Is human evolution speeding up or slowing down? - Laurence Hurst

2,445,360 views ・ 2020-09-22

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
The Tibetan high plateau lies about 4500 meters above sea level,
0
6957
6131
ν‹°λ² νŠΈ 고원은 ν•΄λ°œ 4,500 미터이고
00:13
with only 60% of the oxygen found below.
1
13088
3970
μ‚°μ†Œ λ†λ„λŠ” ν•΄λ©΄κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•΄μ„œ κ³ μž‘ 60%μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
While visitors and recent settlers struggle with altitude sickness,
2
17058
4332
λ°©λ¬Έμžλ“€κ³Ό 졜근 μ΄μ£Όμžλ“€μ΄ κ³ μ‚°λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 고톡 λ°›λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
00:21
native Tibetans sprint up mountains.
3
21390
3359
ν‹°λ² νŠΈ 원주민듀은 λ‚ μŒ”κ²Œ 산을 νƒ‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
This ability comes not from training or practice,
4
24749
3111
이 λŠ₯λ ₯은 ν›ˆλ ¨μ΄λ‚˜ μ—°μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ μ–»λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:27
but from changes to a few genes that allow their bodies
5
27860
3730
λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό λͺΈμ—μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
00:31
to make the most of limited oxygen.
6
31590
3130
λͺ‡λͺ‡ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ˜ λ³€ν™”μ—μ„œ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
These differences are apparent from birthβ€”
7
34720
2940
이 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μ„ λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
Tibetan babies have, on average, higher birth weights,
8
37660
3850
ν‹°λ² νŠΈ 아기듀은 ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆœμƒ μ‹œ λͺΈλ¬΄κ²Œκ°€ 더 많이 λ‚˜κ°€κ³ ,
00:41
higher oxygen saturation,
9
41510
2180
μ‚°μ†Œ 포화도가 λ†’κ³ 
00:43
and are much likelier to survive than other babies born in this environment.
10
43690
5710
이 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 아기듀보닀 살아남을 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 훨씬 더 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
These genetic changes are estimated to have evolved
11
49400
3440
이 μœ μ „μ  λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 3천 λ…„κ°„ μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:52
over the last 3,000 years or so, and are ongoing.
12
52840
4327
μ§€κΈˆλ„ 진행 쀑인 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
That may sound like a long time,
13
57167
2197
κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„μ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
00:59
but would be the fastest an adaptation has ever evolved in a human population.
14
59364
6373
인λ₯˜μ˜ 진화 μ€‘μ—μ„œ 제일 λΉ λ₯Έ 적응일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
It’s clear that human evolution isn’t overβ€”
15
65737
3120
μΈκ°„μ˜ 진화가 아직 λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 것은 ν™•μ‹€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
so what are other recent changes?
16
68857
2080
그럼 μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:10
And will our technological and scientific innovations impact our evolution?
17
70937
5625
λ˜ν•œ 우리의 기술적, 과학적 ν˜μ‹ μ΄ 진화에 영ν–₯을 μ€„κΉŒμš”?
01:16
In the past few thousand years,
18
76562
1900
μ§€λ‚œ 수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ,
01:18
many populations have evolved genetic adaptations to their local environments.
19
78462
4883
인간은 지역 ν™˜κ²½μ— 따라 μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μ μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
People in Siberia and the high arctic are uniquely adapted to survive extreme cold.
20
83345
6598
μ‹œλ² λ¦¬μ•„μ™€ 뢁극ꢌ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” κ·Ήν•œ μΆ”μœ„λ₯Ό 버티도둝 μ μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
They’re slower to develop frostbite,
21
89943
2070
그듀은 동상에 덜 걸리고,
μ˜ν•˜μ˜ κΈ°μ˜¨μ—μ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€
01:32
and can continue to use their hands in subzero temperatures
22
92013
4084
01:36
much longer than most people.
23
96097
2420
더 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 계속 손을 μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
They’ve undergone selection for a higher metabolic rate
24
98517
3300
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 선택은 λŒ€μ‚¬μœ¨μ„ λ†’κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
01:41
that increases heat production.
25
101817
2920
μ—΄ 생산을 λŠ˜λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Further south, the Bajau people of southeast Asia can dive 70 meters
26
104737
5681
더 남μͺ½μ—, λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ λ°”ν•˜μš°μ‘±μ€ 70mλ₯Ό μž μˆ˜ν•  수 있고,
01:50
and stay underwater for almost fifteen minutes.
