metals are classified as toxic,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ€‘κΈˆμ†λ“€μ€ 독성 물질둜 λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:51
but at the time, doctors were still uncovering their dangerous side effects.
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œλŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 아직 μ€‘κΈˆμ†μ˜ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜€μ£ .
00:55
Amidst the uncertainty, health care professionals had two key questions.
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λΆˆν™•μ‹€ν•œ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ 보건 전문가듀은 두 가지 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ˜μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Did late-stage syphilis warrant the risks of existing treatments?
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말기 맀독이 κΈ°μ‘΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ„ 증λͺ…ν–ˆμ„κΉŒ?
01:04
And, did the infected individual’s race change how the disease progressed?
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κ°μ—Όλœ 개인의 인쒅은 λ§€λ…μ˜ 진행에 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€μ„κΉŒ?
01:08
Many physicians were convinced syphilis affected
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λ§Žμ€ λ‚΄κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 맀독이
λ°±μΈμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 신경계에 영ν–₯을 미치고
01:11
the neurological systems of white patients
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01:13
and the cardiovascular systems of Black patients.
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ν‘μΈμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:16
There was little evidence for this theory,
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이 μ΄λ‘ μ—λŠ” 증거가 λ³„λ‘œ μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:18
but the U.S. Public Health Service was determined to investigate further.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 곡쀑 μœ„μƒκ΅­μ€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
In 1932 they launched a massive experiment in Tuskegee, Alabama.
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1932년에 그듀은 μ•¨λΌλ°°λ§ˆ μ£Ό ν„°μŠ€ν‚€κΈ°μ—μ„œ 큰 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
The town had already possessed a small hospital,
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λ§ˆμ„μ—λŠ” 이미 μž‘μ€ 병원이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
01:30
and the area was home to a large population of potential participants.
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κ·Έ 지역은 λ§Žμ€ 잠재적 μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ κ³ ν–₯μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:34
The PHS collaborated with local doctors and nurses
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곡쀑 μœ„μƒκ΅­μ€ 지역 μ˜μ‚¬, κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜μ—¬
01:37
to recruit roughly 400 Black men presumed to have noncontagious late-stage syphilis,
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λΉ„μ „μ—Όμ„± 말기 맀독을 μ•“λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” 400λͺ…μ˜ 흑인 남성과
01:43
as well as 200 non-syphilitic Black men for their control group.
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맀독을 앓지 μ•ŠλŠ” 200λͺ…μ˜ 흑인 남성을 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨μ§‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
But their recruitment plan centered on a lie.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ§‘ κ³„νšμ€ κ±°μ§“λ§μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:50
While the researchers planned to observe how syphilis
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ΅œμ†Œν•œμ˜ 치료둜
맀독이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ³„νšν•΄λ†“μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:53
would progress with minimal treatment,
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01:55
participants were told they would receive free drugs and care for their condition.
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μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 건강을 μœ„ν•΄ μ•½κ³Ό 치료λ₯Ό 무료둜 ν•΄μ€€λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:59
At first, researchers gave the men existing treatments,
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μ²˜μŒμ— μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ‚¨μ„±λ“€μ—κ²Œ μΉ˜λ£Œμ•½μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:03
but these were soon replaced with placebos.
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이것은 곧 κ°€μ§œ μ•½μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
Under the false pretense of providing a special remedy,
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νŠΉλ³„ 치료λ₯Ό ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 거짓 μœ„μž₯을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:09
researchers performed painful and invasive spinal taps
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 신경학적 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
02:12
to investigate the disease’s neurological consequences.
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κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ½κ³  λͺΈμ— 칼을 λŒ€λŠ” μ²™μˆ˜ 천자λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:15
When patients died, the PHS would swoop in to study the body
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ν™˜μžκ°€ μ£½μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ 곡쀑 μœ„μƒκ΅­μ€ μ‘°μ‚¬μš©μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμ‹ μ„ κ°€μ Έκ°”λŠ”λ°
02:19
by funding funerals in exchange for autopsies.
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λΆ€κ²€μ˜ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ μž₯λ‘€λΉ„λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:23
In their published studies, they listed the men as volunteers
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그듀은 논문에 그듀이 λͺ¨μ§‘ν•œ 상황을 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:26
to obscure the circumstances under which they’d been recruited.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ— λͺ¨μ§‘λœ 남성듀을 μžμ›μžλΌκ³  μ μ–΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Outside Alabama, syphilis treatment was advancing.
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μ•¨λΌλ°°λ§ˆκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§€λ…μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ 개발되고 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:33
A decade after the study began,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜κ³  10λ…„ ν›„,
02:35
clinical trials confirmed that penicillin effectively cured the disease
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초기 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ΄ 효과적으둜 병을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이
02:38
in its early stages.
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μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ μž…μ¦λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
But in Tuskegee, researchers were determined to keep pursuing
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν„°μŠ€ν‚€κΈ°μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€
μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μ£Όμš” 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
what they considered vital research.
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02:46
They had yet to confirm their theories about racial difference,
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그듀은 인쒅에 λ”°λ₯Έ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 이둠을 확인해야 ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:49
and they believed they would never have another opportunity
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μž₯κΈ°κ°„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ λ§€λ…μ˜ 영ν–₯을 κ΄€μ°°ν•  또 λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°νšŒλŠ”
02:52
to observe the long-term effects of untreated syphilis.
