Ugly history: The 1937 Haitian Massacre - Edward Paulino

1,404,264 views ใƒป 2018-01-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
When historians talk about the atrocities of the 20th century,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20,
00:12
we often think of those that took place during and between the two World Wars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:17
Along with the Armenian genocide in modern-day Turkey,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื”ืืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:20
the Rape of Nanking in China,
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ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื ื ืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
00:22
and Kristallnacht in Germany,
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ื•ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:24
anotherย horrific ethnic cleansing campaign
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ืžืกืข ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืืชื ื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ ืื—ืจ
00:27
occurred on an island between the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™.
00:32
The roots of this conflict go back to 1492,
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื“ 1492,
00:35
when Christopher Columbus stumbled onto the Caribbean island
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ื›ืฉื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
00:39
that would come to be named Hispaniola, launching a wave of European colonization.
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ืœื”ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฉื™ื’ืจ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช.
00:46
The islandโ€™s Taรญno natives were decimated by violence and disease
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ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช
00:50
and the Europeans imported large numbers of enslaved Africans
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ื•ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื‘ืื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
00:54
to toil in profitable sugar plantations.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงื™ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:58
By 1777, the island had become divided
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ืขื“ 1777, ื”ืื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื—ื•ืœืง
01:01
between a French-controlled West and a Spanish-controlled East.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—.
01:05
A mass slave revolt won Haiti its independence from France in 1804
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ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืฆืจืคืช ื‘ 1804
01:11
and it became the worldโ€™s first black republic.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:14
But the new nation paid dearly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:16
shut out of the world economy and saddled with debt by its former masters.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืกืžื” ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:21
Meanwhile, the Dominican Republic would declare independence
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
01:24
by first overthrowing Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืกืคื ื•ืœื”
01:28
and later Spanish and American colonialism.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:32
Despite the long and collaborative history shared by these two countries,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:36
many Dominican elites saw Haiti as a racial threat
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื•ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™
01:39
that imperiled political and commercial relations with white western nations.
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ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:46
In the years following World War I,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:48
the United States occupied both parts of the island.
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื›ืœืกื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื™.
01:51
It did so to secure its power in the Western hemisphere
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
01:54
by destroying local opposition and installing US-friendly governments.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
01:59
The brutal and racist nature of the US occupation,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
02:02
particularly along the remote Dominican-Haitian border,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
02:06
laid the foundation for bigger atrocities after its withdrawal.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”.
02:10
In 1930, liberal Dominican president Horacio Vรกsquez
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ื‘ 1930, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืฉื™ื• ื•ืืกืงื–
02:15
was overthrown by the chief of his army, Rafael Trujillo.
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ื”ื•ื“ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ืฆื‘ืื•, ืจืคืืœ ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื•.
02:19
Despite being a quarter Haitian himself,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ืข ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
02:22
Trujillo saw the presence of a bicultural Haitian and Dominican borderland
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ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื• ืจืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™-ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™
02:25
as both a threat to his power
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ืื™ื•ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•
02:28
and an escape route for political revolutionaries.
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ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืœืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:32
In a chilling speech on October 2, 1937,
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ื‘ื ืื•ื ืžืฆืžืจืจ ื‘ 2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 1937,
02:35
he left no doubt about his intentions for the region.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืกืคืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
02:39
Claiming to be protecting Dominican farmers from theft and incursion,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช,
02:43
Trujillo announced the killing of 300 Haitians along the border
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ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ 300 ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
02:48
and promised that this so-called "remedy" would continue.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”"ืชืจื•ืคื”" ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชืžืฉื™ืš.
02:53
Over the next few weeks, the Dominican military,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™,
02:55
acting on Trujilloโ€™s orders,
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ืฉืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื•,
02:57
murdered thousands of Haitian men and women,
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ืจืฆื— ืืœืคื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
03:01
and even their Dominican-born children.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช.
03:04
The military targeted black Haitians,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:07
even though many Dominicans themselves were also dark-skinned.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”.
03:11
Some accounts say that to distinguish the residents
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ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:14
of one country from the other,
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ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช,
03:16
the killers forced their victims to say the Spanish word for parsley.
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ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื”.
03:21
Dominicans pronounce it perejil, with a trilled Spanish "r."
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืคืจื—ื™ืœ, ืขื "ืจ" ืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
03:25
The primary Haitian language, however, is Kreyol, which doesnโ€™t use a trilled r.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘"ืจ" ืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช.
03:30
So if people struggled to say perejil,
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ืื– ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืคืจื—ื™ืœ,
03:33
they were judged to be Haitian and immediately killed.
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ื”ื ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื›ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื ืจืฆื—ื•.
03:37
Yet recent scholarship suggests that tests like this
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
03:40
werenโ€™t the sole factor used to determine who would be murdered,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ื™ืจืฆื—,
03:44
especially because many of the border residents were bilingual.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:48
The Dominican government censored any news of the massacre,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื ื–ืจื” ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—,
03:52
while bodies were thrown in ravines,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืขืจื•ืฆื™ื,
03:54
dumped in rivers,
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ื ื–ืจืงื• ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช,
03:55
or burned to dispose of the evidence.
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ืื• ื ืฉืจืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช.
03:58
This is why no one knows exactly how many people were murdered,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื•,
04:02
though contemporary estimates range from about 4,000 to 15,000.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 4,000 ืœ 15,000.
04:07
Yet the extent of the carnage was clear to many observers.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
04:11
As the US Ambassador to the Dominican Republic at the time noted,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
04:14
โ€œThe entire northwest of the frontier on the Dajabรณn side
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"ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื”ื‘ื•ืŸ
04:19
is absolutely devoid of Haitians.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจื™ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
04:22
Those not slain either fled across the frontier or are still hiding in the bush.โ€
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื™ื."
04:28
The government tried to disclaim responsibility
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
04:30
and blame the killings on vigilante civilians,
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ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจืขื™ื,
04:33
but Trujillo was condemned internationally.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:37
Eventually, the Dominican government
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™
04:38
was forced to pay only $525,000 in reparations to Haiti,
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ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืฉืœื ืจืง $525,000 ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
04:44
but due to corrupt bureaucracy,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช,
04:46
barely any of these funds reached survivors or their families.
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ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
04:51
Neither Trujillo nor anyone in his government
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ืœื ื˜ืจื•ื—ื™ืœื• ื•ืœื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืžืฉืœื•
04:53
was ever punished for this crime against humanity.
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ื”ื•ืขื ืฉื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:58
The legacy of the massacre remains a source of tension
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื ืฉืืจืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืชื—
05:01
between the two countries.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
05:02
Activists on both sides of the border have tried to heal the wounds of the past.
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื™ืกื• ืœืื—ื•ืช ืืช ืคืฆืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
05:07
But the Dominican state has done little, if anything,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืžืขื˜, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:10
to officially commemorate the massacre or its victims.
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ืœืื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ืื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•.
05:14
Meanwhile, the memory of the Haitian massacre remains a chilling reminder
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืžืฆืžืจืจืช
05:18
of how power-hungry leaders can manipulate people
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ืœืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆืžื ื›ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื
05:22
into turning against their lifelong neighbors.
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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