27
110418
4000
거의 15λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ λ¬Όμ†μ—μ„œ 머무λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Over thousands of years living as nomadic hunters at sea,
28
114418
3883
λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ 수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 유λͺ© 사λƒ₯κΎΌ μƒν™œμ„ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:58
they have genetically-hardwired unusually large spleens that act as oxygen stores,
29
118301
6981
μœ μ „μ μΈ λ³€ν˜•μ„ 톡해 λΉ„μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 큰 λΉ„μž₯을 κ°–κ³  νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”λ°
λΉ„μž₯은 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•΄μ„œ
02:05
enabling them to stay underwater for longerβ€”
30
125282
3240
더 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μž μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
an adaptation similar to that of deep diving seals.
31
128522
4960
심해 잠수λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λ‹€ν‘œλ²”κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 적응이죠.
02:13
Though it may seem pedestrian by comparison,
32
133482
2750
그에 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄ μž¬λ―Έμ—†μ–΄ 보일지 λͺ°λΌλ„
02:16
the ability to drink milk is another such adaptation.
33
136232
3777
우유λ₯Ό μ†Œν™”ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯도 그런 적응 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λͺ¨λ“  포유λ₯˜λ“€μ€ μ•„κΈ° λ•Œ λͺ¨μœ λ₯Ό μ†Œν™”ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
All mammals can drink their mother’s milk as babies.
34
140009
3150
02:23
After weaning they switch off the gene that allows them to digest milk.
35
143159
4969
이유λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄, 우유λ₯Ό μ†Œν™”ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€ κΊΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
But communities in sub-Saharan Africa, the middle east and northwest Europe
36
148128
5246
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬ν•˜λΌ 사막 μ΄λ‚¨μ˜ 아프리카, 쀑동과 μ„œλΆλΆ€ μœ λŸ½μ€ 우유λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ”λ°
02:33
that used cows for milk have seen a rapid increase in DNA variants
37
153374
4950
κ·Έ μœ μ „μžκ°€ 꺼지지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” λ³€ν˜• DNAκ°€
02:38
that prevent the gene from switching off over the last 7 to 8000 years.
38
158324
5882
μ§€λ‚œ 7~8000λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λŠ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
At least in Europe, milk drinking may have given people a source of calcium
39
164206
4670
μ΅œμ†Œν•œ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œλŠ”, 우유λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ…”μ„œ μΉΌμŠ˜μ„ μ„­μ·¨ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ 것이고
02:48
to aid in vitamin D production, as they moved north and sunlight,
40
168876
4140
μΉΌμŠ˜μ€ 비타민 λ””μ˜ 생산을 보완할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
그듀이 뢁μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ£Όν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 비타민 λ””μ˜ 일반적 μ›μ²œμΈ 햇빛이 μ€„μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
02:53
the usual source of vitamin D, decreased.
41
173016
3753
02:56
Though not always in obvious ways,
42
176769
2438
항상 λͺ…λ°±ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
02:59
all of these changes improve people’s chance of surviving to reproductive ageβ€”
43
179207
5016
이 λͺ¨λ“  λ³€ν™”λŠ” 인간이 생식 μ—°λ ΉκΉŒμ§€ μ‚΄ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ†’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
that’s what drives natural selection,
44
184223
2240
이 λͺ¨λ“  진화적 λ³€ν™”μ˜ 힘인 μžμ—° 선택이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
the force behind all these evolutionary changes.
45
186463
3544
ν˜„λŒ€ 약물은 이런 μ„ νƒμ••μ—μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄을 μ œκ±°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Modern medicine removes many of these selective pressures
46
190007
3500
03:13
by keeping us alive when our genes,
47
193507
2700
우리 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ΄ 우리λ₯Ό 죽이렀 ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
03:16
sometimes combined with infectious diseases,
48
196207
2890
가끔 감염병과 κ²°ν•©ν•΄ 우리λ₯Ό 죽이렀 ν•  λ•Œ 이λ₯Ό λ§‰λŠ” 것이죠.
03:19
would have killed us.
49
199097
1570
03:20
Antibiotics, vaccines, clean water and good sanitation
50
200667
4390
ν•­μƒμ œ, λ°±μ‹ , κΉ¨λ—ν•œ λ¬Ό, μ² μ €ν•œ μœ„μƒ,
03:25
all make differences between our genes less important.
