Scientists are obsessed with this lake - Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi

962,815 views ・ 2024-05-14

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Minnie Min Hee Lee κ²€ν† : Jeong-han Kim
00:06
Roughly 3 billion years ago,
0
6919
2002
μ•½ 30μ–΅ λ…„ μ „,
00:08
a single-celled photosynthetic bacterium began burping a new chemical
1
8921
5923
단세포 κ΄‘ν•©μ„±μ„Έκ·  ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ 거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ’…μ—κ²Œ
00:14
that was poisonous to nearly every species on Earth.
2
14844
4296
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ λ… ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ‚΄λΏœκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Over the following hundreds of millions of years,
3
19766
2711
κ·Έ ν›„ μˆ˜μ–΅ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:22
more microorganisms began producing this toxic gas,
4
22477
4379
더 λ§Žμ€ 미생물이 μœ λ… κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:27
first saturating Earth's oceans and eventually its atmosphere.
5
27106
4755
μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 바닀와 λŒ€κΈ°κ°€ 이 κ°€μŠ€λ‘œ ν¬ν™”μƒνƒœκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
Up here, this chemical changed the composition of pre-existing gases
6
32028
4838
이 κ°€μŠ€λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ κΈ°μ‘΄ 기체 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 정말 크게 λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌœ
00:36
so drastically that it caused a global ice age.
7
36866
4004
온 지ꡬ에 λΉ™ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
And the name of this powerful, poisonous, world-changing gas? Oxygen.
8
40953
5798
κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ³  μœ λ…ν•˜λ©° 세상을 λ°”κΎΌ 이 κ°€μŠ€μ˜ 이름은 λ­˜κΉŒμš”? μ‚°μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
In the millions of years since the Great Oxygen Catastrophe,
9
47627
3920
μ‚°μ†Œ λŒ€μž¬μ•™ 이후 수백만 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:51
most life, including all multicellular organisms,
10
51547
3671
닀세포 생물을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ”
00:55
have evolved to rely on this gas.
11
55218
2544
μ‚°μ†Œμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λ„λ‘ 진화해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
However, there are some places where oxygen-averse microorganisms,
12
57929
4880
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 지ꡬ 초창기 μ‹œμ ˆ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ²˜λŸΌ
01:02
like those from Earth's earliest days, have re-emerged.
13
62892
3712
μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 미생물이 λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ²¨λ‚œ 곳도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
Many of these places are in the ocean depths,
14
67105
2919
이런 κ³³ 쀑 μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜λŠ”
01:10
beyond the reach of researchers.
15
70024
1960
μ—°κ΅¬μžμ˜ 손이 닿지 μ•ŠλŠ” 심해에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
But there are other bodies of water completely devoid of oxygen,
16
72068
4421
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ „ν˜€ μ—†λŠ”λ°λ„
01:16
yet close enough to the surface to explore.
17
76489
2919
νƒν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμ„ μ •λ„λ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 곳도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
And one such lake is hidden high in the Swiss Alps’ Piora Valley.
18
79575
4797
μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ μ•Œν”„μŠ€ μ‚°λ§₯ ν”Όμ˜€λΌ 계곑에 그런 호수 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 숨겨져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Formed over 10,000 years ago,
19
84789
2336
1만 λ…„ 전에 ν˜•μ„±λœ 카닀뇨 ν˜Έμˆ˜λŠ”
01:27
Lake Cadagno is one of roughly 200 known meromictic lakes,
20
87125
5046
μ „ 세계에 λΆ„ν¬ν•œ μ•½ 200μ—¬ 개 λΆ€λΆ„μˆœν™˜ν˜Έ κ°€μš΄λ° ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
meaning it's actually two distinct bodies of water stacked on top of each other.
21
92171
5631
λΆ€λΆ„μˆœν™˜ν˜Έμ—λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λΆ„λ¦¬λœ μˆ˜μ—­ 두 κ°œκ°€ 겹쳐 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
The top layer functions like a standard body of freshwater.
22
98052
3796
호수 상측은 ν‰λ²”ν•œ λ‹΄μˆ˜ μˆ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
It’s safe for swimming and known mostly for a plump and plentiful fish population
23
101848
5213
이곳은 μˆ˜μ˜ν•΄λ„ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ©°, μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ
01:47
that’s been the subject of local fishing legends for centuries.
24
107061
4254
ν˜„μ§€ λ‚šμ‹œ 일화듀에 μ†Œμž¬λ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” ν†΅ν†΅ν•˜κ³  ν’λΆ€ν•œ μ–΄λ₯˜λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
But just 13 meters beneath that bounty is a dense, sulfurous, oxygen-free pool
25
111440
6757
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν•΄μ € 13λ―Έν„° μ•„λž˜μ—λŠ” λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  닀세포 μƒλ¬Όμ—κ²Œ 치λͺ…적인
01:58
lethal to any multicellular life forms, fish included.
