When ancient wisdom beats modern industry - Rebecca Webster

622,175 views ใƒป 2024-02-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:10
One fall evening in 1779,
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ืขืจื‘ ืกืชื™ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1779
00:13
Seneca Chief Handsome Lake lay down
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ืฉื›ื‘ ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ืกื ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง
00:16
for what he thought would be his final rest.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื—ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:20
Instead, he had a vision that would change his lifeโ€”
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• -
00:24
and countless others.
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ื•ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:26
Before this moment, the US military had unleashed a brutal, months-long campaign
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ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข ื–ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
00:31
that plunged Handsome Lakeโ€™s village,
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ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง,
00:33
and the larger Haudenosaunee Confederacy it belonged to,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš,
00:36
into turmoil.
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ืœืกืขืจื”.
00:38
The militaryโ€™s attacks on the Haudenosaunee,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™,
00:40
who they commonly referred to as the Iroquois,
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ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืงื•ืื™ื,
00:43
destroyed entire communities and killed many.
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ื”ืจืกื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืจื‘ื™ื.
00:48
Suffering illness and despair,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ
00:51
Handsome Lake prepared for death when suddenly,
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ื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคืชืข,
00:54
he found himself walking through a planted field.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืข.
00:59
He felt something graze his shoulder and heard a woman call out behind him.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœื—ืš ืืช ื›ืชืคื• ื•ืฉืžืข ืื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืจืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
01:04
But when he turned around, all he saw were the long, golden leaves of corn
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:09
brushing against his shoulders.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื›ื›ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื•.
01:11
Again, he heard the womanโ€™s voice.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
01:14
She told Handsome Lake that she could sense his thoughts,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•,
01:17
and that the recent devastation had also left her and her sisters
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”
01:21
with little hope for the future.
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ืขื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“.
01:24
She asked if they could join him on his journey toward death.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:28
At that moment, Handsome Lake realized the woman speaking was the spirit of the cornโ€”
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื— ื”ืชื™ืจืก-
01:34
her sisters, the spirits of the beans and squash.
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ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืœืขืช.
01:38
For generations, the Haudenosaunee had sustained themselves off these crops,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ื•ื“ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:43
known as the Three Sisters.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื โ€œืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื—ื™ื•ืชโ€œ.
01:45
Planted together in the same mound, each sister helped the others grow.
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ื ื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:51
First, the corn, the eldest sister,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”,
01:53
provides a long stalk that acts as a sturdy trellis.
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ืžืกืคืงืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกื•ืจื’ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
01:57
Then the second sister, beans,
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ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช,
01:59
sends out its stems with touch-sensing tips that search for nearby supports.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉืช ืžื’ืข ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
02:05
When they encounter the corn stalk, they wrap around it and climb upwards,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ื”ื ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”,
02:09
their leaves capturing ever more light.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ.
02:12
Reciprocally, when the corn faces heavy winds,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
02:15
the bean plant provides structural support.
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ืฆืžื— ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืžืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช.
02:19
It also helps the corn grow by boosting the amount of available nitrogenโ€”
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืชื™ืจืก ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ-
02:24
an essential nutrient for plant growth.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:27
The bean plant does this by releasing chemical messengers from its roots,
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ืฆืžื— ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื•,
02:31
attracting rhizobia,
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ื•ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืจื™ื–ื•ื‘ื™ื”,
02:32
a kind of nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the soil.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
02:36
The bacteria infiltrate its cell walls,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื•,
02:38
then begin siphoning food from the bean plant.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื— ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช.
02:41
And in return, the rhizobia bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ื—ื ืงืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™
02:46
into a form of nitrogen the plants can use for growth.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
02:51
The third and lowest-lying sister, squash,
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ืœืขืช,
02:54
produces large, umbrella-like leaves that shade the soil and keep it moist.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื”.
03:00
Some squash varietals are even equipped with prickly hairs,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื ื™ ื”ื“ืœืขืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ื•ืช,
03:03
which protect the Three Sisters from foraging animals.
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ื”ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:07
Handsome Lake realized that if he left the world at that moment,
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ื”ื ื“ืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข,
03:12
he would take the millennia-old knowledge of the Three Sisters with him,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืงื— ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:16
uprooting tradition, depriving his community of a lifeline,
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ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื™ืฉืœื•ืœ ืžืงื”ื™ืœืชื• ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื”,
03:20
and estranging the sisters from one another.
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ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
03:24
He couldnโ€™t bear this fate.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:26
So he promised instead to stay and re-teach his community
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœืœืžื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื•
03:30
how to care for the Three Sisters
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช
03:32
and allow the crops to provide for them in return.
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”.
03:36
Today, the Haudenosaunee continue to grow the Three Sisters.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ื•ื“ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:40
And the ancient farming practice has inspired solutions to many issues
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ื•ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:44
caused by modern and industrial farming.
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ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:47
For example, monocropping,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ ื–ื ื™ื™ื,
03:48
where farmers plant a single type of plant in a field year after year,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”,
03:53
depletes soil of nutrients.
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ืžื“ืœื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
03:55
And, as of 2022, itโ€™s estimated that one third of the worldโ€™s soil
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2022, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืื“ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:59
is moderately to highly degraded.
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ื ืคื’ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.
04:02
While a majority of US farmland now utilizes some form of crop rotation,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:07
this practice alone might not adequately replenish the soil.
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ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืœื‘ื“ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืงืช.
04:11
Meanwhile, crops tend to use ground nutrients more efficiently
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:15
when grown together in close proximity, like the Three Sisters.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:20
Many modern farms also overuse nitrogen-based fertilizers.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื—ื ืงืŸ.
04:24
But since crops, on average, take up only half the nitrogen
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ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื ืงืŸ
04:28
released by these fertilizers,
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ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื”,
04:29
the remainder is broken down by microbes in the soil
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ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืชืคืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”
04:33
and released as greenhouse gasesโ€”
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ื•ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื›ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” -
04:35
or it washes away and pollutes local bodies of water.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื•ืžื–ื”ื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:39
Planting beans, however, can decrease the need for fertilizer.
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ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ.
04:44
And current industrial farming practices are also water-intensive,
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ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื,
04:48
demanding over 70% of the world's water.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -70% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:51
Incorporating low-lying cover crops like squash, however,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืขืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
04:55
can increase the soilโ€™s water-holding capacity.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
04:59
The success of the Three Sisters shows us that there are more sustainable ways
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:04
to grow food.
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:05
And theyโ€™re just one example of regenerative agricultureโ€”
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ื•ื”ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช-
05:09
a practice with ancient roots that recognizes nature
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ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
05:12
as a dynamic, interconnected system.
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ื›ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
05:15
By implementing regenerative principles, we can aidโ€” not degradeโ€”
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข - ืœื ืœืคืจืง -
05:19
the land that gives us food,
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ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
05:21
while honoring those who preserved this transformative, traditional knowledge.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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