Can you freeze your body and come back to life? - Shannon N. Tessier

1,032,459 views ใƒป 2023-02-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
On January 12th, 1967, James Bedford passed away.
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ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1967, ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื ืคื˜ืจ.
00:12
Butโ€” he had a plan to cheat death.
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ืื‘ืœ - ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:14
Bedford was the first person to be cryogenically frozen.
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ื‘ื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืคื ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ืช.
00:18
This process promised to preserve his body until a theoretical future
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืขื“ ืขืชื™ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™
00:22
when humanity could cure any illness, and essentially, reverse death.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืคื ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:27
This is the dream of cryonics.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”.
00:29
But hereโ€™s the catch: to revive people in the future,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
00:33
we need to properly preserve them in the present.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
00:37
So, is it currently possible to freeze a human,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
00:40
preserve them indefinitely, and then safely thaw them out?
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”?
00:44
To understand the hurdles of human cryopreservation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืงืคืื” ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:48
we need to leave the theoretical realm of cryonics,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”,
00:51
and turn to the scientific field of cryobiology.
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ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:55
This discipline studies the effects of low temperatures
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ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช
00:57
on various living systems,
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:00
and it is true that decreasing an organismโ€™s temperature
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื—ืชืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื
01:03
also decreases its cellular function.
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ื’ื ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:06
For example, at temperatures below -130 degrees Celsius,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-130 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
01:12
human cellular activity grinds to a halt.
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื ืขืฆืจืช.
01:15
So if you could bring an entire human body below that temperature,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:19
theoretically you could preserve it indefinitely.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ.
01:22
The hard part is doing this without damaging the body.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:26
For example, let's try to freeze a single red blood cell.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืชื ื“ื ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
01:30
It typically sits at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 37 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
01:34
in a solution of water and substances known as chemical solutes,
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ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
01:38
which dissolve under certain conditions.
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ืฉืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
01:41
But once the temperature drops below freezing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก,
01:43
water outside and inside the cell hardens into damaging ice crystals.
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ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื— ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
01:49
Without the correct concentration of water,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
01:52
the chemical solutes are unable to dissolve.
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ื”ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก.
01:55
And as the water freezes, they become increasingly concentrated
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:59
in a destructive process known as osmotic shock.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืกื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืœื ืื•ืกืžื•ื˜ื™.
02:03
Without any intervention,
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ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:04
these factors are guaranteed to destroy our red blood cell
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ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:08
before it reaches -130 degrees.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืก 130 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
02:11
Not all cells are this fragile,
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื,
02:13
and many animals have evolved to survive extreme conditions.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:17
Some cold-tolerant fish synthesize antifreeze proteins
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจ ืžืกื ืชื–ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคืื”
02:22
to prevent ice formation at sub-zero temperatures.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก.
02:25
And freeze-tolerant frogs use protective agents to survive
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ื•ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืคืื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“
02:29
when up to 70% of their body water is trapped as ice.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื“ 70% ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืงืจื—.
02:34
It's unlikely that any one creature holds the secret to human cryopreservation.
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ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืกื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:39
But by researching these adaptations,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
02:42
scientists have developed remarkable preservation technologies,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
02:45
some of which are already employed in medicine.
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ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:49
However, researchers are still trying to improve cryopreservation technology
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืงืคืื” ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ืช
02:53
to better manage the ice problem.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื—.
02:56
Many cryobiologists are trying to solve this issue
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ืงืจื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•
02:59
with an approach called vitrification.
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ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
03:02
This technique uses chemicals known as cryoprotectant agents (CPA)
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืคืื” (CPA)
03:07
to prevent ice from forming.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืจื—.
03:09
Some of these have been adapted from compounds in nature,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืžืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:12
while others have been designed to take advantage of cryobiologyโ€™s
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:16
guiding principles.
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ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:17
But in practice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
03:18
these chemicals allow researchers to store living systems
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
03:21
in a glassy state with reduced molecular activity and no damaging ice.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื–ื•ื’ื’ ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ื•ืœืœื ืงืจื— ืžื–ื™ืง.
03:27
Vitrification is ideal for cryonics,
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ื–ื™ื’ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”,
03:30
and would help preserve organs and other tissues for medical procedures.
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ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
03:34
But itโ€™s incredibly difficult to achieve.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
03:36
CPAs can be toxic in the high quantities required for large scale vitrification.
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CPAs ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื’ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:42
And even with these chemicals,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:44
preventing ice formation requires rapid cooling
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ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ
03:47
that lowers temperatures uniformly throughout the material.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
03:50
Thatโ€™s relatively easy when vitrifying single cells or small pieces of tissue.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื’ื’ื™ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื”.
03:55
But as the material becomes more complex and contains larger quantities of water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
04:00
staying ahead of ice formation gets challenging.
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ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ.
04:04
And even if we could successfully vitrify complex living material,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื’ื’ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
04:08
we'd only be halfway to using it.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
04:10
Vitrified tissue also needs to be uniformly warmed
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ืจืงืžื” ืžื–ื•ื’ื’ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“
04:13
to prevent the formation of ice, or worse, cracks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—, ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืกื“ืงื™ื.
04:18
To date, researchers have been able to vitrify and partially recover
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื–ื’ื’ ื•ืœืื•ืฉืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืช
04:22
small structures like blood vessels, heart valves, and corneas.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžืกืชืžื™ ืœื‘, ื•ืงืจื ื™ื•ืช.
04:26
But none of these are anywhere near the size and complexity
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
04:28
of a whole human being.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืœื.
04:31
So if itโ€™s not currently possible to cryopreserve a person,
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ืื– ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ืœืฉืžืจ ืื“ื,
04:34
what does this mean for Bedford and his frozen peers?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื?
04:38
The sad truth is that current cryonic preservation techniques
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™
04:41
only offer their patients false hope.
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ืจืง ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
04:44
As practiced, theyโ€™re both unscientific and deeply destructive,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ืœ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื,
04:48
irreparably damaging the bodyโ€™s cells, tissues, and organs.
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:52
Some devotees might argue that, like death and disease,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
04:55
this damage may be reversible one day.
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ื ื–ืง ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
04:58
Even if scientists could revive people through cryonic preservation,
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ื’ื ืื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™,
05:02
thereโ€™s a whole suite of ethical, legal, and social implications
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
05:05
which cast doubts on the technologyโ€™s overall benefits.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:09
But for now, the dream of cryonics is still on ice.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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