26
118197
4546
μœ ν™© κ°€λ“ν•˜κ³  μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ—†λŠ” 웅덩이가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
In a typical lake, the entire body of water would gradually mix,
27
123077
4213
일반적인 ν˜Έμˆ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μˆ˜μ—­ 전체가 μ„žμ΄λ©°
02:07
diffusing oxygen from the surface throughout.
28
127290
3295
ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ…Ήμ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ 호수 μ „μ²΄λ‘œ ν™•μ‚°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But these two layers never mix, as is the case with any meromictic lake.
29
131169
5463
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆ€λΆ„μˆœν™˜ν˜Έμ—μ„œ 두 측은 μ ˆλŒ€ μ„žμ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
And the reason for this divide in Cadagno
30
136799
2711
카닀뇨 ν˜Έκ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 두 측으둜 λ‚˜λ‰œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
02:19
is the waters’ unique chemical compositions.
31
139510
3253
물의 λ…νŠΉν•œ ν™”ν•™ μ„±λΆ„ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
Both layers are fed by rainwater flowing down the mountains,
32
142930
4255
두 μΈ΅ λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚° μ•„λž˜λ‘œ 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 빗물이 μˆ˜μ›μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:27
however, this water can take two paths.
33
147185
3378
이 물은 두 가지 경둜둜 μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
The first is to trickle down the granitic mountain directly into the top layer.
34
150605
5213
첫 번째 길은 화강암을 타고 내렀와 μ΅œμƒμΈ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ‘œ 흘러 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
The second is to seep into the Piora Valley’s vein of dolomiteβ€”
35
155985
5088
두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 황산염같이 염뢄이 κ°€λ“ν•œ 닀곡성 암석
02:41
a porous rock full of salts such as sulfate.
36
161073
3921
즉 ν”Όμ˜€λΌ κ°•κ³¨μ§œκΈ°μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ λ°±μš΄μ•” 수λ§₯으둜 μŠ€λ©°λ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Rainwater that sinks into the dolomite will slowly inch towards the lake,
37
165203
4838
λ°±μš΄μ•” 수λ§₯으둜 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 빗물은 천천히 호수 μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 흘러였며
02:50
all the while shedding its oxygen and picking up salts.
38
170041
4504
μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°°μΆœν•˜κ³  염뢄을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Finally, this heavier water will cascade from sublacustrine springs
39
174921
5255
κ²°κ΅­ λ¬΄κ±°μ›Œμ§„ 물은 호수 ν‘œλ©΄ μ•„λž˜ μƒ˜μ—μ„œ
03:00
below the lake’s surface,
40
180176
1752
μŸμ•„μ Έ λ‚˜μ™€
03:01
forming the dense, salt-rich bottom layer.
41
181928
2919
밀도가 λ†’κ³  염뢄이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 호수 λ°”λ‹₯측을 ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
This lower layer is anoxic, meaning oxygen free,
42
185264
3921
호수 λ°”λ‹₯측은 μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ—†λŠ” λ¬΄μ‚°μ†Œ μƒνƒœμ΄λ©°
03:09
and will suffocate any oxygen-dependent life.
43
189185
3086
μ‚°μ†Œμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ μ§ˆμ‹ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
But it’s ideal for the kind of anaerobic bacteria that died off
44
192313
4504
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚°μ†Œ λŒ€μž¬μ•™μœΌλ‘œ λ©Έμ’…ν•œ
03:16
in the Great Oxygen Catastrophe.
45
196817
2461
ν˜κΈ°μ„±μ„Έκ· μ—κ² 이상적인 곳이죠.
03:19
The flow from the sublacustrine springs creates microenvironments
46
199612
4338
호수 ν‘œλ©΄ μ•„λž˜ μƒ˜μ˜ 흐름은 호수 λ°”λ‹₯μ—μ„œ
03:23
which feed large aggregates of microorganisms
47
203950
3253
κΈ°μ΄ν•˜κ³  μ΄ˆμžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ 생긴 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 미생물 집합체λ₯Ό
03:27
that emerge from the lakebed in strange and otherworldly shapes.
48
207203
4504
먹이둜 λ¨ΉλŠ” λ―Έμ„Έν™˜κ²½μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Various anaerobic microorganisms take in the water's sulfate
49
211874
4338
λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜κΈ°μ„±μ„Έκ· μ΄ λ¬Ό 속 황산염을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³ 
03:36
and emit toxic sulfide.
