Why are there so many types of apples? - Theresa Doud

1,070,135 views ใƒป 2016-09-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Sigal Tifferet ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Have you ever walked into a grocery store
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ื”ืื ื ื›ื ืกืชื ืคืขื ืœืžื›ื•ืœืช
00:09
and wondered where all those variety of apples came from?
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
00:12
You might find SnapDragon,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืกื ืืคื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ
00:14
Pixie Crunch,
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ืคื™ืงืกื™ ืงืจื ืฅ',
00:15
Cosmic Crisp,
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ืงื•ืกืžื™ืง ืงืจื™ืกืค,
00:16
Jazz,
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ื’'ืื–,
00:17
or Ambrosia
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ืื• ืืžื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”
00:18
next to the more familiar Red Delicious and Granny Smith.
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ืœืฆื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืจื“ ื“ืœื™ืฉืก ื•ื’ืจื ื™ ืกืžื™ืช'.
00:22
These delightfully descriptive names
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:24
belong to just a handful of the over 7,500 apple varieties in the world.
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-7,500 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:30
This huge diversity exists largely because of humanity's efforts to bear new fruit.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:36
Fruit breeding is a way to fulfill the expectations of farmers and consumers
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
00:41
who seek specific qualities in an apple.
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ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ื—.
00:44
On the one hand, farmers may want them to be disease-resistant and to store well.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:49
On the other, consumers are swayed by appearance, taste, and novelty.
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžืจืื”, ื˜ืขื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
00:54
So, breeders have to consider everything
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ืื– ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
00:56
from how well apples grow in certain climates
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื™ืš ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
00:59
to their color, taste, and size.
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื, ื˜ืขืžื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื.
01:02
And sometimes finding the perfect fit means breeding something new.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:07
To create apples with desirable characteristics,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:11
breeders first need to find parent apples that carry those characteristics.
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ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:15
Once the parents have been selected,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื,
01:17
they have to wait until the trees bloom in the spring.
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ื”ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘.
01:20
The breeder takes the pollen from one bloom, called the father,
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ืžื˜ืคื— ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืคืจื— ืื—ื“, ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืื‘,
01:23
and transfers it by hand to the other parent bloom, called the mother,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™ ืœืคืจื— ืื—ืจ, ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืื,
01:28
through a process called cross-pollination.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช.
01:31
Once the mother bloom turns into an apple,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคืจื— ื”ืื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืคื•ื—,
01:33
the seeds are collected and then planted.
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ื–ืจืขื™ื• ื ืืกืคื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืฉืชืœื™ื.
01:36
It takes about five years for these seeds to grow into trees that produce apples,
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ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
01:40
but because of the way traits are inherited,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช,
01:43
all of the seedlings produced will have different sets of genes
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:46
and characteristics.
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:48
This means that to achieve a desired quality,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”,
01:50
it takes a lot of offspring,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
01:52
not to mention patience on the breeder's part.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื˜ืคื— ื”ื–ื ื™ื.
01:55
When a seedling does bear fruit with the desired qualities,
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ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ืœ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:58
it's selected for further evaluation.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:01
Of the original crossed seedlings,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืœื•ื ื”ืœืœื•,
02:04
about one in every 5,000 makes it to this prestigious stage.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš 5,000 ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
02:08
They're then sent to new farms
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:10
where breeders can assess how various climates and soil types
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื™ืš ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืงืจืงืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:14
affect the plant's growth.
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ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ.
02:16
The fruit of the seedling and its many clones
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
02:18
must then be collected and sampled to ensure consistency.
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ื ืืกืคื™ื ืื– ื•ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
02:22
Breeders study about 45 traits in an apple,
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ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 45 ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ื—,
02:25
like the texture and firmness of the flesh,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ื•ืžืจืงื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ,
02:27
when it ripens,
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ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ื‘ืฉืœื”,
02:28
how sugary its juice is,
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ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืฅ,
02:30
and how long it stays fresh.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจื™.
02:32
Over several years, they weed out all the bad apples,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื,
02:36
selecting only those whose fruits are the best.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:40
These exclusive plants officially form the cultivar,
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:43
or new apple variety.
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ืื• ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:46
To ensure an exact copy of this cultivar,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืขืชืงื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ื–ื”,
02:48
all apple trees must be grafted from the original seedling.
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ื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
02:52
Branches, called scion wood,
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ืขื ืคื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:55
are cut from the original tree and grown to generate more scion wood.
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ื ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืžื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
02:59
Segments of these trees are then grafted onto root stalk -
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ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื– ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื ื” โ€“
03:02
that's the lower section of another tree
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ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืื—ืจ
03:04
that's been chosen from a different cultivar
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ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ
03:06
for its superior roots and growing ability.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
03:10
Finally, this fusion creates a new apple tree
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืฅ ืชืคื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ
03:12
with the desired qualities.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:15
Each new plant takes up to four years
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื•ืงื— ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
03:17
before it starts producing the fruit we eat.
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ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ.
03:20
Apple breeding may be a difficult art, but it's accessible to all:
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื ื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืงืฉื”, ืืš ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื•ืœื:
03:24
universities,
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช,
03:26
companies,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:27
and even individuals can create new cultivars.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื ืขืฆืžืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:30
But to fully own an apple, the breeder faces a final challenge -
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—, ืขืœ ืžื˜ืคื— ื”ื–ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ โ€“
03:34
naming the fruit.
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ืœืชืช ืฉื ืœืคืจื™.
03:36
After a cultivar is patented,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜,
03:38
a breeder chooses a name for its trademark.
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ืžื˜ืคื— ื”ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•.
03:41
That final step grants them long-lasting rights over the apple and its clones.
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:46
That name must be completely original,
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ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:48
and the catchier, the better, of course.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื˜.
03:51
With over 7,500 varieties and counting,
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ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-7,500 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
03:55
that's why we have apples called Pink Lady,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื™ื ืง ืœื™ื™ื“ื™,
03:57
Sweet Tango,
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ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ ื˜ื ื’ื•,
03:59
Kiku,
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ืงื™ืงื•,
04:00
and EverCrisp.
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ื•ืื•ื•ืจืงืจื™ืกืค.
04:01
The more we work with nature's bounty to breed new cultivars,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:05
the more creative and delectable these names will become.
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ื›ืš ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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