51
205057
3836
이 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” μœ μ „μžμ— μžˆλŠ” 차이λ₯Ό 덜 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
Similarly, our ability to cure childhood cancers,
52
208893
3531
λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ, μ†Œμ•„μ•”μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ³ ,
03:32
surgically extract inflamed appendixes, and deliver babies
53
212424
4266
수술둜 κ°μ—Όλœ 좩수λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³ ,
μ‚°λͺ¨κ°€ 생λͺ…을 μœ„ν˜‘λ°›μ„ λ•Œλ„ μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό μΆœμ‚°ν•  수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은
03:36
whose mothers have life-threatening pregnancy-specific conditions,
54
216690
4533
03:41
all tend to stop selection by allowing more people to survive
55
221223
4791
λͺ¨λ‘ 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 생식 μ—°λ ΉκΉŒμ§€ 생쑴할 수 있게 ν•˜μ—¬
선택을 λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
to a reproductive age.
56
226014
2130
03:48
But even if every person on Earth has access to modern medicine,
57
228144
4128
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν˜„λŒ€ 약물을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€ 해도
03:52
it won’t spell the end of human evolution.
58
232272
2974
인λ₯˜ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 끝을 λΆˆλŸ¬μ˜€μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
That’s because there are other aspects of evolution besides natural selection.
59
235246
4946
μ§„ν™”μ—λŠ” μžμ—° 선택 외에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 츑면듀이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Modern medicine makes genetic variation
60
240192
2260
ν˜„λŒ€ 약물은 μžμ—° μ„ νƒμ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄μ—ˆμ„ μœ μ „μ  λ³€ν˜•λ“€μ„
04:02
that would have been subject to natural selection
61
242452
3240
04:05
subject to what’s called genetic drift instead.
62
245692
4064
μœ μ „μ  λΆ€λ™μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
With genetic drift, genetic differences vary randomly within a population.
63
249756
5146
μœ μ „μ  뢀동이 있으면 μœ μ „μ  μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 인ꡬ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
On a genetic level, modern medicine might actually increase variety,
64
254902
5068
μœ μ „μ  μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ, ν˜„λŒ€ 약물은 닀양성을 더 λ†’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
because harmful mutations don’t kill people and thus aren’t eliminated.
65
259970
4300
ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ 변이가 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 죽이지 μ•Šμ•„ μ œκ±°λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:24
This variation doesn’t necessarily translate to observable, or phenotypic,
66
264270
5045
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 닀양성이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°° κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ,
04:29
differences among people, however.
67
269315
3290
즉, ν‘œν˜„λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” 차이둜 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
Researchers have also been investigating whether genetic adaptations
68
272605
3733
μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ˜ν•œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ— λŒ€ν•œ μœ μ „μ  적응이
04:36
to a specific environment could appear very quickly
69
276338
3680
후생 μœ μ „ λ³€ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
through epigenetic modification: changes not to genes themselves,
70
280018
4390
μœ μ „μž κ·Έ μžμ²΄μ— 생긴 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:44
but to whether and when certain genes are expressed.
71
284408
4277
μ–΄λ–€ μœ μ „μžκ°€ λ°œν˜„ν• μ§€, μ–Έμ œ 할지에 λŒ€ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
These changes can happen during a lifetime,
72
288685
2724
이 변화듀은 평생 λ™μ•ˆ 일어날 수 있고,
04:51
and may even be passed to offspringβ€”
73
291409
2621
μžμ‹μ—κ²Œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
but so far researchers are conflicted over whether epigenetic modifications
74
294030
4750
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€
후생 μœ μ „ λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ„ΈλŒ€μ— 걸쳐 지속될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
04:58
can really persist over many generations
75
298780
3516
05:02
and lead to lasting changes in populations.
76
302296
4254
인ꡬ에 지속적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 의견이 λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
There may also be other contributors to human evolution.
77
306550
3752
μΈκ°„μ˜ 진화에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 원인이 μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
Modern medicine and technology are very new,
78
310302
2688
ν˜„λŒ€ μ•½λ¬Όκ³Ό κΈ°μˆ μ€
05:12
even compared to the quickest, most recent changes by natural selectionβ€”
79
312990
4430
μžμ—° 선택에 μ˜ν•œ κ°€μž₯ 졜근의 변화와 비ꡐ해도 맀우 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŽΈμ΄λΌμ„œ
05:17
so only time can tell how our present will shape our future.
80
317420
4887
우리의 ν˜„μž¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 미래λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€λŠ” 였직 μ‹œκ°„λ§Œμ΄ μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7