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μ ˆλŒ€ 없을 거라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
02:55
The study’s leadership decided to withhold knowledge of new treatments
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μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμžλ“€μ€ ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
from their subjects.
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02:59
During World War II, researchers convinced the local draft board
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제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ λ™μ•ˆ, μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 징병 μœ„μ›νšŒμ—
03:03
to exempt men from their study,
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ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μž 남성듀을 μ§•λ³‘μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ©΄μ œν•΄λ‹¬λΌκ³  μ„€λ“ν•˜κ³ 
03:05
preventing them from enlisting and potentially accessing penicillin.
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μž…λŒ€μ™€ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ„ 받을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” 상황을 μ°¨λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
The study even continued through the 1950s
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이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ΄ 말기 λ§€λ…μ˜ 치료λ₯Ό λ•λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ§„
03:11
when penicillin was shown to help manage late-stage syphilis.
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1950λ…„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ΄μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
By today’s bioethical standards,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 생λͺ…μœ€λ¦¬ν•™ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ
03:17
withholding treatment in a research study without a patient’s informed consent
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ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν™˜μžμ˜ 곡식적인 λ™μ˜ 없이 λ³‘μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ μ•Œλ¦¬μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것은
03:21
is morally abhorrent.
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λ„λ•μ μœΌλ‘œ 혐였슀럽게 μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
But for a large part of the 20th century, this practice was not uncommon.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 20μ„ΈκΈ°μ—λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일이 λΉˆλ²ˆν•˜κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
In the 1940s, US led studies in Guatemala infected
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1940λ…„λŒ€μ— 미ꡭ은 κ³Όν…Œλ§λΌμ—μ„œ
03:31
numerous prisoners, sex workers, soldiers, and mental health patients
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜κ°μžμ™€ 성맀맀 μ’…μ‚¬μž, ꡰ인, μ •μ‹ κ³Ό ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
03:35
with sexually transmitted infections to study potential treatments.
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ μ „μ—Όλ˜λŠ” 병을 κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
And other studies throughout the 50s and 60s
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50λ…„λŒ€μ™€ 60λ…„λŒ€μ— 행해진 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄
03:42
saw doctors secretly infecting patients with viral hepatitis or even cancer cells.
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λͺ°λž˜ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ„± κ°„μ—Όκ³Ό μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” μ•” 세포λ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:48
Eventually, researchers began objecting to these unjust experiments.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΆ€λ‹Ήν•œ 연ꡬ에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:52
In the late 1960s, an STI contact tracer named Peter Buxtun
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1960λ…„ ν›„λ°˜, 성병 감염 접촉 μΆ”μ μžμ˜€λ˜ ν”Όν„° λ²…μŠ€ν„΄μ€
03:56
convinced the PHS to consider ending the study.
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μœ„μƒ 관리ꡭ에 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 끝내라고 μ–˜κΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
But after leadership decided against it, Buxtun sent his concerns to the press.
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λŒ€ν‘œμžλ“€μ΄ 이에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜μž λ²…μŠ€ν„΄μ€ 이λ₯Ό 언둠에 κ³ λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
In July of 1972, an exposΓ© of the Tuskegee study made headlines across the country.
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1972λ…„ 7μ›”, ν„°μŠ€ν‚€κΈ° μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν­λ‘œλŠ” 전ꡭ에 λŒ€μ„œνŠΉν•„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
Following public outcry, a federal investigation, and a lawsuit,
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λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ˜ ν•­μ˜, ꡭ가적 쑰사와 κ³ μ†Œ 이후
04:15
the study was finally shut down in 1972β€” 40 years after it began
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μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹œμž‘λœ 지 40년이 μ§€λ‚˜κ³  λ§€λ…μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€ 개발된 30λ…„ 이후인
04:21
and 30 after a treatment for syphilis had been found.
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1972년에 λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 끝이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
No evidence of any racial difference was discovered.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 인쒅에 λ”°λ₯Έ κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 차이점도 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€μš”.
04:28
When the study ended, only 74 of the original 600 men were alive.
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연ꡬ가 끝났을 λ•Œμ—λŠ” 600λͺ…μ˜ 남성 쀑 κ³ μž‘ 74λͺ…λ§Œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
40 of their wives and 19 of their children had contracted syphilis,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 40λͺ…μ˜ 아내와 19λͺ…μ˜ 아이듀은 λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό μ•„λ²„μ§€μ—κ²Œ κ°μ—Όλœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ”
04:37
presumably from their husbands and fathers.
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맀독에 κ°μ—Όλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
In the wake of this tragedy, and concerns about similar experiments,
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이 사건과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우렀의 κ²°κ³Όλ‘œμ„œ,
04:43
Congress passed new regulations for ethical research and informed consent.
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μ˜νšŒλŠ” 윀리적인 연ꡬ와 λ™μ˜μ„œ μž‘μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ·œμ •μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
But systemic racism continues to permeate medical care and research
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인쒅 차별은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 미ꡭ의 보건과 연ꡬ에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
throughout the US.
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04:52
To truly address these issues,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μ •ν™•νžˆ 닀루기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
04:54
the need for structural change, better access to care,
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ꡬ쑰적 변화와 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ ‘κ·Όμ„±κ³Ό
04:57
and transparency in research remains urgent.
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μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 투λͺ…성이 μ‹œκΈ‰ν•΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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