The rights you might not realize you have - Shannon Odell

473,536 views ใƒป 2023-12-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Since 2015, an unprecedented movement has been sweeping courts around the world.
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ืžืื– 2015, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืคืช ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:12
Groups of young plaintiffs, some as young as 7,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื ื™ 7,
00:16
are suing their governments for their inaction on tackling climate change.
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ืชื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืขืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
00:21
For example, in the winter of 2018,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2018
00:24
25 young Colombians, including Indigenous youths,
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ืชื‘ืขื• 25 ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:28
sued their government for failing to reduce deforestation in the Amazon
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ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก
00:32
and falling short on climate promises.
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ื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:35
This suit, as well as others,
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ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:37
argued that destructive environmental policies
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ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช
00:40
put the plaintiffsโ€™ current and future lives at risk.
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ืžืกื›ื ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
00:44
Climate inaction violates their basic human rightsโ€”
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืžืคืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื -
00:47
specifically the right to a healthy environment, health, food, and water.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื.
00:53
But what do human rights have to do with the environment?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
00:56
Do you have the right to breathe clean air?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™?
00:59
To live in a world with white rhinos, polar bears, and lemur leaf frogs?
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ ืœืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ?
01:04
What about the right to mangroves and coral reefs?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื?
01:08
The first international document to outline human rights
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ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
01:11
was adopted by the newly-formed United Nations in 1948,
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ืื•ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•โ€œื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948,
01:16
against the backdrop of two world wars marked by countless atrocities
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ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช
01:21
and barbaric acts.
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ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
01:23
This document, known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
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ืžืกืžืš ื–ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
01:27
or UDHR,
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ืื• UDHR
01:28
describes the inherent freedoms that belong to all people,
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ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:32
no matter who they are or where they live, and which can't be granted or revoked.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ ื”ื ืื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
01:37
It establishes rights like freedom of thought,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
01:40
political liberties like the right to a fair trial,
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ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ,
01:42
and socioeconomic and cultural rights,
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ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:45
like the right to adequate housing and healthcare.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืื•ืชื™ื.
01:49
While the UDHR itself is non-binding,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ- UDHR ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘,
01:52
its formation gave people an internationally recognized set
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืชื™ืงื”
01:56
of ethics and standards,
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ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
01:58
and laid the foundation for human rights law.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
02:01
And since 1948, these liberties have been woven into international treaties,
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ื•ืžืื– 1948, ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืฉื–ืจื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืช
02:06
constitutions, and laws,
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:08
meaning that countries have opted to uphold and protect them.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:12
As a result, countless individual human rights struggles and movements
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื
02:17
have been granted legitimacy and a legal basis for pursuing justice.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฆื“ืง.
02:21
The UDHR makes no mention of nature, biodiversity, or climate.
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ื”- UDHR ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:26
These rights, instead, first took hold at the national level.
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
02:30
Many countries within the Global South,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
02:32
often influenced by Indigenous laws and worldviews,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:36
incorporated the right to a healthy environment into their constitutions
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ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ
02:40
and regional treaties.
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ื•ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:42
Soon, human rights advocates were calling on the rest of the world
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืงืจืื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:45
and the United Nations to recognize this right as well.
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ื•ืœืื•โ€œื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•.
02:49
Many argued that the very principles of the UDHR
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”- UDHR
02:53
depend on access to healthy ecosystems.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:56
Each year, millions of people die from air and water pollution.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื™ื.
03:01
Declining pollinator populations threaten basic food security.
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
03:05
And the loss of coastal habitats has left millions exposed to greater risks
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:11
from destructive floods and hurricanes.
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ืžืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
03:14
Protecting this right is more urgent now than ever before.
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ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
03:17
Climate change is causing more frequent heatwaves, longer droughts,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:21
and more destructive wildfires.
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:24
Without rapid and significant change, the planet is at risk of mass extinction,
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ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
03:29
which could wipe out a quarter of the worldโ€™s biodiversity by 2100.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2100.
03:34
Such losses to natural ecosystems would likely have disastrous knockoff effects,
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ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช,
03:40
further threatening food supplies, destroying livelihoods,
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ืฉื™ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืคืจื ืกื•ืช
03:43
and leaving humanity more vulnerable to disease.
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:47
Thankfully, momentum is building.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
03:50
Today, over 150 countries and jurisdictions
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜
03:53
have enshrined the right to a healthy environment into national legislation.
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ืขื™ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
03:58
On April 5th, 2018,
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ื‘- 5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018
04:00
the Colombian Supreme Court ruled in favor of the young plaintiffs,
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ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:05
finding that the government was legally obliged to reduce deforestation
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ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช
04:09
and greenhouse gas emissions
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ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
04:11
in order to protect the rights of present and future generations.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:15
This case and similar historic wins by young people
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ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
04:18
in the courts of the Netherlands, Germany, and the US
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืืจื”โ€œื‘
04:22
has inspired others to take up the cause.
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ืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
04:25
As of the summer of 2023,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฅ 2023 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:27
a wave of more than 2,000 human rights-based environmental cases
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ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -2,000 ืชื™ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
04:32
have been filed across the globe.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
04:34
And this number is likely to grow.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:36
In 2022, an overwhelming majority of UN General Assembly states came together
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•
04:43
to keep human rights aligned to a changing world
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”
04:46
by recognizing the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.
04:51
It will take unprecedented global cooperation
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ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื
04:54
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, stop deforestation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช
04:57
and keep our waterways clean.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืงื™ื™ื.
04:59
These court cases are a powerful first step to hold governments accountable
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ืชื™ืงื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
05:04
and to give future generations a better chance to breathe clean air,
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™,
05:08
and live in a world with white rhinos, polar bears, and coral reefs
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ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
05:12
for years to come.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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