The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck

484,040 views ・ 2012-10-03

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Woo Hwang
00:14
Geckos and grasshoppers, worms and watermelons,
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λ„λ§ˆλ±€κ³Ό λ©”λšœκΈ°, λ²Œλ ˆμ™€ μˆ˜λ°•,
00:17
elephants and Escherichia Coli,
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코끼리와 λŒ€μž₯κ· ,
00:19
man and mushroom. All so different in form and function,
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인간과 버섯. 이런 것듀은 λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯이 λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
00:24
but amazingly the same in how their form and function are determined.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ μ΄λ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μ΄λ‚˜ κΈ°λŠ₯이 κ²°μ •λ˜λŠ” 방법은 λ˜‘κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
First, all these organisms are made of one or more cells,
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μš°μ„  이런 λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…체듀은 ν•˜λ‚˜ μ΄μƒμ˜ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έ 있죠.
00:32
and every cell of every living thing on earth
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ”
00:36
contains all the information it takes
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μžμ‹ μ΄ μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ³  λ³΅μ œν•˜κ³ 
00:38
to create and duplicate and make variations of itself.
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또 μžμ‹ μ˜ 변쒅을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
00:42
That information is stored in a very long but quite simple
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그런 정보듀은 맀우 κΈΈμ§€λ§Œ κ½€ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ,
00:45
double molecule called DNA,
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DNA라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 이쀑 λΆ„μžμ— λ“€μ–΄μžˆμ£ .
00:48
or Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
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λ””μ˜₯μ‹œλ¦¬λ³΄ν•΅μ‚° 이라고도 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
And the DNA of every living organism is made of chains of four smaller molecules
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ DNA λŠ” λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œλΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” 4개의 μž‘μ€ λΆ„μžλ‘œ
00:56
called nucleotides. What dictates the difference between a man and a mushroom
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μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. 인간과 버섯을 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것은
01:01
is the sequence of these nucleotides in the long DNA chain.
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이런 κΈ°λ‹€λž€ DNA μ‚¬μŠ¬μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œμ˜ μ—°κ²°μ²΄μ—μš”.
01:06
The four differing nucleotide parts, called bases,
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베이슀라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 4개의 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œλŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ
01:09
are made of a few carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms,
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νƒ„μ†Œ, μ‚°μ†Œ, μ§ˆμ†Œμ™€ 인 μ›μžλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έ 있죠.
01:14
and the molecules look like this.
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κ·Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
And each of these four bases is attached to an identical backbone molecule,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 4개의 베이슀 각각은 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ κΈ°λ³Έ λΆ„μžμ— λΆ™μ–΄μžˆμ£ .
01:21
a sugar called deoxyribose - the "D" in DNA - and a phosphate group.
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이 κΈ°λ³Έ λΆ„μžλŠ” λ””μ˜₯μ‹œλ¦¬λ³΄μŠ€λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” λ‹Ήλ₯˜μ΄κ³ . - DNA 의 D에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜μ£  - 인산염 계열이죠.
01:27
Let's simplify these nucleotides and show them like this.
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이 λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μ’€ λ‹¨μˆœν™” ν•΄μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ§€μš”.
01:31
So, a single sequence of nucleotides joined by their common sugars would look like this.
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κ³΅ν†΅μ˜ λ‹ΉμœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œμ˜ μ‚¬μŠ¬ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 이런 λͺ¨μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
And the DNA molecule where such sequences are stored looks like this.
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그런 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ΄ μ €μž₯λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” DNA λΆ„μžλŠ” 이런 λͺ¨μ–‘μ΄κ΅¬μš”.
01:43
But how does a simple molecule dictate the form and function of millions of different living things?
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그러면, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•œκ°œμ˜ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λΆ„μžκ°€ 수 λ°±λ§Œμ’…μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ’Œμš°ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:49
You can think of DNA as a great library of information,
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DNAλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 정보λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄λΌκ³  보면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
information that is used to do one thing and one thing only:
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이런 μ •λ³΄λŠ” ν•œκ°€μ§€, 단 ν•œκ°€μ§€ 일을 ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”:
01:57
direct the building of different protein molecules.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μŒ“λŠ” 일이죠.
02:01
And it's the proteins that build the cells and keep them functioning
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세포λ₯Ό 이루고 또 세포가 κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ°”λ‘œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄μ—μš”.
02:04
and changing and reproducing. Here's where the familiar word 'gene' comes in.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ λ˜ν•œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ³  μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ "μœ μ „μž"λΌλŠ” 단어가 λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
02:10
If your DNA is a library of information, a gene is a book in that library.
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DNA κ°€ μ •λ³΄μ˜ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄λΌλ©΄ μœ μ „μžλŠ” κ·Έ λ„μ„œκ΄€ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” 책과도 κ°™μ•„μš”.
02:15
A gene is a segment of the DNA molecule.