50
216212
2627
독성 황화물을 λ°°μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
And at the border of these layers,
51
219173
1960
그리고 두 호수측의 κ²½κ³„μ—λŠ”
03:41
there’s a thin blanket mainly composed of pink-bodied Chromatium okenii:
52
221133
5589
주둜 λͺΈμ²΄κ°€ 뢄홍색인 Chromatium okenii둜 이루어진 얇은 측이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
a photosynthesizing bacterium that relies on this sulfur
53
226889
4338
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 식물이 μ‚°μ†Œμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
03:51
the way most plants rely on oxygen.
54
231227
2711
Chromatium okeniiλŠ” 황에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” κ΄‘ν•©μ„±μ„Έκ· μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
However, while neither water nor organisms move between the layers,
55
234522
4504
그런데 λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ μœ κΈ°μ²΄κ°€ 두 호수측 사이λ₯Ό μ΄λ™ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
03:59
these ecosystems aren’t completely out of touch.
56
239026
3295
두 μƒνƒœκ³„κ°€ μ™„μ „νžˆ λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Chromatium okenii live at the top of the bottom layer
57
242822
3753
Chromatium okeniiλŠ” μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ νƒœμ–‘μ— κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:06
because they need to be as close to the sun as possible.
58
246575
3379
호수 λ°”λ‹₯측의 μœ—λΆ€λΆ„μ— μ„œμ‹ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
But while they never cross into the deadly oxygenated waters,
59
250413
4170
Chromatium okeniiλŠ” 치λͺ…적인 μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μžˆλŠ” 호수 μƒμΈ΅μœΌλ‘œ μ ˆλŒ€ κ±΄λ„ˆκ°€μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
04:14
they’re close enough that organisms like zooplankton can dive down,
60
254583
4922
동물성 ν”Œλž‘ν¬ν†€κ°™μ€ μœ κΈ°μ²΄κ°€ λ°”λ‹₯측으둜 λ›°μ–΄λ“€μ–΄
04:19
eat them, and get back up.
61
259505
2127
Chromatium okeniiλ₯Ό 사λƒ₯ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ 올라올 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
In fact, this relationship forms the bottom of the upper layer’s
62
262008
4045
μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 κ΄€κ³„λŠ” 호수의 μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 개체수λ₯Ό μ§€νƒ±ν•˜λŠ”
04:26
robust food chain
63
266053
1460
호수 상측 νƒ„νƒ„ν•œ
04:27
supporting the lake’s legendary fish population.
64
267513
3212
λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬μ˜ 밑바탕을 μ΄λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
This unique ecology is more than just a boon for Cadagno’s fishermen.
65
271017
4462
이런 λ…νŠΉν•œ μƒνƒœκ³„λŠ” 카닀뇨 호 μ–΄λΆ€λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ‹¨μˆœ ν˜œνƒ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
Having access to an isolated anaerobic ecosystem
66
275521
3879
고립된 ν˜κΈ°μ„± μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜λ©΄
04:39
allows scientists to model the world before the Great Oxygen Catastrophe.
67
279400
5631
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ‚°μ†Œ λŒ€μž¬μ•™ 이전 세계λ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
For example, when Chromatium okenii form their blanket,
68
285156
3503
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ Chromatium okeniiκ°€ 측을 ν˜•μ„±ν•  λ•Œ
04:48
they increase the density of that thin layer of water.
69
288659
3462
얇은 λ¬Ό 측의 λ°€λ„λŠ” μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
As the water sinks, these microorganisms are forced to swim back up,
70
292288
5047
λ¬΄κ±°μ›Œμ§„ λ¬Ό 측이 κ°€λΌμ•‰μœΌλ©΄ Chromatium okenii듀은 헀엄쳐 μ˜¬λΌμ™€μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
04:57
creating a minute mixing of water called bioconvection.
71
297335
4254
μ΄λ•Œ μƒμ²΄λŒ€λ₯˜λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 물의 ν˜Όν•©μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
This billions of years old phenomenon might be a clue
72
301922
3629
μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬λ™μ•ˆ κ³„μ†λΌμ˜¨ 이 ν˜„μƒμ€ 초기 생λͺ…체가
05:05
to how early life evolved the ability to swim.
73
305551
3670
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 수영 λŠ₯λ ₯을 얻도둝 μ§„ν™”ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
And it’s just one of the many insights that await researchers
74
309388
3712
μ΄λŠ” 카닀뇨 호의 μ‹ λΉ„ν•œ μˆ˜μ—­μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
05:13
studying Cadagno’s mysterious depths.
75
313100
3087
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ°œκ²¬ν•΄λ‚Ό μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν˜œμ•ˆ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7