Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent - Ethan Perlstein

253,408 views ใƒป 2013-02-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:14
Every cell in your body
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ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืš
00:15
is separated from those around it
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•
00:16
by its outermost layer,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
00:18
its membrane.
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ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช.
00:19
A cell membrane must be both sturdy and flexible.
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ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื’ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื”.
00:23
Imagine a membrane made of metal -
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืชื›ืช:
00:25
great at keeping the cell's guts inside,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืงืจื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
00:27
but horrible at letting materials flow in and out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:31
But a membrane made of fishnet stocking
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื’ืจื‘ื™ ืจืฉืช
00:33
would go too far in the opposite direction -
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™:
00:35
leaky, but easily torn.
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"ื ื•ืฉืžืช", ืืš ื ืงืจืขืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
00:37
So, the ideal membrane falls somewhere in the middle.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
00:41
Over the past few centuries,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:43
we've learned a lot about the way membranes work.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:46
The tale starts in the late 1800's
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
00:48
when, according to legend,
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ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช
00:50
a German woman named Agnes Pockels was doing dishes.
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ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืื’ื ืก ืคื•ืงืœืก ื”ื“ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื,
00:54
Her observation, that not all detergents
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™
00:56
dissolve grease in the same way,
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ื”ืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš,
00:58
piqued her curiosity,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื”.
00:59
so she made careful measurements
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ื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช
01:00
of the size of soapy films
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ
01:02
that formed on the surface
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
01:03
of a metal tray filled with water.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ืฉ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืœื ืžื™ื.
01:06
Later, in the 1920's, GE scientists
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20, ืžื“ืขื ื™ "ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง"
01:09
Irving Langmuir and Katharine Blodgett
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ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืœื ื’ืžื™ืจ ื•ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื“ื’'ื˜
01:11
reexamined the problem with a more elaborate contraption
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืชืงืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:14
and found that those tiny slicks
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ืชืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
01:16
were in fact a single layer of oil molecules.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ.
01:20
Each oil molecule has one side
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืื—ื“
01:21
that loves water and floats on the surface,
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ืฉืื”ื‘ ืžื™ื ื•ืฆืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:24
and one side that loathes water
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ื•ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื ืžื™ื
01:26
and protrudes into the air.
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ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:28
So what does it have to do with cell membranes?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื?
01:30
Well, at the turn of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
01:33
chemists Charles Overton and Hans Meyer
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ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืก ืžืื™ื™ืจ
01:36
demonstrated that the cell membrane
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื
01:38
is composed of substances that,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
01:40
like oil,
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ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ,
01:41
have a water-loving part
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื™ื
01:42
and a water-loathing part.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืฉื•ื ื ืžื™ื.
01:44
We now call these substances lipids.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื” "ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื".
01:47
In 1925, two scientists,
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ื‘-1925, ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
01:49
Evert Gorter and Francois Grendel,
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ืื•ื•ืจื˜ ื’ื•ืจื˜ืจ ื•ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื’ืจื ื“ืœ,
01:52
pushed our understanding further.
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ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•.
01:54
They designed an experiment meant to test
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ื”ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
01:56
whether cell membranes
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ืื ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื
01:57
are made of only one layer of lipids,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
01:59
a monolayer,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื“-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
02:00
or two layers stacked on top of one another,
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ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•,
02:03
called a bilayer.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ื•-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
02:05
Gorter and Grendel drew blood
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ื’ื•ืจื˜ืจ ื•ื’ืจื ื“ืœ ืœืงื—ื• ื“ื
02:06
from a dog,
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ืžื›ืœื‘,
02:07
a sheep,
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ืžื›ื‘ืฉื”,
02:08
a rabbit,
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ืžืืจื ื‘,
02:09
a goat,
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02:09
a guinea pig,
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ืžืขื–,
ืžืฉืจืงืŸ
02:10
and human volunteers.
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ื•ืžืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:12
From each of these samples,
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ืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:14
they extracted all the lipids
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ื”ื ืžื™ืฆื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื
02:15
from all the red blood cells
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ืžื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
02:17
and placed a few drops of this extract
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:19
on a tray of water.
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ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉ ืžื™ื.
02:21
True to form, the lipids, like oil,
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ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื”, ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืŸ,
02:24
spread out into a monolayer,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื“-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™,
02:26
whose size Gorter and Grendel could measure.
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ืฉืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื’ื•ืจื˜ืจ ื•ื’ืจื“ืœ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
02:29
If they compared the surface area of that monolayer
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื“-ืฉื›ื‘ื”
02:31
to the surface area to the intact red blood cells,
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
02:34
they'd be able to tell
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
02:35
whether the red blood cell membrane
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ืื ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”
02:37
is one or two layers thick.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
02:39
To understand the design of their experiment,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:41
imagine looking down at a sandwich.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ืš.
02:44
If you measure the surface area of what you see,
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ืืช ืชืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
02:46
you'll get the dimensions of a single slice of bread
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืกืช ืœื—ื ืื—ืช
02:49
even though there are two slices,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
02:51
one stacked perfectly atop the other.
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ื”ืื—ืช ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:54
But, if you open the sandwich
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ืืš ืื ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืš
02:55
and place the two slices side by side,
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ื•ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•,
02:57
you get twice the surface area.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—.
03:00
The Gorter and Grendel experiment
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื˜ืจ ื•ื’ืจื ื“ืœ
03:01
is basically the same idea.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
03:03
The open sandwich is the monolayer formed
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“-ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”
03:06
by extracted cellular lipids spreading out into a sheet.
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื• ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ืขื”.
03:10
The closed sandwich is the intact red blood cell membrane.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืš ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืฉืœืžื”.
03:14
Low and behold, they observed a two-to-one ratio,
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ื•ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ืœืื—ื“,
03:16
proving beyond the shadow of a doubt
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง
03:18
that a cell membrane is a bilayer,
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ืฉืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช,
03:20
which when unstacked,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
03:22
yields a monolayer twice its size.
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ื—ื“-ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ.
03:24
So almost 30 years before the double-helix structure
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ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ
03:27
of DNA was elucidated,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื,
03:29
a single experiment
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“
03:30
involving fancy versions of household materials
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช
03:33
enabled deep insight
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ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืžืขืžืงื™
03:35
into the basic architecture of the cell.
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ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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