Rethinking thinking - Trevor Maber

「考える」を考える ― トレバー・メイバー

Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

翻訳: 校正: Masaki Yanagishita

Imagine a microscopic-sized ladder contained in the part of our brain

人間は無意識のうちに 脳内で 物事に意味付けをしています

that we'll label our subconscious.

The Ladder of Inference,

アージリス教授の 「推論のはしご」モデルで

which was first proposed by Harvard professor Chris Argyris,

is the basis of this model.

考えてみましょう

誰かと出会い

Every time we interact with someone,

that experience enters the ladder at the bottom.

何かを経験するたびに

That same experience zips up the ladder in the blink of an eye,

その経験は瞬時にはしごを

exiting at the top.

上まで登ります

This process happens thousands of times a day

知らないうちに 一日に何千回も 人ははしごを登るのです

without us knowing it.

Let's focus on what happens on each rung of the ladder.

横木の１本１本に 注目してみましょう

On the first rung, we have the raw data and observations of our experience.

最初の段では「生」のデータを 脳に取り込みます

This is very similar to what someone watching a video recording

体験をビデオ録画で 見ているようなものです

of our experience would see.

Moving up to the second rung,

第２段では

we filter in specific information and details from our experience.

特定の情報とそれ以外を分けます

We unknowingly filter based on our preferences, tendencies,

興味、関心をもとに

and many other aspects that we believe are important.

情報の分類をするのです

On to the third rung.

第３段では

We assign meaning to the information we have filtered through.

情報に意味づけを行います

This is where we start to interpret what our information is telling us.

情報の解釈を始めるのです

On our fourth rung, a very crucial thing happens.

第４段はとても大切です

We develop assumptions

前の段階をもとに推論をします

based on the meaning we created on the previous rung,

and we start to blur the distinction between what is fact and what is story.

事実と思い込みが混ざり始めます

On the fifth rung,

第５段では結論を下します

we develop conclusions based on our assumptions.

This is also where our emotional reactions are created.

感情的な反応も生まれます

On the sixth rung,

第６段では その時の経験にかかわった人を含めた

we adjust our beliefs about the world around us,

including the person or people involved

「世界観」を調整します

in our experience of the moment.

On the seventh and final rung,

最後の第７段で

we take action based on our adjusted beliefs.

考え方に基づいて行動を起こします

Still with me? Great!

話について来てますか？ それは良かった！

Let's take a real-life example

現実の出来事を例にして はしごを登ってみましょう

and run it up the ladder to see how this all works.

Have you ever been cut off in a parking lot, signal light on

駐車場で割り込まれたことはありますか？

as you steer toward your coveted spot,

方向指示灯を付けて ハンドルも切り始めていたのに 最後の瞬間に急ブレーキ

only to slam on your brakes at the last minute

as someone pulls in front of you and steals your spot away?

無理やり場所を先取りされたら？

Imagine that experience and notice all of the data

経験によって得られたデータが はしごの第１段に登ってきました

and observations landing on the first rung of your ladder.

Now let's watch what we pay attention to on the second rung.

第２段では情報を ふるいにかけます

Who cares that it's sunny out and the birds are chirping?

天気や鳥の声なんてどうでもいい

The 50% off sign outside of your favorite store is meaningless.

安売りの看板も無意味です

You filter in the sensation of your grip tightening on the wheel,

大事なのは ギュッと握ったハンドルの感触

you feel your blood pressure rise,

血圧の上昇

you hear the squeal of your brakes,

ブレーキがきしる音

and you notice the expression on the face of the other driver

割り込んできたドライバーの表情 彼がそっぽを向いたこと

as he pulls in front of you and quickly looks away.

Time for our third rung.

第３段階です

Ever since you were young,

両親には 並んで順番を待つように しつけられてきました

your parents taught you the importance of waiting in line

and taking your turn.

You live and die by the rule of first come, first served.

先に来た人から順番というのが ルールのはずです

And now this guy has just stolen your spot.

なのに場所を盗られてしまった 理不尽です

What gives?

Up to the fourth rung we go.

第４段階です

Watch closely as our assumptions take over

思い込みが生まれ 事実にとって代わります

and our story creates itself.

"That stupid jerk, didn't his parents teach him anything?

「あの野郎 親に何を教わってきたんだ？

How could he not see my signal light?

方向指示灯を見なかったのか？ 不注意な奴だ！

He must never pay attention!

Why does he think he's more important than anyone else?"

自分が一番えらいと 思ってるんだ」

Jumping quickly to the fifth rung,

第５段階です

we conclude that this guy is heartless, inconsiderate,

結論を下します あなたは自分勝手で非常識な男に―

he needs to be taught a lesson and put in his place.

We feel angry, frustrated, vindictive, justified.

怒り、いら立ち、恨み そして義憤を覚えます

On our sixth rung,

第６段階では 経験に基づいて 世界観を調整します

we adjust our beliefs based on the experience.

"That's the last time I give in!

「二度と譲るもんか！ また邪魔が入りそうになったら

Next time someone tries to cut me off,

tires will be smoking on the pavement

無理やりにでも 俺が駐車してやる」

as I squeal past them into my spot."

And finally our last rung: we take action.

最終段階です 実際に行動します

We back up, pull up behind his car,

クラクションを鳴らし 窓を開けて 相手を罵倒します

honk our horn, and roll down our window

to scream a few choice words as well.

Now imagine,

すると相手が謝りながら歩いてきて

he walks over quickly, apologizing.

His wife, who's almost due with their first baby,

妊娠している奥さんが 陣痛が始まったと電話してきたので

called him from inside the mall to say she is in labor

急いで病院に 連れて行きたかったと言うのです

and needs to get to the hospital immediately.

We're momentarily shocked, apologize profusely,

あなたは驚いて彼に謝り 去っていく彼の幸運を祈ります

and wish him luck as he rushes toward the entrance.

What just happened here?

なぜあなたは 態度を変えたのでしょう？

What changed? Why is this so significant?

In our parking lot example,

相手のはしごが

our beliefs were short-circuited by the ladder of the other individual.

自分のはしごから生まれる 思い込みを断ち切ったからです

"My wife is in labor, I need to get there quick,

「妻の陣痛だ 早く行かなきゃ

there's a parking spot. Whew!

スペースが空いてる やったぁ！

Oh, jeez, I cut someone off.

あっ 割り込んでしまった 謝ったほうが良さそうだな」

I'd better apologize quickly so they don't think I'm a jerk."

But what if we were able to short-circuit our ladders ourselves?

でも 自分の力で思い込みを 中断できるとしたら？

Proactively, by choice?

自分で先取りできるとしたら？

Guess what? We can!

実はできるんです！

Let's return to our unique human function of free will.

人間には自由意志があるのですから

Next time you notice yourself reacting to your experience,

物事に反応する前に

pay focused attention to your ladder.

あなたの「はしご」に目を向けてみてください

Ask yourself what beliefs are at play,

自分は今どんな考え方をしているのか

where do they come from?

What data and observations did you filter in

どんなデータを選択したのか その理由は？

as a result of your beliefs,

and why?

Are your assumptions valid and supported by facts?

推論は事実に基づいているか？

Would a different set of assumptions create different feelings,

別の推論をした方が 良い結果につながらないか？

and result in new and better conclusions and actions?

We all have our own unique ladder.

はしごは人によって様々です

Be mindful of yours,

自分のだけでなく 他人のはしごにも気を配ってください

and help others to see theirs.