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μœ μ „μžλŠ” DNA λΆ„μžμ˜ μΌλΆ€μ—μš”.
02:18
Let's say your body needs a particular protein, like insulin.
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈμ— 인슐린 같은, νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  해보죠.
02:22
To get it, some of your cells send a protein signal through the bloodstream
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ–»μœΌλ €λ©΄, μ„Έν¬μ˜ 일뢀가 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ 톡해 췌μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œ
02:26
to the cells in your pancreas, where insulin is made.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내고, κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 인슐린이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμš”.
02:29
That signal protein tells other proteins in the cell's nuclei
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그런 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν•΅μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ—κ²Œ
02:33
to open up a part of the DNA double helix, the insulin gene,
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인슐린 μœ μ „μžμΈ DNA 이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό 열어달라고 ν•˜μ£ .
02:37
and start making insulin proteins.
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그러면 인슐린 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
As soon as enough insulin has been produced,
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인슐린이 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λ©΄,
02:41
another signal protein comes to the pancreas' cells that tells them to stop making insulin.
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더이상 μΈμŠλ¦°μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ§€ 말라고 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹ ν˜Έ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ 췌μž₯으둜 λ³΄λ‚΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
It's like looking up a book in the DNA library about insulin,
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마치 DNA λ„μ„œκ΄€μ—μ„œ μΈμŠλ¦°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 책을 μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ•„μš”.
02:50
and then putting it back when you're done.
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닀보고 λ‚˜λ©΄ μ œμžλ¦¬μ— 돌렀 λ†“λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
02:52
There are genes in DNA for visible and invisible things that make up your body,
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DNA μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ λͺΈμ— μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
like genes for eye color, protein pigments, for skin color,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λˆˆλ™μžμ˜ μƒ‰μ΄λ‚˜, 피뢀색을 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μƒ‰μ†Œ,
03:00
for hair color, for stopping and starting bone growth,
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머리칼의 색을 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžλΌλ“ κ°€, 뼈의 μ„±μž₯을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž,
03:03
for your blood type, for how many fingers or arms and legs you have,
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ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄λ‚˜ 손 발의 갯수λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž,
03:07
for proteins that influence how long you live.
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λ˜λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ˜€λž˜μ‚΄μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°™μ€ 것듀이죠.
03:11
Your DNA probably contains between 25 thousand and 40 thousand genes,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ” 보톡 2만 5μ²œκ°œμ—μ„œ 4만개 μ •λ„μ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:16
while the DNA of a worm or a plant or a fruit fly
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— λ²Œλ ˆλ‚˜ 식물, 초파리의 DNA μ—λŠ”
03:19
contains about 12 thousand to 20 thousand genes.
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만2μ²œκ°œμ—μ„œ 2만개의 μœ μ „μžκ°€ 있죠.
03:22
Some of those genes have quite different sequences of nucleotides than yours,
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이듀 μœ μ „μžμ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μžμ™€λŠ” 사뭇 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œ μ‚¬μŠ¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
and some are similar to yours.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
03:29
Though it happens infrequently,
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자주 μžˆλŠ” 일은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:31
our own nucleotide sequences can change
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우리 λͺΈμ˜ λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œλŠ” μš°μ—°νžˆ, ν˜Ήμ€ ν™˜κ²½μ μΈ
03:33
as the result of spontaneous or environmental damage
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μƒμ²˜λ‘œ 인해 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”,
03:36
which might remove or shift a nucleotide position.
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그러면 λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ˜€ν‹°λ“œκ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ λ°”λ€ŒκΈ°λ„ ν•΄μš”.
03:40
This changes the gene involved, and can then change the protein.
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이런 λ³€ν™”μ—λŠ” μœ μ „μžλ„ 영ν–₯을 λ°›κ³  λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€μ£ .
03:45
Most of these changes, called mutations,
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λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” 이런 λ³€ν™”μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€
03:47
have very little effect on the organism or its descendants.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈμ΄λ‚˜ κ·Έ 후손에 거의 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£Όμ§€μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
03:51
some are mildly damaging,
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μ–΄λ–€ 것듀은 쑰금 손상을 κ°€ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•΄μš”.
03:52
and a few can make the organism better-suited to its environment.
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또 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ μž₯κΈ°κ°€ ν™˜κ²½μ— 더 잘 μ μ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
03:56
It is these tiny changes in DNA gene sequences, happening over millions of years,
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이런 μž‘μ€ DNA μœ μ „μžμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μˆ˜λ°±λ§Œλ…„λ™μ•ˆ λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄
04:02
that create the differences among living organisms, from geckos to grasshoppers.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…체에도 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ΄ λ©”λšœκΈ°λ‘œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
04:06
worms to watermelons, elephants to Escherichia Coli, and man to mushroom.
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또, λ²Œλ ˆκ°€ μˆ˜λ°•μœΌλ‘œ, 코끼리가 λŒ€μž₯균으둜 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ²„μ„―μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€ŒκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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